Ascus or asci Black and White Stock Photos & Images

7 Bitunicate ascus and ascospores of Didymella rabiei Stock Photo

RMP2DXRT–7 Bitunicate ascus and ascospores of Didymella rabiei

EB1911 Fungi development of the ascus Stock Photo

RMKBPPTH–EB1911 Fungi development of the ascus

This is image of Asci which is mostly elongated, clavate or cylindrical in shape, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration. Stock Vector

RFT604AB–This is image of Asci which is mostly elongated, clavate or cylindrical in shape, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration.

drawing Date: undated Keywords: higher plants, damage, fungi Personal name: asci Stock Photo

RM2AR984R–drawing Date: undated Keywords: higher plants, damage, fungi Personal name: asci

Asci and ascospores of Scutellinia scutellata. Stock Photo

RMPECDDH–Asci and ascospores of Scutellinia scutellata.

drawings, perithecium, asci Date: undated Location: Netherlands Keywords: drawings Personal name: asci, perithecium Stock Photo

RM2APYF1D–drawings, perithecium, asci Date: undated Location: Netherlands Keywords: drawings Personal name: asci, perithecium

RMHRF8C2–Stoma of Claviceps purpurea

damage, higher plants, fungi, xanthonia asci Date: undated Keywords: higher plants, damage, fungi Personal name: xanthonia asci Stock Photo

RM2ARK44C–damage, higher plants, fungi, xanthonia asci Date: undated Keywords: higher plants, damage, fungi Personal name: xanthonia asci

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 84 PLECTOMYCETES [CH. de Bary, who was able to recognize an antheridium and oogonium and the formation of an ascus or asci from the latter. These and several subsequent investigations have rendered the reproductive processes in the Erysiphaceae better known than perhaps in any other group of fungi. Sphaerotheca Humuli^ occurs on a variety of common plants, on the cultivated strawberry, where it is responsible for strawberry mildew, and especially on the hop. On the latter it is widely distributed in autumn, and, if the female inflorescenc Stock Photo

RMRDTP60–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 84 PLECTOMYCETES [CH. de Bary, who was able to recognize an antheridium and oogonium and the formation of an ascus or asci from the latter. These and several subsequent investigations have rendered the reproductive processes in the Erysiphaceae better known than perhaps in any other group of fungi. Sphaerotheca Humuli^ occurs on a variety of common plants, on the cultivated strawberry, where it is responsible for strawberry mildew, and especially on the hop. On the latter it is widely distributed in autumn, and, if the female inflorescenc

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 117 The oogonium after fertilization gives rise to a more or less complicated system of ascogenous hyphae, very simple in the Erysiphaceae, very complex in some Discomycetes, which produces the asci. The sterile parts of the ascocarp, the paraphyses and enveloping structures, arise from parts below the oogonium and antheridium. The very young ascus usually receives two nuclei from the parent strand of the ascogenous hypha. These nuclei unite giving the. Please note that these images are extracted Stock Photo

RMPG4GW4–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 117 The oogonium after fertilization gives rise to a more or less complicated system of ascogenous hyphae, very simple in the Erysiphaceae, very complex in some Discomycetes, which produces the asci. The sterile parts of the ascocarp, the paraphyses and enveloping structures, arise from parts below the oogonium and antheridium. The very young ascus usually receives two nuclei from the parent strand of the ascogenous hypha. These nuclei unite giving the. Please note that these images are extracted

Digital world map montage made up of binary symbols and digits. Stock Photo

RFCN79EG–Digital world map montage made up of binary symbols and digits.

Fruiting device (perithecium) of the fungus, vintage engraved illustration. Stock Photo

RF2C2NH5N–Fruiting device (perithecium) of the fungus, vintage engraved illustration.

20 Anno 1949, Mario Mazza (a sinistra) consegna l' Asci Ligure a Carlo Nocelli Stock Photo

RMPA4H7Y–20 Anno 1949, Mario Mazza (a sinistra) consegna l' Asci Ligure a Carlo Nocelli

Anno 1949, Mario Mazza (a sinistra) consegna l' Asci Ligure a Carlo Nocelli Stock Photo

RMKXJABT–Anno 1949, Mario Mazza (a sinistra) consegna l' Asci Ligure a Carlo Nocelli

A picture showing free cell formation of spores in the Ascus of Erysiphe Communis, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration. Stock Vector

RFT61GTY–A picture showing free cell formation of spores in the Ascus of Erysiphe Communis, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration.

A picture showing powdery mildew showing the Ascus containing eight Ascospores, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration. Stock Vector

RFT5X8A7–A picture showing powdery mildew showing the Ascus containing eight Ascospores, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration.

damage, higher plants, mushrooms, ergot, perithecien, asci Date: undated Keywords: higher plants, damage, fungi Personal name: asci, ergot, perithecien Stock Photo

RM2ARK4BC–damage, higher plants, mushrooms, ergot, perithecien, asci Date: undated Keywords: higher plants, damage, fungi Personal name: asci, ergot, perithecien

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 82. Saccobolus violascens Boud.; archicarp; after Dangeard. Fig. 83. Thehbolus stercoreus Tde.; ascocarp with single ascus, X250; after Brefeld. The species of Rhyparobius and Thelebolus, the two genera with many- spored asci, are all minute, coprophilous forms. They are distinguished by the fact that Rhyparobius produces several large asci, and Thelebolus only one (fig. 83). In both genera the cells of the mycelium are uninucleate. In Rhyparobius {Thecotheus) Pelletieri Overton has described several. Please note that these images ar Stock Photo

RMRDTNNN–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 82. Saccobolus violascens Boud.; archicarp; after Dangeard. Fig. 83. Thehbolus stercoreus Tde.; ascocarp with single ascus, X250; after Brefeld. The species of Rhyparobius and Thelebolus, the two genera with many- spored asci, are all minute, coprophilous forms. They are distinguished by the fact that Rhyparobius produces several large asci, and Thelebolus only one (fig. 83). In both genera the cells of the mycelium are uninucleate. In Rhyparobius {Thecotheus) Pelletieri Overton has described several. Please note that these images ar

damage, higher plants, fungi, caterpillar, cordicept, asci, perithecien Date: undated Keywords: higher plants, damage, fungi Personal name: asci, cordicept, perithecien, caterpillar Stock Photo

RM2APPEDB–damage, higher plants, fungi, caterpillar, cordicept, asci, perithecien Date: undated Keywords: higher plants, damage, fungi Personal name: asci, cordicept, perithecien, caterpillar

. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. HYPODERMELLA. 235 apothecia were present on the upper surface of the needles as isolated black spots or united into lines; they dehisce by an elongated fissure. The asci are cylindrical with rounded apices, and measure about 110m in length; they are almost sessile. Each contained four hyaline, unicellular, club-shaped spores ii. Fic. 119.—Hypodermella sulcigena. The apothecia form black lines on the needles. Ascus Stock Photo

RMPG4BHY–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. HYPODERMELLA. 235 apothecia were present on the upper surface of the needles as isolated black spots or united into lines; they dehisce by an elongated fissure. The asci are cylindrical with rounded apices, and measure about 110m in length; they are almost sessile. Each contained four hyaline, unicellular, club-shaped spores ii. Fic. 119.—Hypodermella sulcigena. The apothecia form black lines on the needles. Ascus

RFCTW52F–Digital world map montage made up of binary symbols and digits.

