. Soil physics and management. gh the action of moving watermuch sand is produced, and after these particles have been reducedto a certain size the permanent water film protects them largely fromfurther attrition. On the other hand, feldspars when suljjected toattrition form an impalpable mud or clay accompanied by consider-able loss of bases such as potassium, sodium, or calcium, accordingto the kind of feldspar.2 18 SOIL PHYSICS AND MANAGEMENT (e) Waves.—Wave action is confined to the shores of seas andthe larger lakes. In many places this agency breaks down solid cliffsinto masses of rock t
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. Soil physics and management. gh the action of moving watermuch sand is produced, and after these particles have been reducedto a certain size the permanent water film protects them largely fromfurther attrition. On the other hand, feldspars when suljjected toattrition form an impalpable mud or clay accompanied by consider-able loss of bases such as potassium, sodium, or calcium, accordingto the kind of feldspar.2 18 SOIL PHYSICS AND MANAGEMENT (e) Waves.—Wave action is confined to the shores of seas andthe larger lakes. In many places this agency breaks down solid cliffsinto masses of rock that become broken and worn into roundedboulders, then to pebbles, and finally into fine material that is car-ried away and deposited in deejDer water or in sheltered inlets toform bars. On the Atlantic coast of Britain waves sometimes exerta pressure of three tons per square foot. The average force is 611pounds per square foot in summer and 2086 pounds in winter.Each wave results in the movement of more or less material, and. Fig. 11.—^Wind-carved granite. The tools were grains of sand. Camps Bay, S. Africa.(Chamberlain and Salisbury, Courtesy Henry Holt & Co.) this movement is accompanied 1)y attrition producing fine material.Shaler has observed that at Cape Ann, Mass., granitic paving blocks, weighing about twenty pounds, when exposed to the action of thesurf for a year, were worn into spheroidal boulders that would indi-cate a loss of more than an inch. (f) Wind.—The movement of wind is universal, but its effectis destroyed or greatly reduced, at least, at certain seasons of theyear over large areas of the land surface by the covering of vegeta-tion. Along the coasts, in the arid interiors of continents, andduring winter and spring in many areas, a large amount of work is WEATHERING 19 done by the wind in wearing down solid rocks and coarse soil mate-rials into dust. The impact of sand particles against rocks andagainst each other gradually wears them down into fine mat