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Palaeozoology - Miocene/Pliocene/Pleistocene period - Extinct mammals - Agriotherium (ursids) - Art work by Steve Roberts Stock Photo
RMF02F4M–Palaeozoology - Miocene/Pliocene/Pleistocene period - Extinct mammals - Agriotherium (ursids) - Art work by Steve Roberts
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMJ9B3–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMJ99E–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMKDCA–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMMNWC–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMKD25–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGR10THERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Fig. 21. Anterior and medial views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium tibia, L45062.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMJ9D1–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGR10THERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Fig. 21. Anterior and medial views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium tibia, L45062.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Fig. 2. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views of the Langebaanweg Agriotherium skull, L45062.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMMNXE–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Fig. 2. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views of the Langebaanweg Agriotherium skull, L45062.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Fig 16 A Medial view of Langebaanweg Agriotherium ulna, L46076. B. Anterior and lateral views of ulna, L45063.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMMNJB–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Fig 16 A Medial view of Langebaanweg Agriotherium ulna, L46076. B. Anterior and lateral views of ulna, L45063.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Fig. 28. Hyaena-gnawed Agriotherium manus, L33160, from Langebaanweg. Arrows indicate areas of major damage.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMJ9AH–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Fig. 28. Hyaena-gnawed Agriotherium manus, L33160, from Langebaanweg. Arrows indicate areas of major damage.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. A PLIOCENE URSID FROM SOUTH AFRICA 129 The M^ (L 12637) is an important specimen, since although it is incom- plete, its morphology indicates that the affinities of the Langebaanweg agrio- theriine lie with Agriotherium rather than Indarctos. It consists of a paracone and metastyle which are equal in size, situated parallel to a protocone and hypocone which are also similar in size. The latter cusps are lower than the paracone and metastyle. The enlarged and posteriorly elongated talon which charac- Stock Photo
RMRMN475–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. A PLIOCENE URSID FROM SOUTH AFRICA 129 The M^ (L 12637) is an important specimen, since although it is incom- plete, its morphology indicates that the affinities of the Langebaanweg agrio- theriine lie with Agriotherium rather than Indarctos. It consists of a paracone and metastyle which are equal in size, situated parallel to a protocone and hypocone which are also similar in size. The latter cusps are lower than the paracone and metastyle. The enlarged and posteriorly elongated talon which charac-
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA 37. Fig. 17. A-B. Medial views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium radii. A. L45063. B. L40044. C. Proximal view of L40044.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMKD8N–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA 37. Fig. 17. A-B. Medial views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium radii. A. L45063. B. L40044. C. Proximal view of L40044.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA 49. Fig. 23. Proximal, anterior and lateral or medial views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium metatarsals. A. I, L50787. B-E. II-V, L45062.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMJ9CB–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA 49. Fig. 23. Proximal, anterior and lateral or medial views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium metatarsals. A. I, L50787. B-E. II-V, L45062.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. Fig. 33. Dorsoventral cross-sections of Lange- baanweg Agriotherium hemimandibles with arrows indicating premasseteric fossae. A. L45114. B. L45062. The teeth of Indarctos and Agriotherium provide much evidence in support of the theory that they are directly related. As is often the case with carnivore incisors and canines, little of signifi- cance emerged from a study of these teeth in Indarctos and Agriotherium, except that they are essentially similar morphologically The I1 and I2 are perhaps the Stock Photo
