. Industrial history of the United States, from the earliest settlements to the present time: being a complete survey of American industries, embracing agriculture and horticulture; including the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, wheat; the raising of horses, neat-cattle, etc.; all the important manufactures, shipping and fisheries, railroads, mines and mining, and oil; also a history of the coal-miners and the Molly Maguires; banks, insurance, and commerce; trade-unions, strikes, and eight-hour movement; together with a description of Canadian industries . queduct in everytownship, nor could th
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. Industrial history of the United States, from the earliest settlements to the present time: being a complete survey of American industries, embracing agriculture and horticulture; including the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, wheat; the raising of horses, neat-cattle, etc.; all the important manufactures, shipping and fisheries, railroads, mines and mining, and oil; also a history of the coal-miners and the Molly Maguires; banks, insurance, and commerce; trade-unions, strikes, and eight-hour movement; together with a description of Canadian industries . queduct in everytownship, nor could the impatient miners wait a decennium for the completionof gigantic structures in stone and mortar. The high value of their time, andthe scarcity of their money, made it necessary that the cheapest and mostexpeditious expedients for obtaining water should be adopted. Where the OF THE UNITED STATES. 679 surface of the ground furnished the proper grade, a ditch was dug in theearth; and, where it did not, flumes were built of wood, sustained in theair by framework that rose sometimes to a height of three hundred feet incrossing deep ravines, and extending for miles at an elevation of a hundredor two hundred feet. All the devices known to mechanics for conveying water from hill-top tohill-top were adopted. Aqueducts of wood, and pipes of iron, were Aqueducts, suspended upon cables of wire, or sustained on bridges of wood; siPhons> &c-and inverted siphons carried water up the sides of one hill by the heavierpressure from the higher side of another.. PKESSURE-BOX, YUBA RIVER. The ditches were usually the property of companies, of which there wereI at one time four hundred in the State, owning a total length of six thousandmiles of canals and flumes. The largest of these, called the & Ditches. Eureka, in Nevada County, has two hundred and five miles ofditches, constructed at a cost of nine hundred thousand dollars ; and theirreceipts at one time from the sale of water were six thousan