Hilde Proescholdt Mangold, German Biologist
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German biologist Hilde Proescholdt Mangold (1898-1924), shown here with her baby, worked under the German biologist Hans Spemann, renowned embryologist. She studied embryonic induction, the process by which the embryo, known as the "organizer, " causes other parts of the embryo to differentiate, becoming specific tissue and organs. Mangold discovered the location of the organizer in amphibians. The results of their experiments were documented in a paper Mangold and Spemann wrote, which became Mangold's thesis for her doctorate. Unfortunately, as the paper was published, she was killed (aged 26) when a heater in her kitchen exploded. In 1935, Spemann won the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the organizer. It is one of only a few Nobel Prize's awarded for work based on a doctoral thesis. However, since the prize cannot be awarded posthumously, she was ineligible to receive it.