RMRMMN9E–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. Fig. 33. Dorsoventral cross-sections of Lange- baanweg Agriotherium hemimandibles with arrows indicating premasseteric fossae. A. L45114. B. L45062. The teeth of Indarctos and Agriotherium provide much evidence in support of the theory that they are directly related. As is often the case with carnivore incisors and canines, little of signifi- cance emerged from a study of these teeth in Indarctos and Agriotherium, except that they are essentially similar morphologically The I1 and I2 are perhaps the
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Fig. 20. A-B. Anterior and posterior views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium femora. A. L4O002. B. L40128. C. Medial view of L40002.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMMNGH–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Fig. 20. A-B. Anterior and posterior views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium femora. A. L4O002. B. L40128. C. Medial view of L40002.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Fig. 15. Posterior, lateral and anterior views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium humerus, L45063. mens exhibit appreciable size variation, larger specimens presumably belonging to males and smaller ones to females. The latter include L45063. In its basic morphology the humerus of A. africanum is similar to those of Ursinae. Proximally it is similar to corresponding parts of ursine humerii in all observable respects, but distally there are some differences, although like Stock Photo
RMRMJ9EP–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Fig. 15. Posterior, lateral and anterior views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium humerus, L45063. mens exhibit appreciable size variation, larger specimens presumably belonging to males and smaller ones to females. The latter include L45063. In its basic morphology the humerus of A. africanum is similar to those of Ursinae. Proximally it is similar to corresponding parts of ursine humerii in all observable respects, but distally there are some differences, although like
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Dorsal views of skulls. A. Thalarctos. B. Ailuropoda. C. The Langebaanweg Agriotherium. D. Panthera leo. A-B after Gregory (1936, figs 13-14).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMJ9K3–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Dorsal views of skulls. A. Thalarctos. B. Ailuropoda. C. The Langebaanweg Agriotherium. D. Panthera leo. A-B after Gregory (1936, figs 13-14).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Fig. 19. Proximal, anterior and lateral or medial views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium meta- carpals. A. I, L50775. B. Ill, L25862. C. IV, L33828. D. V, L45063.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMMNH0–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Fig. 19. Proximal, anterior and lateral or medial views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium meta- carpals. A. I, L50775. B. Ill, L25862. C. IV, L33828. D. V, L45063.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA 51 more slender than that of the U. arctos comparative specimen. Morphologically there are no significant differences between the metatarsals of A. africanum and U. arctos. The patella, sesamoids and phalanges of A. africanum are also U. arctos- like, although the 1st and 2nd phalanges of the former are relatively much shorter and stouter (Fig. 24).. Fig. 24. Dorsal and lateral or medial views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium phalanges, L45062, possibly of one Stock Photo
RMRMJ9C2–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA 51 more slender than that of the U. arctos comparative specimen. Morphologically there are no significant differences between the metatarsals of A. africanum and U. arctos. The patella, sesamoids and phalanges of A. africanum are also U. arctos- like, although the 1st and 2nd phalanges of the former are relatively much shorter and stouter (Fig. 24).. Fig. 24. Dorsal and lateral or medial views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium phalanges, L45062, possibly of one
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. 90 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM separated from the mandible. It is nevertheless clear that this tooth was reduced in length in the lndarctos-Agriotherium lineage to a degree comparable to that of M2. In /. vireti the M3 is markedly elongated anteroposteriorly and has a pronounced posterior tapering (Crusafont & Kurten 1976). The M3 of/, atticus is similar, but is less elongated, while that of Agriolherium is usually only as long as it is broad. The latter, however, is still Indarctos-ike i Stock Photo
