. Quain's Elements of anatomy. It is attached on each side to the tuljercle below the inner border of the supeiiorarticular process. It is arched backwards behind the neck of the odontoid process,and is broadened out in its central part. From the middle of its posterior surfacea short thin Imndle of fibres passes down to be attached to the body of the axis,while another passes up to the basilar process. These form, with the transverseportion, the figure of a cross, and from this arrangement is derived the termcruciform, wliich is sometimes applied to the transverse ligament and its appendagest

. Quain's Elements of anatomy. It is attached on each side to the tuljercle below the inner border of the supeiiorarticular process. It is arched backwards behind the neck of the odontoid process,and is broadened out in its central part. From the middle of its posterior surfacea short thin Imndle of fibres passes down to be attached to the body of the axis,while another passes up to the basilar process. These form, with the transverseportion, the figure of a cross, and from this arrangement is derived the termcruciform, wliich is sometimes applied to the transverse ligament and its appendagest Stock Photo

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. Quain's Elements of anatomy. It is attached on each side to the tuljercle below the inner border of the supeiiorarticular process. It is arched backwards behind the neck of the odontoid process, and is broadened out in its central part. From the middle of its posterior surfacea short thin Imndle of fibres passes down to be attached to the body of the axis, while another passes up to the basilar process. These form, with the transverseportion, the figure of a cross, and from this arrangement is derived the termcruciform, wliich is sometimes applied to the transverse ligament and its appendagestogether. 156 THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK AND HEAD. Two synovial cavities are placed one in front of and the other behind theodontoid process ; the first of these is situated between the process and the anteriorarch of the atlas ; the other, which is the more extensive of the two, is between theprocess and the transverse ligament. The lateral or alar odontoid or check ligaments are two short but very.

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RM2AWG06M–Quain's elements of anatomy . en a number of granular nucleatedcorpuscles, which exhibit amoeboid movements : they appear to bemigrated white blood corpuscles. The ciliary part or commencingzonula, on the other hand, presents radiating meridional fibres, stiff inappearance but possessed of considerable elasticity; they commence aboutopposite the ora serrata, and strengthen this portion of the hyaloidmembrane. From the cihary processes the zonula is continued as adistinct membrane to the front of the lens, to the capsule of whichit is anteriorly firmly attached. But in addition to this anterior

RM2AWEC19–Quain's elements of anatomy . aryteno-epiglottidean muscles, with which theyare closely associated both in the disposition of their fibres and in theiraction. The arytenoid muscle (fig. 45G, 2) passes straight acrossbetween the arytenoid cartilages, and its fibres are attached to the wholeextent of the concave surface on the back of each. The aryteno-epiglottidean muscles (fig. 456, 5 ; fig. 458, l.ar.ep) arising nearthe inferior and outer angles of the arytenoid cartilages, decussateone with the other, and their fibres are partly attached to the upperand outer part of the opposite cartilage,

RM2AWK8CY–Quain's elements of anatomy . dissecting the nerves of the hand and foot,certain small oval bodies like little seeds, are found attached to theirbranches as they pass through the subcutaneous fat on their way tothe skin; and it has been ascertained that each of these bodiesreceives a nervous fibre which terminates within it. The objects re-ferred to were more than a century ago described and figured byVater, as attached to the digital nerves, but he did not examine intotheir structure, and his account of them seems not to have attractedmuch notice. In more recent times, their existence was aga

RM2AWFRTJ–Quain's elements of anatomy . erecomplete. The angle which the manubrium forms with the rest of the bone is seen inthis view. thicker portion, with a tapering lower portion, and two processes. Theupper end is formed by the rounded head (capitulum) (c), on theposterior surface of which is an eUiptical depressed surface (a.i) withprominent margins, which passes obhquely downwards and inwards,and serves for articulation with the incus. Below the head is a con-stricted neck (d); and beneath this another shght enlargement of the bone,to which the processes are attached. The handle (manuirium) {ni),

RM2AWMR2D–Quain's elements of anatomy . Fig. 47.—Section of the stratified epithelium covering the front of the CORNEA OF THE EYE. HiGHLY MAGNIFIED. (E. A. S.) c, lowermost columnar cells; p, ijolygonal cells above these ; /, flattened cells nearthe surface. The intercellular channels, bridged by minute processes of the cell, are wellseen. The lower part of the section on the right is somewhat broken. a rule the cells of the deepest or attached layer are columnar (fig. 47, c),and the superficial cells are flattened scales (fig. 4:1, fl) which nmy be ofconsiderable size, but which do not, like the cells