. English: 1949, Mario Mazza (Left) one of the founders of scouting in Italy, delivered the Ligurian Scout Association to Carlo Nocelli. 25 February 2011. Unknown 7 Anno 1949, Mario Mazza (a sinistra) consegna l' Asci Ligure a Carlo Nocelli Stock Photo

RMP2RX82–. English: 1949, Mario Mazza (Left) one of the founders of scouting in Italy, delivered the Ligurian Scout Association to Carlo Nocelli. 25 February 2011. Unknown 7 Anno 1949, Mario Mazza (a sinistra) consegna l' Asci Ligure a Carlo Nocelli

Anno 1949 Mario Mazza 28a sinistra29 consegna l Asci Ligure a Carlo Nocelli Stock Photo

RMJFW6AJ–Anno 1949 Mario Mazza 28a sinistra29 consegna l Asci Ligure a Carlo Nocelli

An image of Pleospora Herbarum in Perfect Stage. Pleospora herbarum is a species of fungus in the Pleosporaceae family. An image shows the Pleospora h Stock Vector

RFT5N7M9–An image of Pleospora Herbarum in Perfect Stage. Pleospora herbarum is a species of fungus in the Pleosporaceae family. An image shows the Pleospora h

RMRDE6N6–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 117 The oogonium after fertilization gives rise to a more or less complicated system of ascogenous hyphae, very simple in the Erysiphaceae, very complex in some Discomycetes, which produces the asci. The sterile parts of the ascocarp, the paraphyses and enveloping structures, arise from parts below the oogonium and antheridium. The very young ascus usually receives two nuclei from the parent strand of the ascogenous hypha. These nuclei unite giving the. Please note that these images are extracted

RMPG42KC–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. UNCINULA. 177 appendages having hooked tips. Within the peritheeia are found the ovoid asci containing the spores; there are from four to ten asci in each perithecium, and four to eight spores in each ascus. The conidial stage was formerly known as Oidium Tiickeri. The conidia are abjointed as oval colourless bodies from simple septate conidiophores, to the number of two or three in each chain. They germinate at onc

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. "] ASCOMYCETES 43 continuation of the ascogenous hypha, and gives rise to fresh asci (fig. lo). This process was first recorded in 1908 for Humaria rtttilans and has since been observed by McCubbin in Helvella elastica, by Carruthers in Helvetia crispa, and by Claussen in Pyronema confliiens. It suggests either that some advantage is to be derived from an absence of relationship between the nuclei which fuse in the ascus, or that a scheme of rigid nuclear economy is in force. The former hypothesis is somewhat weakened by the fact tha Stock Photo

RMRDX1PN–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. "] ASCOMYCETES 43 continuation of the ascogenous hypha, and gives rise to fresh asci (fig. lo). This process was first recorded in 1908 for Humaria rtttilans and has since been observed by McCubbin in Helvella elastica, by Carruthers in Helvetia crispa, and by Claussen in Pyronema confliiens. It suggests either that some advantage is to be derived from an absence of relationship between the nuclei which fuse in the ascus, or that a scheme of rigid nuclear economy is in force. The former hypothesis is somewhat weakened by the fact tha

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. i66 MYCOLOGY Family 4. Ascobolace^.—The apothecia of the fungi of this family are unstalked. They are superficial and grow up on manure. The peridium is mostly thin, or wanting, and the hypothecium, which is well developed, consists of rounded parenchyma-like cells. In Ascobolus, the ascospores are discharged from the asci by a squirting. Fig. 58.—A, B, Lachnea sculellala. A, Habit; B, ascus with paraphysis; C, D, Lachnea hemisphierica; C, habit; D, ascus with paraphysiS; E, Sarcospktsr Stock Photo

RMPG453N–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. i66 MYCOLOGY Family 4. Ascobolace^.—The apothecia of the fungi of this family are unstalked. They are superficial and grow up on manure. The peridium is mostly thin, or wanting, and the hypothecium, which is well developed, consists of rounded parenchyma-like cells. In Ascobolus, the ascospores are discharged from the asci by a squirting. Fig. 58.—A, B, Lachnea sculellala. A, Habit; B, ascus with paraphysis; C, D, Lachnea hemisphierica; C, habit; D, ascus with paraphysiS; E, Sarcospktsr

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] HYPOCREALES 145 merit of the sheath has begun, may correspond to the septation of the fertihzed oogonium in other forms. Further, the origin of the asci from a single cell points to the Erysiphales and Laboulbeniales, and in view of the longitudinal divisions, perhaps especially to the latter. In Nectria the usually red or yellow perithecia are produced in groups on stromata of the same colour; the asci contain eight ascospores which are two- celled, and often produce conidia by budding while still in the ascus. The genus is large, inc Stock Photo

RMRDTNE3–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] HYPOCREALES 145 merit of the sheath has begun, may correspond to the septation of the fertihzed oogonium in other forms. Further, the origin of the asci from a single cell points to the Erysiphales and Laboulbeniales, and in view of the longitudinal divisions, perhaps especially to the latter. In Nectria the usually red or yellow perithecia are produced in groups on stromata of the same colour; the asci contain eight ascospores which are two- celled, and often produce conidia by budding while still in the ascus. The genus is large, inc

RMPG42ND–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. THK PARASITIC EXOASCP^AE. 16T Exoascus coerulescens (Mont, et Desm.) produces similar blisters on oak leaves.. Fig. 63.—JExoctscus aureus. Leaf section from the margiu of a swelling, showing normal and hypertropbied tissue. The cells of the swelling are abnormally elongated with thickened walls, and some show secondary cell-division. The bases of the asci are wedged in between the cells; one ascus is shown with coni

RMRDC1MR–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. HYPODERMELLA. 235 apothecia were present on the upper surface of the needles as isolated black spots or united into lines; they dehisce by an elongated fissure. The asci are cylindrical with rounded apices, and measure about 110m in length; they are almost sessile. Each contained four hyaline, unicellular, club-shaped spores ii. Fic. 119.—Hypodermella sulcigena. The apothecia form black lines on the needles. Ascus

RMPG42N6–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 63.—JExoctscus aureus. Leaf section from the margiu of a swelling, showing normal and hypertropbied tissue. The cells of the swelling are abnormally elongated with thickened walls, and some show secondary cell-division. The bases of the asci are wedged in between the cells; one ascus is shown with conidia. (v. Tubeuf del.) Exoascus cameus Johan. occurs on leaves of Betula odorata, B. nana, and B. intermedia. Th

. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. ASCOMYCETES—EUASCI—EXOASCUS 253 they grow and spread out to the surface, forming a single layer of cells, each cell swells, the cuticle becomes ruptured and a palisade-like layer of asci is formed. There are eight ascospores in each ascus which escape by means of an opening at the tip. The ascospores of Taphrina frequently germinate in the as- cus, budding like yeast and in this budding condition they produce a small amount of alcoho Stock Photo

RMRDXT24–. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. ASCOMYCETES—EUASCI—EXOASCUS 253 they grow and spread out to the surface, forming a single layer of cells, each cell swells, the cuticle becomes ruptured and a palisade-like layer of asci is formed. There are eight ascospores in each ascus which escape by means of an opening at the tip. The ascospores of Taphrina frequently germinate in the as- cus, budding like yeast and in this budding condition they produce a small amount of alcoho

. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. THALLOPHYTA,. 1 CordycepB Taylori, a pyrenomycetous Fiirgu which attacks caterpillars; the branched antler-like stroma has developed rfrom the sclerotlum, and its lower warted portion bears the perithecia. 2 Three perithecia; enlarged. 3 a perithecium in section. * Two asci containing filamentous spores. » Vertical section of a perithecium of Xylaria Hypoxylon. 6 Ascus of same. "^ Mycelium of Eurotium. bearing a conidial hypha (to riglit, above), a commencing fruit (to left), and a ripe ascus-fr Stock Photo

RMPG1RDM–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. THALLOPHYTA,. 1 CordycepB Taylori, a pyrenomycetous Fiirgu which attacks caterpillars; the branched antler-like stroma has developed rfrom the sclerotlum, and its lower warted portion bears the perithecia. 2 Three perithecia; enlarged. 3 a perithecium in section. * Two asci containing filamentous spores. » Vertical section of a perithecium of Xylaria Hypoxylon. 6 Ascus of same. "^ Mycelium of Eurotium. bearing a conidial hypha (to riglit, above), a commencing fruit (to left), and a ripe ascus-fr

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 82 PLECTOMYCETES [CH.. Fig. 39. Erysiphe Polygoni; young perithecium containing uninucleate asci; after Harper. which undergo a change apparently analogous to lignification. nPhyllactinia the outermost layer, from which the secondary mycelium and the character- istic appendages are derived, consists of thin-walled cells, but in other genera it is not differentiated from the pro- tective zone. A single asciis or several may be formed in the peri- thecium ; the ascospores, numbering two to eight in each ascus, begin to develop during the s Stock Photo

