. Elementary lessons in zoölogy : a guide in studying animal life and structure in field and laboratory. Zoology. 194 VERTEBRATES. VI. The Skull. — The study of the vertebrate skull is well beguu with the skull of the frog, which is wide and open, and in which all the bones can be seen from the outside. Observe its triangular outline as seen from above, and the large orbital and nasal apertures. Observe the pos- terior opening into the cranium (^foramen magnum)^ and the pair of smooth, articular surfaces {occipital condyles) pmx. Skull of Bullfrog (Rana catesbiana), dorsal view: pmx, premaxill

. Elementary lessons in zoölogy : a guide in studying animal life and structure in field and laboratory. Zoology. 194 VERTEBRATES. VI. The Skull. — The study of the vertebrate skull is well beguu with the skull of the frog, which is wide and open, and in which all the bones can be seen from the outside. Observe its triangular outline as seen from above, and the large orbital and nasal apertures. Observe the pos- terior opening into the cranium (^foramen magnum)^ and the pair of smooth, articular surfaces {occipital condyles) pmx. Skull of Bullfrog (Rana catesbiana), dorsal view: pmx, premaxill Stock Photo
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. Elementary lessons in zoölogy : a guide in studying animal life and structure in field and laboratory. Zoology. 194 VERTEBRATES. VI. The Skull. — The study of the vertebrate skull is well beguu with the skull of the frog, which is wide and open, and in which all the bones can be seen from the outside. Observe its triangular outline as seen from above, and the large orbital and nasal apertures. Observe the pos- terior opening into the cranium (^foramen magnum)^ and the pair of smooth, articular surfaces {occipital condyles) pmx. Skull of Bullfrog (Rana catesbiana), dorsal view: pmx, premaxilla; V, vomer; mx, maxillary; n, nasal; g, girdle bone or sphenethmoid; pf, parietofrontal; ptg, pterygoid; po, prootic; sq, squamosal; qj, quad- ratojugal; o, occipital region surrounding the foramen magnum. close beside. These meet corresponding surfaces on the anterior end of the first vertebra. The bones composing the skull are as follows: — 1. The bone which forms the back of the brain case, and immediately surrounds the foramen magnum, is the occipital. 2. The stout pillar of bone, which extends laterally at the base of che skull at right angles to the median line, is the prootic, so called because it lies in front of and covers the capsule of the inner ear.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Needham, James G. (James George), 1868-1956. New York : American Book Company