RMRMKD0J–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. 90 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM separated from the mandible. It is nevertheless clear that this tooth was reduced in length in the lndarctos-Agriotherium lineage to a degree comparable to that of M2. In /. vireti the M3 is markedly elongated anteroposteriorly and has a pronounced posterior tapering (Crusafont & Kurten 1976). The M3 of/, atticus is similar, but is less elongated, while that of Agriolherium is usually only as long as it is broad. The latter, however, is still Indarctos-ike i
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA 97 bears was centred and it dates from a period when the radiation of later bears was just beginning. The absence of any intermediate forms may simply be due to the relatively poor Pliocene record in Asia, the continent to which Ailuropoda melanoleuca is confined (Chora & Hoffmann 1978). Relevant fossils of Plio- cene age, as well as better knowledge of U. depereti, are required to test this theory of Ailuropoda origins. While the ultimate origins of b Stock Photo
RMRMJ94C–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA 97 bears was centred and it dates from a period when the radiation of later bears was just beginning. The absence of any intermediate forms may simply be due to the relatively poor Pliocene record in Asia, the continent to which Ailuropoda melanoleuca is confined (Chora & Hoffmann 1978). Relevant fossils of Plio- cene age, as well as better knowledge of U. depereti, are required to test this theory of Ailuropoda origins. While the ultimate origins of b
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Fig. 22. Tarsal bones of Langebaanweg Agriotherium, L45062. A. Proximal, lateral, ventral and distal views of astragalus. B. Lateral and dorsal views of calcaneum. C. Dorsal view of cuboid. D. Proximal view of navicular.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Mu Stock Photo
RMRMKD74–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Fig. 22. Tarsal bones of Langebaanweg Agriotherium, L45062. A. Proximal, lateral, ventral and distal views of astragalus. B. Lateral and dorsal views of calcaneum. C. Dorsal view of cuboid. D. Proximal view of navicular.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Mu
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. Ul. A Lingual view of the I3 o{ Agriotherium africanum L 3141 and L 1868A, B Occlusal and posterior views of the M3 of Agriotherium africanum L 12561. C & D Anterior and medial views of the ulna of Agriotherium africanum L 2154.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMN40K–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. Ul. A Lingual view of the I3 o{ Agriotherium africanum L 3141 and L 1868A, B Occlusal and posterior views of the M3 of Agriotherium africanum L 12561. C & D Anterior and medial views of the ulna of Agriotherium africanum L 2154.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ^1 Fig. 11. Occlusal and buccal views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium M2's. A. L50004, a specimen of typical morphology. B. L46563, a specimen lacking the anterolingual cusp. cusp is absent, and its posterior keel is linked to the apex of the anterobuccal cusp. Only vestiges of the anterior keel remain. These three teeth are also distinct in being relatively narrower than others in the M2 sample. The M2 cusps develop horizontal wear facets, while there are also inclined facets antero- buccally and on th Stock Photo
RMRMKDAG–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ^1 Fig. 11. Occlusal and buccal views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium M2's. A. L50004, a specimen of typical morphology. B. L46563, a specimen lacking the anterolingual cusp. cusp is absent, and its posterior keel is linked to the apex of the anterobuccal cusp. Only vestiges of the anterior keel remain. These three teeth are also distinct in being relatively narrower than others in the M2 sample. The M2 cusps develop horizontal wear facets, while there are also inclined facets antero- buccally and on th
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ^1 Fig. 11. Occlusal and buccal views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium M2's. A. L50004, a specimen of typical morphology. B. L46563, a specimen lacking the anterolingual cusp. cusp is absent, and its posterior keel is linked to the apex of the anterobuccal cusp. Only vestiges of the anterior keel remain. These three teeth are also distinct in being relatively narrower than others in the M2 sample. The M2 cusps develop horizontal wear facets, while there are also inclined facets antero- buccally and on th Stock Photo
RMRMMNMD–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ^1 Fig. 11. Occlusal and buccal views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium M2's. A. L50004, a specimen of typical morphology. B. L46563, a specimen lacking the anterolingual cusp. cusp is absent, and its posterior keel is linked to the apex of the anterobuccal cusp. Only vestiges of the anterior keel remain. These three teeth are also distinct in being relatively narrower than others in the M2 sample. The M2 cusps develop horizontal wear facets, while there are also inclined facets antero- buccally and on th