RMRDTP6D–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 82 PLECTOMYCETES [CH.. Fig. 39. Erysiphe Polygoni; young perithecium containing uninucleate asci; after Harper. which undergo a change apparently analogous to lignification. nPhyllactinia the outermost layer, from which the secondary mycelium and the character- istic appendages are derived, consists of thin-walled cells, but in other genera it is not differentiated from the pro- tective zone. A single asciis or several may be formed in the peri- thecium ; the ascospores, numbering two to eight in each ascus, begin to develop during the s

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 212 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE usually knot-like head; perithecia closely scattered, sunken in the stroma with only the ostiole protruding, flask-shaped, the walls scarcely distinguishable from the stroma; asci cylindric, il^2«* e. Fig. 152.—C. purpurea. D, Sphacelia stage; E, germinated sclerotia; G, sec- tion of stroma; H, section of a perithecium; J, ascus with spores. After Tulasne. 8-spored; spores hyaline, continuous. Some twelve or fifteen species are recorded all affecting the ovaries of the Gramineae. C. purpurea Stock Photo

RMPG4G9T–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 212 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE usually knot-like head; perithecia closely scattered, sunken in the stroma with only the ostiole protruding, flask-shaped, the walls scarcely distinguishable from the stroma; asci cylindric, il^2«* e. Fig. 152.—C. purpurea. D, Sphacelia stage; E, germinated sclerotia; G, sec- tion of stroma; H, section of a perithecium; J, ascus with spores. After Tulasne. 8-spored; spores hyaline, continuous. Some twelve or fifteen species are recorded all affecting the ovaries of the Gramineae. C. purpurea

The trade of the world . asci-nating theme for French intellect. To estimate cor-rectly the strength and virility of the French nationit is necessary to dismiss from the mind absolutelythe measures of value current in America and Eng-land. Unless this is done, the French social struc-ture looms large as a symptom of decay, and thenecessary sense of proportion and perspective ishopelessly lost. They have evolved a manner oflife, a standard of conventional morals, and a meas-ure of values unknown and strange to the Anglo-Saxon mind; it might almost be said, in some oftheir aspects, abhorrent. Th Stock Photo

RM2AM4EJ2–The trade of the world . asci-nating theme for French intellect. To estimate cor-rectly the strength and virility of the French nationit is necessary to dismiss from the mind absolutelythe measures of value current in America and Eng-land. Unless this is done, the French social struc-ture looms large as a symptom of decay, and thenecessary sense of proportion and perspective ishopelessly lost. They have evolved a manner oflife, a standard of conventional morals, and a meas-ure of values unknown and strange to the Anglo-Saxon mind; it might almost be said, in some oftheir aspects, abhorrent. Th

. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. D. Fig. 18.—Dasyscypha calycina, reproductive organs: a, asci and paraplyses (x 430); a, ascus; p, paraphysis; b, spermogonia (x 430); c, spermogonia, showing escape of spermatia (x 430); D, spermatia (x 1,000). radiating towards the centre. These fine hyphae abstract from their aisices numerous spermatia, small slightly elon- gated cells (about I'S X 1 f^), which remain for a consider-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of t Stock Photo

RMPG44DG–. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. D. Fig. 18.—Dasyscypha calycina, reproductive organs: a, asci and paraplyses (x 430); a, ascus; p, paraphysis; b, spermogonia (x 430); c, spermogonia, showing escape of spermatia (x 430); D, spermatia (x 1,000). radiating towards the centre. These fine hyphae abstract from their aisices numerous spermatia, small slightly elon- gated cells (about I'S X 1 f^), which remain for a consider-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of t

. Lichens. Lichens. LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 187 than in fungi; in many instances some or all of the spores in the ascus are imperfectly formed, and the full complement is frequently lacking, possibly owing to some occurrence of adverse conditions during the long slow development of the apothecium. In the larger number of genera and species the spores are small bodies, but in some, as for instance in the Pertusariae and in some Pyrenocarpeae, they exceed in size all known fungus spores. In Varicellaria microsticta, a rare crustaceous lichen of high moun- tains, the solitary i-septate spore measu Stock Photo

RMREXDAP–. Lichens. Lichens. LICHEN ASCI AND SPORES 187 than in fungi; in many instances some or all of the spores in the ascus are imperfectly formed, and the full complement is frequently lacking, possibly owing to some occurrence of adverse conditions during the long slow development of the apothecium. In the larger number of genera and species the spores are small bodies, but in some, as for instance in the Pertusariae and in some Pyrenocarpeae, they exceed in size all known fungus spores. In Varicellaria microsticta, a rare crustaceous lichen of high moun- tains, the solitary i-septate spore measu

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. MILDEWS AND RELATED FUNGI 159 shield-shaped, unappendaged, black, membranous to carbonous formed of radiating chains of cells. The asci are four- to eight-spored, short and associated with paraphyses. Two fungi which attack the coffee plant are the most important pathogenic spedes of the family:. Fig. 55.—A—D, Nectria cinnubarina. A, Stroma of conidia and fruit-bodies of fungus; B, stroma in section; C ascus; D, mycelium "with conidiospores; £. F, Nectria ditissima; F, conidia laye Stock Photo

RMPG4542–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. MILDEWS AND RELATED FUNGI 159 shield-shaped, unappendaged, black, membranous to carbonous formed of radiating chains of cells. The asci are four- to eight-spored, short and associated with paraphyses. Two fungi which attack the coffee plant are the most important pathogenic spedes of the family:. Fig. 55.—A—D, Nectria cinnubarina. A, Stroma of conidia and fruit-bodies of fungus; B, stroma in section; C ascus; D, mycelium "with conidiospores; £. F, Nectria ditissima; F, conidia laye

. The essentials of botany. Botany. ASCOSPOREAE 213 C. Spore fruits much reduced, containing teliospores. Class Teliospobeae. D. Asci, basidia or teliospores unknown (artificial group). Fungi Impeefecti. Class 14. ASCOSPOREAE. The Ascus Fungi. 333. This large class includes chlorophyll-less plants which differ much in size and appearance, but which agree in producing their fruit-spores (carpo- spores) in sacs (asci), and because they are in sacs they are called sac-spores or ascospores. These spore-bearing sacs (singular, ascus; plural, asci) are end- cells in the sporogenous tissue of the fru Stock Photo

RMRDWC4G–. The essentials of botany. Botany. ASCOSPOREAE 213 C. Spore fruits much reduced, containing teliospores. Class Teliospobeae. D. Asci, basidia or teliospores unknown (artificial group). Fungi Impeefecti. Class 14. ASCOSPOREAE. The Ascus Fungi. 333. This large class includes chlorophyll-less plants which differ much in size and appearance, but which agree in producing their fruit-spores (carpo- spores) in sacs (asci), and because they are in sacs they are called sac-spores or ascospores. These spore-bearing sacs (singular, ascus; plural, asci) are end- cells in the sporogenous tissue of the fru

. Pharmaceutical botany. Botany; Botany, Medical. Fig. 35.—A single perithecium of Clmiceps Fig. 36.—Asci contain- purpurea, magnified, showing the contained ing the long, slender asco- asci. (From Sayre.) pores. (From Sayre.) ized by the appearance of a sac called an ascus in which ascospores are formed. The largest class of fungi. Order i. Protoascales, the yeasts (Saccharomycetes) (position doubtful). Order 2. Pezizales or cup fungi. Ex.: Peziza and Ascobolus. Order 3. Tuberales, the truffles. Order 4. Plectascales, the blue and green molds. Ex.: Aspergillus and Penicillium.. Please note th Stock Photo

RMPG2KB8–. Pharmaceutical botany. Botany; Botany, Medical. Fig. 35.—A single perithecium of Clmiceps Fig. 36.—Asci contain- purpurea, magnified, showing the contained ing the long, slender asco- asci. (From Sayre.) pores. (From Sayre.) ized by the appearance of a sac called an ascus in which ascospores are formed. The largest class of fungi. Order i. Protoascales, the yeasts (Saccharomycetes) (position doubtful). Order 2. Pezizales or cup fungi. Ex.: Peziza and Ascobolus. Order 3. Tuberales, the truffles. Order 4. Plectascales, the blue and green molds. Ex.: Aspergillus and Penicillium.. Please note th

