. Our iron roads: their history, construction and administration . idge.—Forth Bridge.—Elevated Railways.—Suspension Bridge over Niagara River.—Cone-maugh Bridge.—Level Crossings. HE viaduct is an important ele-ment in railway construction. Inpassing, for instance, through atown it is desirable to avoid in-terference with the traffic of thestreets it may be necessary to in-tersect ; and though this is some-times effected by a tunnel, as atLiverpool ; or by an open cuttingconnected by short tunnels, andtraversed by bridges, as is the case near the Euston station, orby an embankment, as at Manch
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. Our iron roads: their history, construction and administration . idge.—Forth Bridge.—Elevated Railways.—Suspension Bridge over Niagara River.—Cone-maugh Bridge.—Level Crossings. HE viaduct is an important ele-ment in railway construction. Inpassing, for instance, through atown it is desirable to avoid in-terference with the traffic of thestreets it may be necessary to in-tersect ; and though this is some-times effected by a tunnel, as atLiverpool ; or by an open cuttingconnected by short tunnels, andtraversed by bridges, as is the case near the Euston station, orby an embankment, as at Manchester, Birmingham, and manyother places, yet it is frequently accomplished by means of aviaduct, or by embankments in which short viaducts are formed.The lines from the City to Blackwall, and from London Bridgeto Greenwich, may indeed be styled viaduct lines ; and the con-tinuation of the South Western Railway from near Nine Elmsto Waterloo is constructed as a viaduct for the entire distanceof about two miles. By these means a great saving of land also. VIADUCTS. 183 is effected, it being necessary to purchase only a little more thanthe actual width of the line, and the spaces between the archesmay be used by the Company or let. The appearance of stone viaducts when in course of construc-tion is striking. A timber stage, called a gantry, is constructedon each side of the work, sufficiently wide to allow of the piersand abutments being built between. A jenny, or crane, is thenplaced on a movable platform extending from one stage to theother. The materials are wound up either by hand or steampower, and are then moved slowly along till they can be loweredto the exact position they are to occupy. As soon as the