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF TUT SOUTH AFRICAN ML'si I'M. Fig. 10. Lingual, occlusal and buccal views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium Mx's. A. L50004, a male specimen of typical morphology. B. L50006, a female specimen with vestigial ?metaconid.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMJ9GK–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF TUT SOUTH AFRICAN ML'si I'M. Fig. 10. Lingual, occlusal and buccal views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium Mx's. A. L50004, a male specimen of typical morphology. B. L50006, a female specimen with vestigial ?metaconid.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA 83 slightly less high-crowned than the protoconid (e.g. Crusafont & Kurten 1976, fig. 13). Much the same applies in the case of /. vireti and /. arctoides, except that in these species the metaconid and entoconid are of comparable size (Crusafont & Kurten 1976, fig. 2; Tobien 1955, fig. 3). In /. atticus the metaconid is much less prominent than the protoconid, but is still of similar size to the entoconid (Helbing 1932, fig. 3). In the smallest of Stock Photo
RMRMMN66–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA 83 slightly less high-crowned than the protoconid (e.g. Crusafont & Kurten 1976, fig. 13). Much the same applies in the case of /. vireti and /. arctoides, except that in these species the metaconid and entoconid are of comparable size (Crusafont & Kurten 1976, fig. 2; Tobien 1955, fig. 3). In /. atticus the metaconid is much less prominent than the protoconid, but is still of similar size to the entoconid (Helbing 1932, fig. 3). In the smallest of
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. Fig. 35. Buccal and occlusal A. Indarctos atticus, NMB-Sam31 (after Helbing 1932, fig. 3). B. Langebaanweg Agriotherium, L50445. overall size. All the posterior cheek teeth of Agriotherium are higher crowned than their counterparts in Indarctos, although the Florida Indarctos specimen may be an exception in this respect. Apparently the crown height increase in the Indarctos-Agriotherium lineage was more or less in proportion to the overall increase in the size of the taxa concerned. A likely parallel Stock Photo
RMRMKD2R–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. Fig. 35. Buccal and occlusal A. Indarctos atticus, NMB-Sam31 (after Helbing 1932, fig. 3). B. Langebaanweg Agriotherium, L50445. overall size. All the posterior cheek teeth of Agriotherium are higher crowned than their counterparts in Indarctos, although the Florida Indarctos specimen may be an exception in this respect. Apparently the crown height increase in the Indarctos-Agriotherium lineage was more or less in proportion to the overall increase in the size of the taxa concerned. A likely parallel
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM Volume 81 Band February 1980 Februarie Part 1 Deel. AGRIOTHERIUM (MAMMALIA, URSIDAE) FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA, AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENUS By Q. B. HENDEY Cape Town Kaapstad. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Stock Photo
RMRMKDE8–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM ANNALE VAN DIE SUID-AFRIKAANSE MUSEUM Volume 81 Band February 1980 Februarie Part 1 Deel. AGRIOTHERIUM (MAMMALIA, URSIDAE) FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA, AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENUS By Q. B. HENDEY Cape Town Kaapstad. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. aesp% l|llll|llll|llll|ll^ Fig. 7. Ventral view of Langebaanweg Agriotherium maxillary fragment, L45137. Apart from their large size, the incisors of A. africanum are unremarkable and are little different from those of living Ursinae. Dimensions of some incisors were given elsewhere (Hendey 1977, tables 2, 5). The I2 is distinct in having two lingual cusps projecting from the V-shaped cingulum posterior to the principal (spatulate) cusp. The lateral accessory cusp is the smaller and the more anterior Stock Photo
RMRMJ9HA–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. aesp% l|llll|llll|llll|ll^ Fig. 7. Ventral view of Langebaanweg Agriotherium maxillary fragment, L45137. Apart from their large size, the incisors of A. africanum are unremarkable and are little different from those of living Ursinae. Dimensions of some incisors were given elsewhere (Hendey 1977, tables 2, 5). The I2 is distinct in having two lingual cusps projecting from the V-shaped cingulum posterior to the principal (spatulate) cusp. The lateral accessory cusp is the smaller and the more anterior
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. 24 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM *. * U 115 116 ll7 118 Fig. 9. Buccal, occlusal and lingual views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium P4"s. A. L46074, from bed 3aN. B. L2045, from bed 3aS.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum Stock Photo