RMRDC27C–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. UNCINULA. 177 appendages having hooked tips. Within the peritheeia are found the ovoid asci containing the spores; there are from four to ten asci in each perithecium, and four to eight spores in each ascus. The conidial stage was formerly known as Oidium Tiickeri. The conidia are abjointed as oval colourless bodies from simple septate conidiophores, to the number of two or three in each chain. They germinate at onc

. Parasitic fungi of Illinois / by T.J. Burrill. Fungi. FiGTTKB 4. Erysiphe chicoracearum, DO. A ruptured perithecium with, thread-like appendages and protrud- ing asci, each containing two spores, — magnified 90 times. Pig. 4. ^. Fig. 5. Figure 5. Undnula am- lis, Peck: a, perithe- cium with the numerous appendages (6) coiled at the tip,— magnified 100 times; c, i one of the appendages (tip) further magnified; d,anas- cus with five spores,—magni- fied 200 times. The lower, pointed end of the ascus is attached to the bottom of the cavity of the perithecium.. Please note that these images are e Stock Photo

RMPG2M4M–. Parasitic fungi of Illinois / by T.J. Burrill. Fungi. FiGTTKB 4. Erysiphe chicoracearum, DO. A ruptured perithecium with, thread-like appendages and protrud- ing asci, each containing two spores, — magnified 90 times. Pig. 4. ^. Fig. 5. Figure 5. Undnula am- lis, Peck: a, perithe- cium with the numerous appendages (6) coiled at the tip,— magnified 100 times; c, i one of the appendages (tip) further magnified; d,anas- cus with five spores,—magni- fied 200 times. The lower, pointed end of the ascus is attached to the bottom of the cavity of the perithecium.. Please note that these images are e

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Ill] ERYSIPHALES 87 lose their contents and are displaced by the developing asci. Later the fusion of the two nuclei in each ascus takes place, and in each eight spores are formed. Dangeard, investigating the development of E. Polygoni and E. Cicho- racearum, notes that in his material the oogonium underwent septation before a row of nuclei was formed, and that cells other than the penultimate contained two or more nuclei. Usually in E. Cichoracearum and sometimes in E. Polygoni the oogonial branch consisted of two cells; this corresponds Stock Photo

RMRDTP58–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Ill] ERYSIPHALES 87 lose their contents and are displaced by the developing asci. Later the fusion of the two nuclei in each ascus takes place, and in each eight spores are formed. Dangeard, investigating the development of E. Polygoni and E. Cicho- racearum, notes that in his material the oogonium underwent septation before a row of nuclei was formed, and that cells other than the penultimate contained two or more nuclei. Usually in E. Cichoracearum and sometimes in E. Polygoni the oogonial branch consisted of two cells; this corresponds

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 132 MYCOLOGY Other without paraphyses, so that they form a velvety layer on the surface of the host plant. Eight ascospores are generally found, as in the genus Exoascus, but in Taphrina (Taphria) the number may be increased considerably by budding, so that the whole ascus will be. Fig. 42.—Exoascus and Taphrina. A—F, Exoascus pruni, A. Appearance on diseased twig; B, cross-section of diseased fruit; C. mycelium in tissues of host; D, young asci; E, mature ascus with spores; F, germinat Stock Photo

RMPG455P–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 132 MYCOLOGY Other without paraphyses, so that they form a velvety layer on the surface of the host plant. Eight ascospores are generally found, as in the genus Exoascus, but in Taphrina (Taphria) the number may be increased considerably by budding, so that the whole ascus will be. Fig. 42.—Exoascus and Taphrina. A—F, Exoascus pruni, A. Appearance on diseased twig; B, cross-section of diseased fruit; C. mycelium in tissues of host; D, young asci; E, mature ascus with spores; F, germinat

. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. THALLOPHYTES: FUNGI 275. a little sphere, which suggested the name Microsplmra (Fig. 241). The heavy wall of the ascocarp bears beauti- ful branching hair-like appendages (Fig. 242). Bursting the wall of this spore fruit several very delicate, bladder-like sacs are extruded, and through the transparent wall of each sac there may be seen several spores (Fig. 242). The ascocarp, there- fore, is a spore case, just as is the cystocarp of the Eed Algaj (§ 174). The delicate sacs within are the asci, a word meaning " sacs," and each ascus is e Stock Photo

RMRE1JJ5–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. THALLOPHYTES: FUNGI 275. a little sphere, which suggested the name Microsplmra (Fig. 241). The heavy wall of the ascocarp bears beauti- ful branching hair-like appendages (Fig. 242). Bursting the wall of this spore fruit several very delicate, bladder-like sacs are extruded, and through the transparent wall of each sac there may be seen several spores (Fig. 242). The ascocarp, there- fore, is a spore case, just as is the cystocarp of the Eed Algaj (§ 174). The delicate sacs within are the asci, a word meaning " sacs," and each ascus is e

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 259 L. tazicola R. K. on Taxus canadensis; L. vagabunda Sacc. spots linden branches. Its conidial form is perhaps Phoma tilisB.^'' Ophiobolus Riess (p. 252) Perithecia scattered, subglobose, submembranous, covered or suberumpent, ostiole papillate or elongate; asci cylindric; spores fusiform, hyaline or yellowish.. Fig. 190. —Ophio- bolus. B, ascus; C, spore. After Lindau and Win- ter. Fig. 191.— Pleospora from passion-fruit. The spores are just beginning to ger- minate, the end cells start- ing Stock Photo

RMPG46CD–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 259 L. tazicola R. K. on Taxus canadensis; L. vagabunda Sacc. spots linden branches. Its conidial form is perhaps Phoma tilisB.^'' Ophiobolus Riess (p. 252) Perithecia scattered, subglobose, submembranous, covered or suberumpent, ostiole papillate or elongate; asci cylindric; spores fusiform, hyaline or yellowish.. Fig. 190. —Ophio- bolus. B, ascus; C, spore. After Lindau and Win- ter. Fig. 191.— Pleospora from passion-fruit. The spores are just beginning to ger- minate, the end cells start- ing

. Elementary botany. Botany. FUNGI: SAC FUNGI. 137 301. Asci and ascospores.—While we are looking at a few of these through the microscope with the low power, we should. Fig. 164. Leaves of willow showing willow mildew. The black dots are the fruit bodies (perithecia) seated on the white mycelium. press on the cover glass with a needle until we see a few of the perithecia rupture. If this is done carefully we will see several small ovate sacs issue, each containing a number of spores, as shown in fig. 166. Such a sac is an ascus, and the spores are ascospores,. Please note that these images ar Stock Photo

RMRDWG62–. Elementary botany. Botany. FUNGI: SAC FUNGI. 137 301. Asci and ascospores.—While we are looking at a few of these through the microscope with the low power, we should. Fig. 164. Leaves of willow showing willow mildew. The black dots are the fruit bodies (perithecia) seated on the white mycelium. press on the cover glass with a needle until we see a few of the perithecia rupture. If this is done carefully we will see several small ovate sacs issue, each containing a number of spores, as shown in fig. 166. Such a sac is an ascus, and the spores are ascospores,. Please note that these images ar

. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. THE LARCH CANKER 43 spores from the ascus of this species is between 10 and 15 mm. In a damp chamber such as that described, the spore-ejection may take place very rapidly, and from two small apothecia, measuring 1-25 mm. and 1-5 mm. respec- tively in diameter, 104 spores were found to have been ejected in 2 minutes. In a dry atmosphere the asci cease to shed their spores, a fact which is no doubt correlated with the closing of the apothecia in dry weather. The spores maj' germinate in either of the two following ways : (i) The spores first Stock Photo

