. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANIMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 555 great family of Notommatidae, and there is much reason to beheve that all other rotifers have been derived from forms essentially similar to those found in this family. The different members of the Notommatidae are so much alike that it is hardly necessary to select precisely some one species for a type. But it will be well in following this account to have in mind such an animal as Proales (Fig. 856), or Notommata truncata (Fig. 857, A and B), or Copeus on-. fng;- ^m. Please note that these images are extracted f

. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANIMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 555 great family of Notommatidae, and there is much reason to beheve that all other rotifers have been derived from forms essentially similar to those found in this family. The different members of the Notommatidae are so much alike that it is hardly necessary to select precisely some one species for a type. But it will be well in following this account to have in mind such an animal as Proales (Fig. 856), or Notommata truncata (Fig. 857, A and B), or Copeus on-. fng;- ^m. Please note that these images are extracted f Stock Photo

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. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANIMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 555 great family of Notommatidae, and there is much reason to beheve that all other rotifers have been derived from forms essentially similar to those found in this family. The different members of the Notommatidae are so much alike that it is hardly necessary to select precisely some one species for a type. But it will be well in following this account to have in mind such an animal as Proales (Fig. 856), or Notommata truncata (Fig. 857, A and B), or Copeus on-. fng;- ^m. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Ward, Henry Baldwin, 1865-1945; Whipple, George Chandler, 1866-1924. joint author. New York, John Wiley & sons, inc. ; [etc. , etc. ]

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RMPFYJAG–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANIMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 555 great family of Notommatidae, and there is much reason to beheve that all other rotifers have been derived from forms essentially similar to those found in this family. The different members of the Notommatidae are so much alike that it is hardly necessary to select precisely some one species for a type. But it will be well in following this account to have in mind such an animal as Proales (Fig. 856), or Notommata truncata (Fig. 857, A and B), or Copeus on-. fng;- ^m. Please note that these images are extracted f

RMRDA448–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANIMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 56s other. Such a survey gives strongly the impression that the other rotifers have been derived by various modifications from rotifers having in general the characteristics of the Notommatidae. Space will not permit setting forth in detail the grounds for this impres- sion, nor will it allow describing the many forms transitional be- tween the Notommatidae and other groups. But in giving an. —CO Fig. 863. Mule oi Rhinops nlrea, Hudson, showing presence of the ahmentary canal, co, cop- uiatory organ; mx, mastax; 0, es

RMPFYJ90–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANIMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 56s other. Such a survey gives strongly the impression that the other rotifers have been derived by various modifications from rotifers having in general the characteristics of the Notommatidae. Space will not permit setting forth in detail the grounds for this impres- sion, nor will it allow describing the many forms transitional be- tween the Notommatidae and other groups. But in giving an. —CO Fig. 863. Mule oi Rhinops nlrea, Hudson, showing presence of the ahmentary canal, co, cop- uiatory organ; mx, mastax; 0, es

RMRDA45Y–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANIMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 559 The trophi consist of a number of pieces, so arranged that two main parts may be distinguished. There is a middle portion, somewhat fork-shaped, which is known as the incus (Fig. 860, in), and two lateral parts known as the mallei {ma). In the middle portion or incus may be distinguished a single basal piece, comparable to the handle of the two-tined fork; this basal piece is known as the fulcrum {Ju, Fig. 860). The two blade- like pieces resting on it, i.e, the tines of the fork, are the rami (m). A B mart. Fig.

RMPFYJ81–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANTMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 577 which the animals attach themselves; it bears also a pair of "spurs" on its dorsal side, a short distance from the end. These spurs perhaps represent the two toes of other rotifers. The trophi (Fig. 867) present perhaps the most modified type found in the Rotifera; they show clearly that this group is not a primitive one. In most species the trophi are represented by two pieces shaped like a quarter of a sphere and placed side by side (Fig. 867, A). Across the free surface of these pieces extend two or m

RMRDA429–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANTMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 577 which the animals attach themselves; it bears also a pair of "spurs" on its dorsal side, a short distance from the end. These spurs perhaps represent the two toes of other rotifers. The trophi (Fig. 867) present perhaps the most modified type found in the Rotifera; they show clearly that this group is not a primitive one. In most species the trophi are represented by two pieces shaped like a quarter of a sphere and placed side by side (Fig. 867, A). Across the free surface of these pieces extend two or m

RMPFYJ9R–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANIMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 559 The trophi consist of a number of pieces, so arranged that two main parts may be distinguished. There is a middle portion, somewhat fork-shaped, which is known as the incus (Fig. 860, in), and two lateral parts known as the mallei {ma). In the middle portion or incus may be distinguished a single basal piece, comparable to the handle of the two-tined fork; this basal piece is known as the fulcrum {Ju, Fig. 860). The two blade- like pieces resting on it, i.e, the tines of the fork, are the rami (m). A B mart. Fig.

RMRDA45G–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANIMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 561 or a bunch of long cilia. The membrane or the bunch of cilia is always in rapid movement, giving the appearance of a minute flame, so that these structures are called flame cells. The cilia or membrane doubtless serve to propel a current through the tubes. In many rotifers a transverse tube in the head region unites the. Fig. 85i. Excretory organs. A, Lacinularia socialis Ehr., showing the thin-walled tube a, the thick- walled tube b, the transverse connecting tube c, and the flame cells/c. Modified from a figure

RMPFYJ8B–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANIMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 575 the typical free-swimming rotifers. Yet again, as in most other cases, free-swimming species form a transition to these extreme types. One finds the same pecuKar corona, the same remarkable type of jaws, and various other features in common with the MeUcertidae, in a number of free-swimming rotifers. These in- clude the genera Pterodina (Fig. 942), Pompholyx, Pedalion (Fig. 946),. Fig. 865. Corona oi Lacinularia socialis Ehr., to show the two wreaths of cilia. A, Dorsal view. B, Side view. (After Wesenberg-Luod.)

RMRDA433–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANIMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 575 the typical free-swimming rotifers. Yet again, as in most other cases, free-swimming species form a transition to these extreme types. One finds the same pecuKar corona, the same remarkable type of jaws, and various other features in common with the MeUcertidae, in a number of free-swimming rotifers. These in- clude the genera Pterodina (Fig. 942), Pompholyx, Pedalion (Fig. 946),. Fig. 865. Corona oi Lacinularia socialis Ehr., to show the two wreaths of cilia. A, Dorsal view. B, Side view. (After Wesenberg-Luod.)

RMPFYJ9J–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE WHEEL ANIMALCULES (ROTATORIA) 561 or a bunch of long cilia. The membrane or the bunch of cilia is always in rapid movement, giving the appearance of a minute flame, so that these structures are called flame cells. The cilia or membrane doubtless serve to propel a current through the tubes. In many rotifers a transverse tube in the head region unites the. Fig. 85i. Excretory organs. A, Lacinularia socialis Ehr., showing the thin-walled tube a, the thick- walled tube b, the transverse connecting tube c, and the flame cells/c. Modified from a figure