. F direction ^ f/^' of nx)tion W VS^l downthrust i' upthrust Fig. 8 Caudal mechanics. A-D. Diagrams showing the forces generated by a homocercal (teleost fish) tail moving from side to side in the water, a. Posterior view. b. Lateral view, c. Dorsal view. d. Dorsal view, resolving the motion of the tail into the motion of an inclined plane moving at an angle of attack, 0°- E. Diagram of a homocercal tail moving from side to side, showing how the deflections of the tips can be resolved into movements of inclined planes (posterior view); the downthrust produced by the epicaudal tip, moving at a
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. F direction ^ f/^' of nx)tion W VS^l downthrust i' upthrust Fig. 8 Caudal mechanics. A-D. Diagrams showing the forces generated by a homocercal (teleost fish) tail moving from side to side in the water, a. Posterior view. b. Lateral view, c. Dorsal view. d. Dorsal view, resolving the motion of the tail into the motion of an inclined plane moving at an angle of attack, 0°- E. Diagram of a homocercal tail moving from side to side, showing how the deflections of the tips can be resolved into movements of inclined planes (posterior view); the downthrust produced by the epicaudal tip, moving at an obtuse angle of attack, a°, is balanced by the upthrust produced by the hypo- caudal tip, moving at an acute angle of attack, b°. F. Diagram of an ichthyosaur tail moving from side to side, showing how deflec- tions of the epicaudal and hypocaudal lobes can be resolved into the movements of two inclined planes (posterior view): a° — angle of attack of epicaudal plane, b° — angle of attack of hypocaudal plane. 15