RMPG44D4–. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. THE LARCH CANKER 43 spores from the ascus of this species is between 10 and 15 mm. In a damp chamber such as that described, the spore-ejection may take place very rapidly, and from two small apothecia, measuring 1-25 mm. and 1-5 mm. respec- tively in diameter, 104 spores were found to have been ejected in 2 minutes. In a dry atmosphere the asci cease to shed their spores, a fact which is no doubt correlated with the closing of the apothecia in dry weather. The spores maj' germinate in either of the two following ways : (i) The spores first

. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIG BOTANY. 273 of no practical importance, their greatest singularity being their affecting animal substances, and their external resem- blance to little puffballs, though differing greatly in structure. In those Myxogastres, where a sort of ascus exists, the spores arise from the sporophores, and not from the protoplasm.. Fig. 62. a. Onygena equina, natural size. b. 0. corvina, vert, section. Magnified. e. 0. equina, asci and aporidia. Magnified. After Tulasne. d. Meliola amphitricha, asei and sporidia. Magnified. e. M Stock Photo

RMRE3MD8–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIG BOTANY. 273 of no practical importance, their greatest singularity being their affecting animal substances, and their external resem- blance to little puffballs, though differing greatly in structure. In those Myxogastres, where a sort of ascus exists, the spores arise from the sporophores, and not from the protoplasm.. Fig. 62. a. Onygena equina, natural size. b. 0. corvina, vert, section. Magnified. e. 0. equina, asci and aporidia. Magnified. After Tulasne. d. Meliola amphitricha, asei and sporidia. Magnified. e. M

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 166.—C. pilifera perl- Fig. 167.—C. albieedrse. Sec- theclum, asci and tion of a peritheclum in spores. After von its stroma. After Heald and Schrenk. Wolf. Fig. 168.—C. albicedrse. Upper part of an ascus showing thickened apical wall and coiled spores. After Heald and Wolf. slender, lipear, surrounded by a gelatinous matrix, apically thick- ened; spores filiform, multiseptate, hyaline. , A single species. C. albicedrse Heald & Wolf. Stroma on bark or wood of the host, varying from gray on the bark to black on wood, lentic Stock Photo

RMPG4G4A–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 166.—C. pilifera perl- Fig. 167.—C. albieedrse. Sec- theclum, asci and tion of a peritheclum in spores. After von its stroma. After Heald and Schrenk. Wolf. Fig. 168.—C. albicedrse. Upper part of an ascus showing thickened apical wall and coiled spores. After Heald and Wolf. slender, lipear, surrounded by a gelatinous matrix, apically thick- ened; spores filiform, multiseptate, hyaline. , A single species. C. albicedrse Heald & Wolf. Stroma on bark or wood of the host, varying from gray on the bark to black on wood, lentic

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 70. Humaria rutilans (Fr.) Sacc.; u,. fusion in a vegetative hypha; b. migration of nucleus from one vegetative cell to another; both x iioo. The cells which contain fusion nuclei now give rise to ascogenous hyphae, while, from the rest, the paraphyses and cells of the outer sheath arise. The asci are very large, and their nuclei particularly clear. The number of chromosomes in the nuclei of the ascogenous hyphae, and in the first and second divisions in the ascus and in the prophase of the third is sixteen (figs. 71, 72). In the thi Stock Photo

RMRDTNY8–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 70. Humaria rutilans (Fr.) Sacc.; u,. fusion in a vegetative hypha; b. migration of nucleus from one vegetative cell to another; both x iioo. The cells which contain fusion nuclei now give rise to ascogenous hyphae, while, from the rest, the paraphyses and cells of the outer sheath arise. The asci are very large, and their nuclei particularly clear. The number of chromosomes in the nuclei of the ascogenous hyphae, and in the first and second divisions in the ascus and in the prophase of the third is sixteen (figs. 71, 72). In the thi

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 119 P. macrosporus Ung. Asci globose to elliptic, 40-80 x 35-60 /x; membrane yellowish, up to 5 it* in thickness, contents colorless; spores elongate-ellipsoid, 2-3 xl fi. It produces small galls, which are at first watery looking, then. Fig. 81.—Protomyces. A, mycelium and young ascus; E, ascus with mature spores. After De Bary. brown, upon the leaves and stems of various economic and non- economic Umbelliferse. P. pachydermus Thiim. affects carrots and dandehons. P. rhizobius Trail, grows on Po Stock Photo

RMPG4GW1–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 119 P. macrosporus Ung. Asci globose to elliptic, 40-80 x 35-60 /x; membrane yellowish, up to 5 it* in thickness, contents colorless; spores elongate-ellipsoid, 2-3 xl fi. It produces small galls, which are at first watery looking, then. Fig. 81.—Protomyces. A, mycelium and young ascus; E, ascus with mature spores. After De Bary. brown, upon the leaves and stems of various economic and non- economic Umbelliferse. P. pachydermus Thiim. affects carrots and dandehons. P. rhizobius Trail, grows on Po

. Microbes, ferments and moulds . Bacteria; Fungi; Fermentation. 26 MICEOBES, FERMENTS, AND MOULDS. the balls in question are produced from the same mycelium as Aspergillus glaueus, and that conse- quently the chaplet of stalks and the balls filled with asci are merely two organs of the same fungus.. Fig. 'iZ.Aspergillus glaueus, mould on leather and rotten fruits : a, hypha bearing ttie chaplet of spores 6; c, a germinating spore; d, ball of Eurotium; e, ascus enclosing the endogenous spores (magnified). The chaplet of spores in Aspergillus glaueus repre- sent the white exogenous spores, or Stock Photo

RMRDJ5DA–. Microbes, ferments and moulds . Bacteria; Fungi; Fermentation. 26 MICEOBES, FERMENTS, AND MOULDS. the balls in question are produced from the same mycelium as Aspergillus glaueus, and that conse- quently the chaplet of stalks and the balls filled with asci are merely two organs of the same fungus.. Fig. 'iZ.Aspergillus glaueus, mould on leather and rotten fruits : a, hypha bearing ttie chaplet of spores 6; c, a germinating spore; d, ball of Eurotium; e, ascus enclosing the endogenous spores (magnified). The chaplet of spores in Aspergillus glaueus repre- sent the white exogenous spores, or

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 186 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE (but not always) more or less closely 3 to 6-times dichotomously branched, tips of ultimate branches regularly and distinctly re- curved; asci 3-8, ovate to ovate-globose, 42-70 x 32-50 m, usually but not always short stalked; 4 to 8-spored; spores 18-23 x 10-12 fi. This species is the most variable of the Erysiphese showing large latitude in number of spores in the ascus, in length, color and branching of appendages, in Fig. 136.—m. aini, appendage size of perithecia. It occurs upon Very tip Stock Photo

RMPG4GE0–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 186 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE (but not always) more or less closely 3 to 6-times dichotomously branched, tips of ultimate branches regularly and distinctly re- curved; asci 3-8, ovate to ovate-globose, 42-70 x 32-50 m, usually but not always short stalked; 4 to 8-spored; spores 18-23 x 10-12 fi. This species is the most variable of the Erysiphese showing large latitude in number of spores in the ascus, in length, color and branching of appendages, in Fig. 136.—m. aini, appendage size of perithecia. It occurs upon Very tip

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 4. Mitrula laricina Mass.; development and ejection of biseriate spores, x 600.. Fig. 5. Sepultaria coronaria Mass.; uni- seriate spores; ascus opening by a lid; branched, septate, clavate paraphyses; X 600. isolated asci lying in water are suddenly exposed to the action of glycerine or alcohol, and is clearly due to alterations of tension affecting a number of asci at about the same stage of development cation has puffed once or a After the fructifi- few times a rest of some hours during which. Please note that these images are extr Stock Photo

RMRDX1W6–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 4. Mitrula laricina Mass.; development and ejection of biseriate spores, x 600.. Fig. 5. Sepultaria coronaria Mass.; uni- seriate spores; ascus opening by a lid; branched, septate, clavate paraphyses; X 600. isolated asci lying in water are suddenly exposed to the action of glycerine or alcohol, and is clearly due to alterations of tension affecting a number of asci at about the same stage of development cation has puffed once or a After the fructifi- few times a rest of some hours during which. Please note that these images are extr