RMRMKDBA–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. 24 ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM *. * U 115 116 ll7 118 Fig. 9. Buccal, occlusal and lingual views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium P4"s. A. L46074, from bed 3aN. B. L2045, from bed 3aS.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Town : The Museum
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. "" 1 T") !l ! !I«'T ttt ! 1! PfWBWIWWf Fig. 5. Buccal and dorsal views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium hemimandible, L45114. to that in the A. schneideri specimen mentioned above. In the four hemi- mandibles belonging to three individuals in which the entire premasseteric fossa is preserved, the anterior termination is beneath M2. These specimens apparently differ from hemicyonines and other Agriotherium in having a less distinct ridge of bone separating the masseteric and premasseteric f Stock Photo
RMRMJ9J7–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. "" 1 T") !l ! !I«'T ttt ! 1! PfWBWIWWf Fig. 5. Buccal and dorsal views of Langebaanweg Agriotherium hemimandible, L45114. to that in the A. schneideri specimen mentioned above. In the four hemi- mandibles belonging to three individuals in which the entire premasseteric fossa is preserved, the anterior termination is beneath M2. These specimens apparently differ from hemicyonines and other Agriotherium in having a less distinct ridge of bone separating the masseteric and premasseteric f
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM iliiiiliiiliiiliiiliiililiiiliiiiliiiiliiiii. Fig. 18. Carpal bones of Langebaanweg Agriotherium. A-G. L45063. H. L46134. I. L50767 (reversed). A. Proximal and dorsal views of scapholunar. B. Medial view of cuneiform. C. Medial and dorsal views of unciform. D. Anterior view of pisiform. E. Proximal, dorsal and lateral views of magnum. F. Proximal view of trapezoid. G. Lateral view of trapezium. H.-I. Specimens illustrating size range of scapholunars.. Please note th Stock Photo
RMRMJ9DY–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM iliiiiliiiliiiliiiliiililiiiliiiiliiiiliiiii. Fig. 18. Carpal bones of Langebaanweg Agriotherium. A-G. L45063. H. L46134. I. L50767 (reversed). A. Proximal and dorsal views of scapholunar. B. Medial view of cuneiform. C. Medial and dorsal views of unciform. D. Anterior view of pisiform. E. Proximal, dorsal and lateral views of magnum. F. Proximal view of trapezoid. G. Lateral view of trapezium. H.-I. Specimens illustrating size range of scapholunars.. Please note th
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Fig. 25. Reconstruction of Agriotherium, adapted from one of North American Arctodus simus by J. Matternes (in Guthrie 1972). some morphological details. In actual size the bones of A. africanum males compare closely with those of A. simus females (e.g. the Potter Creek Cave sample-see Tables 4-11 herein and Kurten 1967, tables 10-25). Unfortunately the skeleton of A. africanum is less well represented than that of A. simus and consequently cannot be analysed in as Stock Photo
RMRMJ9BT–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. Fig. 25. Reconstruction of Agriotherium, adapted from one of North American Arctodus simus by J. Matternes (in Guthrie 1972). some morphological details. In actual size the bones of A. africanum males compare closely with those of A. simus females (e.g. the Potter Creek Cave sample-see Tables 4-11 herein and Kurten 1967, tables 10-25). Unfortunately the skeleton of A. africanum is less well represented than that of A. simus and consequently cannot be analysed in as
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. aesp% l|llll|llll|llll|ll^ Fig. 7. Ventral view of Langebaanweg Agriotherium maxillary fragment, L45137. Apart from their large size, the incisors of A. africanum are unremarkable and are little different from those of living Ursinae. Dimensions of some incisors were given elsewhere (Hendey 1977, tables 2, 5). The I2 is distinct in having two lingual cusps projecting from the V-shaped cingulum posterior to the principal (spatulate) cusp. The lateral accessory cusp Stock Photo
RMRMMNR4–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM. aesp% l|llll|llll|llll|ll^ Fig. 7. Ventral view of Langebaanweg Agriotherium maxillary fragment, L45137. Apart from their large size, the incisors of A. africanum are unremarkable and are little different from those of living Ursinae. Dimensions of some incisors were given elsewhere (Hendey 1977, tables 2, 5). The I2 is distinct in having two lingual cusps projecting from the V-shaped cingulum posterior to the principal (spatulate) cusp. The lateral accessory cusp
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. Fig. 37. M2's. A. Indarctos arctoides (after Helbing 1932, fig. 7). B. Indarctos atticus (after Helbing 1932, fig. 1). C. Indarctos punjabiensis (after Lydekker 1884, fig. 6). D. Langebaan- weg Agriotherium (D1-L47698; D2-L45137; D3-L41404). indicates that females were not necessarily 'primitive' in all respects. Never- theless, since increasing size was a characteristic of the Indarctos-Agriotherium lineage, and consequently large size was itself an 'advanced' character, it is to be expected that la Stock Photo
