. Elements of scientific and practical agriculture : or, The application of biology, geology, and chemistry to agriculture and horticulture. rform. It will be seen by inspection of this figure,that the water as it falls upon the crown of the ridge h h willpass off down both sides in the same way that it does whenit falls upon the roof of a house, and either settle into thesub-soil, if porous, or into the furrows a c between the ridges. If the soil has an uneven surface and the water accumu-lates in the hollows, an open drain is the only effectual re-medy. But in cases where the surface is leve
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. Elements of scientific and practical agriculture : or, The application of biology, geology, and chemistry to agriculture and horticulture. rform. It will be seen by inspection of this figure, that the water as it falls upon the crown of the ridge h h willpass off down both sides in the same way that it does whenit falls upon the roof of a house, and either settle into thesub-soil, if porous, or into the furrows a c between the ridges. If the soil has an uneven surface and the water accumu-lates in the hollows, an open drain is the only effectual re-medy. But in cases where the surface is level and the sub-soilhard and retentive, resort must be had, 2. To draining the soil This is effected by penetrating thesub-soil so as to form a passage for the water to pass off fromthe field, or a reservoir into which it may ooze from the sod. The drains by which this is effected may be either openor covered. The latter, or underground drains, are the BY DRAINING. CONSTRUCTION OF DRAINS. 257 cheapest, most durable and most effectual; for, aside from theirconvenience, a considerable quantity of land is saved for cul-tivation. (Fig. 15.). Before constructing a drain for this purpose, it is neces-sary to examine the land, and ascertain where the springsare. Most cases of surface-draining refer to swamps, orlow lands. Suppose BOD (Fig. 15) is a swamp, or lowground in which the water collects, either from the highlands, or from springs in the margin B D, or anywhere inthe centre of the meadow. The first thing to be done, inthis case, is to make an outlet for conducting the water awayto some stream as at O S. The second is to run a drainthrough the centre from Cto O, and all around the marginB D, to cut off the springs, and to conduct the water into themain drain A, or outlet. In each case these drains shouldbe sunk into the sub-soil, and if much water flow in themthey should be open, especially the central drain. In thisway the swamp can be rendered perfectly dry and capable ofbeing