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. ASCOMYCETES (p. 64) 2, 7, 19, 25, 46, S2, 53, 62 The distinguishing mark of this group is the ascus. This in its typical form is shown in Fig. 73, as a long, slender or club-shaped sac in which the spores are borne. The number of spores in the ascus is usually definite and is commonly of the series, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, etc., the most common number being 8. The spores vary in size, color, shape, markings and septation. The asci in most genera are arranged in a definite group, a layer, con- stituting the hymenium which may be eit Stock Photo

RMPG4GXB–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. ASCOMYCETES (p. 64) 2, 7, 19, 25, 46, S2, 53, 62 The distinguishing mark of this group is the ascus. This in its typical form is shown in Fig. 73, as a long, slender or club-shaped sac in which the spores are borne. The number of spores in the ascus is usually definite and is commonly of the series, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, etc., the most common number being 8. The spores vary in size, color, shape, markings and septation. The asci in most genera are arranged in a definite group, a layer, con- stituting the hymenium which may be eit

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Pig. Otidea aurantia Mass.; apotheci, nat. size. Fig. S'Z. Lachnea stercorea (Pers.) Gill.; ascocarp in longitudinal section showing young asci and para- physes, x 160. a. sheath; b. paraphyses; c. ascus; <a. ascogenous hyphae; e. oogonium ;f. stalk of archicarp. wall of the cup (fig. 52). The lower part of the cup is filled by the hypo- thecium, a tangle of hyphae, some vegetative, some ascogenous. These give rise to the sub-hymenial layer where the paraphyses have their origin and where the young asci are developed. The asci and para Stock Photo

RMRDTP39–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Pig. Otidea aurantia Mass.; apotheci, nat. size. Fig. S'Z. Lachnea stercorea (Pers.) Gill.; ascocarp in longitudinal section showing young asci and para- physes, x 160. a. sheath; b. paraphyses; c. ascus; <a. ascogenous hyphae; e. oogonium ;f. stalk of archicarp. wall of the cup (fig. 52). The lower part of the cup is filled by the hypo- thecium, a tangle of hyphae, some vegetative, some ascogenous. These give rise to the sub-hymenial layer where the paraphyses have their origin and where the young asci are developed. The asci and para

. Parasitic fungi of Illinois / by T.J. Burrill. Fungi. Parasitic Fungi of Illinois. 39*?. Figure 7. Podosphsera ooeycanthx, (DC.) DBy.: a, pericthecium with dichoto- mously forked appendages J,— magnified 90 times; c, a tip of an appendage more magnified; 6, the single ascus with eight spores,— magni- fied 325 times. Fig. 8. Figure 8. Microsphsera SavmeiajBeik.: a,perithecium with its dichotomously forked appendages 6,— magnified 75 times; c, a tip of an appendage more magnified; d, one of the several asci containing eight spores,— magnified 375 times; e, a group of asci from one perithecium, Stock Photo

RMPG2M48–. Parasitic fungi of Illinois / by T.J. Burrill. Fungi. Parasitic Fungi of Illinois. 39*?. Figure 7. Podosphsera ooeycanthx, (DC.) DBy.: a, pericthecium with dichoto- mously forked appendages J,— magnified 90 times; c, a tip of an appendage more magnified; 6, the single ascus with eight spores,— magni- fied 325 times. Fig. 8. Figure 8. Microsphsera SavmeiajBeik.: a,perithecium with its dichotomously forked appendages 6,— magnified 75 times; c, a tip of an appendage more magnified; d, one of the several asci containing eight spores,— magnified 375 times; e, a group of asci from one perithecium,

$. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. 270 STRUCTURE AND LIFE HISTORIES (Fig. 185). The cells from this point on, to the forma- tion of the ascus, are diploid, and therefore constitute the sporophytic generation. anth;-. Fig. 195.—^Lilac mildew {Microsphcera Alni). A, perithecium, with appendages; B, perithecium, showing asci (a); C, an ascus, containing ascospores; D, conidiophore {cph), bearing a chain of conidia (conidio- spores, c.s); E, beginning of fertilization; anih, autheridium; car, carpo- gonium; F, later stage in fertilization; the contents of the antheridium and carpogonium have fused; Stock Photo$

RMRE2FME–. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. 270 STRUCTURE AND LIFE HISTORIES (Fig. 185). The cells from this point on, to the forma- tion of the ascus, are diploid, and therefore constitute the sporophytic generation. anth;-. Fig. 195.—^Lilac mildew {Microsphcera Alni). A, perithecium, with appendages; B, perithecium, showing asci (a); C, an ascus, containing ascospores; D, conidiophore {cph), bearing a chain of conidia (conidio- spores, c.s); E, beginning of fertilization; anih, autheridium; car, carpo- gonium; F, later stage in fertilization; the contents of the antheridium and carpogonium have fused;

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 152 MYCOLOGY. Fig. 52.—A, Tuber cuslhmm fruit-body; B, Tuber magnaium fruit-body; C, Tuber brumalef. melanosporum, section through fruit-body; D, Tuber excavatum, section of fruit-body; E, Tuber astivum f. mesentericum, piece of fruit-body near pcridium en- larged; G, piece of Tuber excavatum enlarged; H, Tuber rufum, fruit-body magnified showing asci and ascospores; J, Tuber brumale, ascia with spores; K, Tuber magnatuni', ascus with spores. {See Die natUrlichcn PJlanzenfamilien I. i, Stock Photo

RMPG454D–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 152 MYCOLOGY. Fig. 52.—A, Tuber cuslhmm fruit-body; B, Tuber magnaium fruit-body; C, Tuber brumalef. melanosporum, section through fruit-body; D, Tuber excavatum, section of fruit-body; E, Tuber astivum f. mesentericum, piece of fruit-body near pcridium en- larged; G, piece of Tuber excavatum enlarged; H, Tuber rufum, fruit-body magnified showing asci and ascospores; J, Tuber brumale, ascia with spores; K, Tuber magnatuni', ascus with spores. {See Die natUrlichcn PJlanzenfamilien I. i,

. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. 244 MILDEWS (ERYSIPHACE^) numerous small dark specks (Fig. 130, a), the ascus-fruits, on the greyish-white mycelium. Under the microscope they are seen to be almost spherical structures, provided with very diverse hair-like appendages and without an aperture (Fig. 130, b.). The hard black wall ruptures irregularly, exposing one or more small asci (Fig. 130, e). In the Hop Mildew (Spliaeroiheca castagnei) and one or two. Fig. 130.—The Hop Mildew (Sphaerolhcca cas/ngiiei). a, part of the leaf of the Hop, with t Stock Photo

RMRDWPKK–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. 244 MILDEWS (ERYSIPHACE^) numerous small dark specks (Fig. 130, a), the ascus-fruits, on the greyish-white mycelium. Under the microscope they are seen to be almost spherical structures, provided with very diverse hair-like appendages and without an aperture (Fig. 130, b.). The hard black wall ruptures irregularly, exposing one or more small asci (Fig. 130, e). In the Hop Mildew (Spliaeroiheca castagnei) and one or two. Fig. 130.—The Hop Mildew (Sphaerolhcca cas/ngiiei). a, part of the leaf of the Hop, with t

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 244 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE M. fragarise (Tul.) Lin.''^ Perithecia on leaves, are produced late in the season, globose, subepidermal, membranous, black, thin-walled; asci few, clavate,. Fig. 179.—Mycosphaerella fragariEe. ft, conidiophores buret- ing through the epidermis; c, arising from apex of a pycnidium; d, summer spores, one germinating; e, s^tion of a spermogonium; /, section of perithecium; g, ascus containing eight two-celled spores. Aft^er Longyear. 8-spored, 4Q ii long; spores hyaline, 2-celled, with acute ti Stock Photo

RMPG46F1–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 244 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE M. fragarise (Tul.) Lin.''^ Perithecia on leaves, are produced late in the season, globose, subepidermal, membranous, black, thin-walled; asci few, clavate,. Fig. 179.—Mycosphaerella fragariEe. ft, conidiophores buret- ing through the epidermis; c, arising from apex of a pycnidium; d, summer spores, one germinating; e, s^tion of a spermogonium; /, section of perithecium; g, ascus containing eight two-celled spores. Aft^er Longyear. 8-spored, 4Q ii long; spores hyaline, 2-celled, with acute ti