RMRMJ95D–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. Fig. 37. M2's. A. Indarctos arctoides (after Helbing 1932, fig. 7). B. Indarctos atticus (after Helbing 1932, fig. 1). C. Indarctos punjabiensis (after Lydekker 1884, fig. 6). D. Langebaan- weg Agriotherium (D1-L47698; D2-L45137; D3-L41404). indicates that females were not necessarily 'primitive' in all respects. Never- theless, since increasing size was a characteristic of the Indarctos-Agriotherium lineage, and consequently large size was itself an 'advanced' character, it is to be expected that la
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Fig. 34. Upper cheek tooth rows of Indarctos atticus, NMW-Saml912/29 (left) and Agriotherium insigne, NMB-MP549 (right). Drawn from casts. ters which distinguishes /. atticus from the earlier /. vireti (Crusafont & Kurten 1976). In /. atticus Pj and P2, are apparently always single-rooted, while Pf, usually have two roots, although P3 may sometimes have only one root (Thenius 1959). In the Florida Indarctos P1 and P2 are single-rooted, and P3 is doubl Stock Photo
RMRMJ98E–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. Fig. 34. Upper cheek tooth rows of Indarctos atticus, NMW-Saml912/29 (left) and Agriotherium insigne, NMB-MP549 (right). Drawn from casts. ters which distinguishes /. atticus from the earlier /. vireti (Crusafont & Kurten 1976). In /. atticus Pj and P2, are apparently always single-rooted, while Pf, usually have two roots, although P3 may sometimes have only one root (Thenius 1959). In the Florida Indarctos P1 and P2 are single-rooted, and P3 is doubl
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. 12 14 16 IS 20 22 24 26 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 Fig. 39. Lengths and breadths of M1 and M2 of some Ursidae, (see Fig. 38 for key). and I. atticus and A. africanum on the other. The isolated position of U. primae- vus is not surprising since it is a contemporary of /. vireti (Crusafont & Kurten 1976), and its phylogenetic connection with the Indarctos-Agriotherium lineage must be indirect. The fact that this lineage is divisible into two parts Stock Photo
RMRMKD0B–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. AGRIOTHERIUM FROM LANGEBAANWEG, SOUTH AFRICA. 12 14 16 IS 20 22 24 26 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 Fig. 39. Lengths and breadths of M1 and M2 of some Ursidae, (see Fig. 38 for key). and I. atticus and A. africanum on the other. The isolated position of U. primae- vus is not surprising since it is a contemporary of /. vireti (Crusafont & Kurten 1976), and its phylogenetic connection with the Indarctos-Agriotherium lineage must be indirect. The fact that this lineage is divisible into two parts
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. 12 14 16 IS 20 22 24 26 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 Fig. 39. Lengths and breadths of M1 and M2 of some Ursidae, (see Fig. 38 for key). and I. atticus and A. africanum on the other. The isolated position of U. primae- vus is not surprising since it is a contemporary of /. vireti (Crusafont & Kurten 1976), and its phylogenetic connection with the Indarctos-Agriotherium lineage must be indirect. The fact that this lineage is divisible into two parts on the basis of cheek tooth size (and other e Stock Photo
RMRMJ94H–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. 12 14 16 IS 20 22 24 26 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 Fig. 39. Lengths and breadths of M1 and M2 of some Ursidae, (see Fig. 38 for key). and I. atticus and A. africanum on the other. The isolated position of U. primae- vus is not surprising since it is a contemporary of /. vireti (Crusafont & Kurten 1976), and its phylogenetic connection with the Indarctos-Agriotherium lineage must be indirect. The fact that this lineage is divisible into two parts on the basis of cheek tooth size (and other e
. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. lll|llll|Nli|l»!|lill|il;S ! n|:!iij!l,!^i 1 | iuhhi 8 9 lb 1 5. G E A-E Buccal, anterior, occlusal, lingual and oblique views of the Agriotherium qfricanum holotype L 2045. F & G Lingual and occlusal views of the ?P' oi Agriotherium africanum L 1868C.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape Stock Photo
RMRMN433–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. lll|llll|Nli|l»!|lill|il;S ! n|:!iij!l,!^i 1 | iuhhi 8 9 lb 1 5. G E A-E Buccal, anterior, occlusal, lingual and oblique views of the Agriotherium qfricanum holotype L 2045. F & G Lingual and occlusal views of the ?P' oi Agriotherium africanum L 1868C.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. South African Museum. Cape

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