RM2ANHPP1–Quain's elements of anatomy . ction. It follows from this that the pos-terior or attached border is turned upwards and inwards, and the outerflattened face slightly backwards. Fig. 592. Fig. 592.—Transverse section throtjgh the RIGHT testicle AND THE TUNICA VAGINALIS (frOm Kolliker). a, connective tissue enveloping the parietal layerof the tunica vaginalis; h, this layer itself ; c, cavityof the tunica vaginalis ; d, reflected or visceral layeradhering to e, the tunica albuginea ; /, covering ofepididymis (g) on the right or outer side ; h, medias-tinum testis; i, branches of the spermatic art

RM2AWF4WG–Quain's elements of anatomy . al segment of themitral valve ; 7, placed in the interior of the aorta near its commencement andabove its valve ; 7, the exterior of the great aortic sinus ; 8, the tapper part of theconite arteriosus with the root of the pulmonary artery and its semilunar valves ; 8,the separated portion of the pulmonary artery remaining attached to the aorta by 9,the cord of the ductus arteriosus; 10, the arteries rising from the summit of theaortic arch. most frequently on the right side. In the lower and fore part of theauricle is situated the left amicido-ventricular orifice.

RM2AWDXBP–Quain's elements of anatomy . a3cum, like the arms of the letter V. Theyare situated in cup-like depressions of the mucous membrane, and havethe shape of a truncated cone, of which the smaller end is attached tothe iDottom of the cavity, and the broad flattened base appears on thesurface (fig. 492). They are therefore surrounded by a circular trench(fossa), around which again is an annular elevation of the mucous mem- TASTE-BTJDS. 567 brane (vallum), and in some of them there is found a central depression,into which the ducts of one or more glands open. The stratifiedepithehum covering the pap

RM2AWF76P–Quain's elements of anatomy . Fig. 421.. The heart, therefore, has a veryI I 482 THE HEART. oblique position in the chest, and projects farther into the left thaninto the right half of the canity. Its position is affected to a certainextent by that of the body ; thus it comes more into contact with theanterior wall of the chest when the body is in the prone posture or islying- on the left side. In inspiration, on the other hand, when thediapln^agm sinks and the lungs expand, it recedes slightly from thechest-wall. The heart is attached at its base to the great blood-vessels, and theserous laye

RM2AWF2CF–Quain's elements of anatomy . As on the right side, the two sets of chordfe tendinete from the papillarymuscles proceed each to an angle between the two segments, and are attached inlike manner to their margins and ventricular sui-faces (fig. 426, and fig. 428 B, e),so that the musculi papillares, when they contract, tend to bring the edges of theflaps together. The chordfe tendinete are stronger and less numerous than in theright ventricle. Small bands, ijartly muscular partly tendinous, may often befound crossing the cavity of the ventricle in various directions. They appear tobe vestiges of

RM2AWHJ6P–Quain's elements of anatomy . om the white substance of the central partof the cerebellum. It is less e^isily displayed than the superior velum,being concealed by a part of the cerebellum, which is attached to itsunder or posterior surface. It will be further noticed in tlie descriptionof the cerebellum. THE CEKEBELIiUM. The cerebellmn or hinder brain (fig. 276) consists of two lateral Iwni-splieres joined together by a median portion called, from the peculiar ap-pearance caused by the transverse furrows or ridges upon it, the wormor vermiform j^irocess. This is seen on the under surface in th

RM2AWFFG9–Quain's elements of anatomy . ermedthe reticular lamina (399, /. r.), which covers this part of the organ ofCorti like a wire net. On either side of the two sets of hair-cells theepithelium, becoming gradually shorter, passes continuously into thesimple layer of cubical cells which is found in the spiral groove and onthe lateral part of the basilar membrane. The whole organ is further covered by a thick, fibrillated membrane—the tectorial msmlrane (fig. 400, 3f.t.)—which is attached at one edgeto the upper surface of the limbus, falls over the crest, and rests on therods of Corti and the hair-

RM2AWMREC–Quain's elements of anatomy . Fiff. 46. 4. Cihated Epithelium.—Lastly the cells of a simple epithelium maybear on their basal or free ends spontaneously moving filaments namedcilia. In the human subject the ciliated epithe-lium is not always perfectly simple, for there Fig. 46.—Columnar ciliated epithelium cells from THE HUMAN NASAL MEMBRANE ; MAGNIFIED 300 diameters (Sharpey). are often other non-ciliated cells placed between the attached ends of those which bear the cilia. The ciliated epithelium will be best considered as a whole after the remaining varieties of epithelium have been touched