RMRDC2AG–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 63.—JExoctscus aureus. Leaf section from the margiu of a swelling, showing normal and hypertropbied tissue. The cells of the swelling are abnormally elongated with thickened walls, and some show secondary cell-division. The bases of the asci are wedged in between the cells; one ascus is shown with conidia. (v. Tubeuf del.) Exoascus cameus Johan. occurs on leaves of Betula odorata, B. nana, and B. intermedia. Th

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 186.—Didymella. A, ascus; B, hymenium of a pycnidium. After Brefeld. Fig. 187. — Didyipo- sphxria. C, an as- cus; D, con idio- phore and conidia. After Brefeld. Fig. 188. —Dflo- p h 1 a gramiiiis. J, ascus; K, spore. After Winter. D. sphaeroides (Pers.) Fr. is on Populus leaves in Europe. D. catalpse.'^^ Perithecia very small, scattered, embedded in the tissue of the leaf, pyriform to nearly spherical, varying in width from 48-104 n and in depth from 64^140 ii; ostiole broadly conical, erumpent; asci 8-spored, cylindrical, usu Stock Photo

RMPG46D9–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 186.—Didymella. A, ascus; B, hymenium of a pycnidium. After Brefeld. Fig. 187. — Didyipo- sphxria. C, an as- cus; D, con idio- phore and conidia. After Brefeld. Fig. 188. —Dflo- p h 1 a gramiiiis. J, ascus; K, spore. After Winter. D. sphaeroides (Pers.) Fr. is on Populus leaves in Europe. D. catalpse.'^^ Perithecia very small, scattered, embedded in the tissue of the leaf, pyriform to nearly spherical, varying in width from 48-104 n and in depth from 64^140 ii; ostiole broadly conical, erumpent; asci 8-spored, cylindrical, usu

. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. ASCOMYCETES 37S trichogyne is fertilised by the contact with it of one of the young hairs The perithece contains a number of asci, and these eight or twelve double ascospores. The ripe double ascospore attaches itself to a fresh host b) one of its ends, and develops into the new plant.. Fig, 312.—A : 6h, Stigmaiomyces Baeri Peyr. (.5"^. Mitsccs Karsten). A, optical longi- tudinal section of ripe specimen with organ of attachment at base; the asci are seen through wall of perithece. a, everywhere the appendage ', fi, an isolated ascus with s Stock Photo

RMRE3CK6–. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. ASCOMYCETES 37S trichogyne is fertilised by the contact with it of one of the young hairs The perithece contains a number of asci, and these eight or twelve double ascospores. The ripe double ascospore attaches itself to a fresh host b) one of its ends, and develops into the new plant.. Fig, 312.—A : 6h, Stigmaiomyces Baeri Peyr. (.5"^. Mitsccs Karsten). A, optical longi- tudinal section of ripe specimen with organ of attachment at base; the asci are seen through wall of perithece. a, everywhere the appendage ', fi, an isolated ascus with s

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 162 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Ascocarps scattered on the leaf, shining black, up to 1 mm. long; asci clavate, 8-spored; spores nearly as long as the ascus, 90-120 X 1.5 M- Conidia cylindric, hyaline, continuous, 6-8 x 1 /t. L. brachysporum Rost. Perithecia epiphyllous; asci cylindric, short- stalked, apex rounded, 120 x 20-25 p., 8- spored; paraphyses bacillar, apex curved; spores oblong, l-rowed, hyaline, 28-30 x 9-10 /x. It is common on pine leaves.^ Several other species are parasitic upon various conifers, among them: Stock Photo

RMPG4GJT–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 162 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Ascocarps scattered on the leaf, shining black, up to 1 mm. long; asci clavate, 8-spored; spores nearly as long as the ascus, 90-120 X 1.5 M- Conidia cylindric, hyaline, continuous, 6-8 x 1 /t. L. brachysporum Rost. Perithecia epiphyllous; asci cylindric, short- stalked, apex rounded, 120 x 20-25 p., 8- spored; paraphyses bacillar, apex curved; spores oblong, l-rowed, hyaline, 28-30 x 9-10 /x. It is common on pine leaves.^ Several other species are parasitic upon various conifers, among them:

RMRDXRYM–. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. ASCOMYCETES—EUASCI—ASPERGILLUS 267. Fig. 89a. Aspergillus nidulans. 1. Conidiophore. 2. Branch of mycelium with asci and ascospores, magnified. 2. Asci. 3. Cross section. Ascus. All greatly magnified. (After Eidam.). prolonged to form a short tube or beak; numerous transparent asci arise from the base of the perithecium, these contain the ascospores; between the asci slender filiform bodies, called the paraphyses. Polymorphic fungi w

. Fungoid and insect pests of the farm. Agricultural pests. 50 Mildews [CH.. Kg. 17. Erysiphe graminu. A, conidiophores bearing conidia; B, a spore case with appendages; C, a spore case which has burst showing the asci and ascospores. (Magnified.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Petherbridge, Frederick Robert. Cambridge : University Press Stock Photo

RMPG0RF0–. Fungoid and insect pests of the farm. Agricultural pests. 50 Mildews [CH.. Kg. 17. Erysiphe graminu. A, conidiophores bearing conidia; B, a spore case with appendages; C, a spore case which has burst showing the asci and ascospores. (Magnified.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Petherbridge, Frederick Robert. Cambridge : University Press

RMRDC2AX–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. THK PARASITIC EXOASCP^AE. 16T Exoascus coerulescens (Mont, et Desm.) produces similar blisters on oak leaves.. Fig. 63.—JExoctscus aureus. Leaf section from the margiu of a swelling, showing normal and hypertropbied tissue. The cells of the swelling are abnormally elongated with thickened walls, and some show secondary cell-division. The bases of the asci are wedged in between the cells; one ascus is shown with coni

. The mushroom book. A popular guide to the identification and study of our commoner Fungi, with special emphasis on the edible varieties. Mushrooms; Cookery (Mushrooms); cbk. Section to show position of asci TrufHes, ascoma. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Marshall, Nina L. (Nina Lovering). New York, Doubleday, Page & Co. Stock Photo

RMPG4DFJ–. The mushroom book. A popular guide to the identification and study of our commoner Fungi, with special emphasis on the edible varieties. Mushrooms; Cookery (Mushrooms); cbk. Section to show position of asci TrufHes, ascoma. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Marshall, Nina L. (Nina Lovering). New York, Doubleday, Page & Co.

. Elementary botany. Botany. 196 MORPHOLOGY. 414. Asci and ascospores.—While we are looking at a few of these through the mirrosrnpe with the low power, we should. Fig. 325- Leaves of willtiw showing wilinw mildew. Tlie black dots are the fruit bodies iperitlnecia) seated on tlie wliite inxeliuin, [iress on the cover glass with a needle until we see a few of the perithelia nipturc. If this is done larefully we see seeral small owate sacs issue, each containint; a number of spores, a.-- shown 111 fig. 227. Such a sac is au cisc/is, and the sjjores are ascus/iores.. Please note that these imag Stock Photo

RMRE2N35–. Elementary botany. Botany. 196 MORPHOLOGY. 414. Asci and ascospores.—While we are looking at a few of these through the mirrosrnpe with the low power, we should. Fig. 325- Leaves of willtiw showing wilinw mildew. Tlie black dots are the fruit bodies iperitlnecia) seated on tlie wliite inxeliuin, [iress on the cover glass with a needle until we see a few of the perithelia nipturc. If this is done larefully we see seeral small owate sacs issue, each containint; a number of spores, a.-- shown 111 fig. 227. Such a sac is au cisc/is, and the sjjores are ascus/iores.. Please note that these imag

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—ASCOMrCETES.—COLLEMACEAE. ail covered on the inside with periphyses which converge towards the median line. All the periphyses, those of the neck as well as those beneath it, converge till their extremities touch, but without becoming firmly united, so that asci or spores can pass between them to the outside when they are mature. In Melanospora parasitica the future canal of the ostiole is to some extent marked out from the first, for th Stock Photo

RMPG407C–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—ASCOMrCETES.—COLLEMACEAE. ail covered on the inside with periphyses which converge towards the median line. All the periphyses, those of the neck as well as those beneath it, converge till their extremities touch, but without becoming firmly united, so that asci or spores can pass between them to the outside when they are mature. In Melanospora parasitica the future canal of the ostiole is to some extent marked out from the first, for th

RMRDXT07–. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. ASCOMYCETES—EUASCI—ASPERGILLUS 259. Fig. 87a. Mycotic stomatitis caused from eating mouldy hay and parasitic fungi on forage plants. (U. S. Dept. Agrl.) unite with the spiral known as the ascogonium. After fertilization a perithecium is produced, which contains the asci, each ascus being surrounded by a delicate wall and containing eight biconvex ascospores. Asperigillus forms diastase and is capable of changing starch into dextrin a

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 96 DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. as it was described in Peziza Sclerotiorum, &c. (Fig. 43), which is extended by stretching into a thin membrane, it becomes a question whether the thickenings in the cases we are considering are not extended in the same way into thin membranes with the expansion of the ascus, and are to be considered therefore as reserve-pieces of membrane destined to be extended and to assist in the ejection of the spores, and comparable with th Stock Photo

RMPG4CAK–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 96 DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. as it was described in Peziza Sclerotiorum, &c. (Fig. 43), which is extended by stretching into a thin membrane, it becomes a question whether the thickenings in the cases we are considering are not extended in the same way into thin membranes with the expansion of the ascus, and are to be considered therefore as reserve-pieces of membrane destined to be extended and to assist in the ejection of the spores, and comparable with th

. Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of E. Rostrup;. Fungi. 88 produce 30 apothecia, and the same sclerotia which had produced apothecia one year might very well produce new ones the succeeding autumn. The sclerotia are very much like the sclerotia belonging to Sclero- tinia trifoliorum, and Rostrup considers both fungi to cause equal. Fig. 8. Mitrula sclerotiorum. a, sclerotium with 5 ascomata^. b, 2 ascomata-^- <:. section of fungus^. d, asci and paraphyses ^. c, ascus —. From R02a. damage. They are often found on the same host-plants, the sclerotia, however, found on Lotus alwa Stock Photo

RMRE393J–. Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of E. Rostrup;. Fungi. 88 produce 30 apothecia, and the same sclerotia which had produced apothecia one year might very well produce new ones the succeeding autumn. The sclerotia are very much like the sclerotia belonging to Sclero- tinia trifoliorum, and Rostrup considers both fungi to cause equal. Fig. 8. Mitrula sclerotiorum. a, sclerotium with 5 ascomata^. b, 2 ascomata-^- <:. section of fungus^. d, asci and paraphyses ^. c, ascus —. From R02a. damage. They are often found on the same host-plants, the sclerotia, however, found on Lotus alwa

. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. THALLOPHYTA. 693 and Coleochseteae of the class Gamophycese of Green Algse. Thus the same Alga serves for many different Lichens. Classifying Lichens according to the characters of the fungal constituent, we find members of the following families: Discomycetes, Pyrenomycetes, Hymeno- mycetes, and Gasteromycetes. We may therefore speak of 4 families of Lichens: Biscolichenes, PyrenoUchenes, HymenoUchen'es, and Gasterolichenes. Discolichenes.—^AU produce asci in apothecia after the manner of Discomycet Stock Photo

RMPG1RC5–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. THALLOPHYTA. 693 and Coleochseteae of the class Gamophycese of Green Algse. Thus the same Alga serves for many different Lichens. Classifying Lichens according to the characters of the fungal constituent, we find members of the following families: Discomycetes, Pyrenomycetes, Hymeno- mycetes, and Gasteromycetes. We may therefore speak of 4 families of Lichens: Biscolichenes, PyrenoUchenes, HymenoUchen'es, and Gasterolichenes. Discolichenes.—^AU produce asci in apothecia after the manner of Discomycet

RMRDEFJ9–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. i66 MYCOLOGY Family 4. Ascobolace^.—The apothecia of the fungi of this family are unstalked. They are superficial and grow up on manure. The peridium is mostly thin, or wanting, and the hypothecium, which is well developed, consists of rounded parenchyma-like cells. In Ascobolus, the ascospores are discharged from the asci by a squirting. Fig. 58.—A, B, Lachnea sculellala. A, Habit; B, ascus with paraphysis; C, D, Lachnea hemisphierica; C, habit; D, ascus with paraphysiS; E, Sarcospktsr

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 244 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. The small rod-like cells which sprout from the cells of the spores of Nectria inaurata and N. Lamyi * while still inside the ascus, filling it quite full and giving rise to strange misunderstandings, may also be mentioned in this place, though it is not very probable that they are of the same significance. The point of agreement between all these forms lies in their outward resemblance and in the absence of any certain Stock Photo

RMPG2145–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 244 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. The small rod-like cells which sprout from the cells of the spores of Nectria inaurata and N. Lamyi * while still inside the ascus, filling it quite full and giving rise to strange misunderstandings, may also be mentioned in this place, though it is not very probable that they are of the same significance. The point of agreement between all these forms lies in their outward resemblance and in the absence of any certain

RMRDGAJR–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. THALLOPHYTA,. 1 CordycepB Taylori, a pyrenomycetous Fiirgu which attacks caterpillars; the branched antler-like stroma has developed rfrom the sclerotlum, and its lower warted portion bears the perithecia. 2 Three perithecia; enlarged. 3 a perithecium in section. * Two asci containing filamentous spores. » Vertical section of a perithecium of Xylaria Hypoxylon. 6 Ascus of same. "^ Mycelium of Eurotium. bearing a conidial hypha (to riglit, above), a commencing fruit (to left), and a ripe ascus-fr

RMPG42MT–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 168 ASCOMYCETES. the upper surface of the leaf (Fig. 64), and the upper epidermis alone bears the asci. In the pustules, the leaf may be two to four times as thick as healthy parts. The greatly increased thickness is due for the most part to enlargement of the cells of the mesophyll, while at the same time their normal arrangement is completely lost (Figs. 65, 66). The elements of the fibro- vascular bundles are enl

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 84. Thelebolus stercoreus Tde.; a. young ascocarp with binucleate, asci; containing fusion nucleus, both x8io; after Ramlow. b. ascus place, so that a row of cells is formed. Most of these are uninucleate, but one contains two nuclei (fig. 8412); it enlarges and becomes the single ascus; in it the two nuclei fuse (fig. 84^). The definitive nucleus divides karyo- kinetically, sometimes as many as ten times, so that 1042 nuclei are formed.. Fig. 85. Thelebolus stercoreus, Tde.; development of archicarp, x 1750; after Ramlow. Spore-form Stock Photo

RMRDTNNC–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 84. Thelebolus stercoreus Tde.; a. young ascocarp with binucleate, asci; containing fusion nucleus, both x8io; after Ramlow. b. ascus place, so that a row of cells is formed. Most of these are uninucleate, but one contains two nuclei (fig. 8412); it enlarges and becomes the single ascus; in it the two nuclei fuse (fig. 84^). The definitive nucleus divides karyo- kinetically, sometimes as many as ten times, so that 1042 nuclei are formed.. Fig. 85. Thelebolus stercoreus, Tde.; development of archicarp, x 1750; after Ramlow. Spore-form

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 368 THALLOPHYTES numerous nuclei of the antheridium flow into the trichogyne and pass on into the oogonium where thej- pair and fuse with the numerous nuclei of the oogonium. From the fertilized oogonium, now known as the ascogoniuin, branches called ascogenous hyphae are developed and on the ultimate branches of these are produced the asci. From beneath the ascogonium sterile hyphae (hyphae producing no asci) grow up among the ascoge- nous hj^phae and constitute the paraphyses of the hymenium. Other sterile hyphae form the wall of the cup-shaped pl Stock Photo

RMPG4B23–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 368 THALLOPHYTES numerous nuclei of the antheridium flow into the trichogyne and pass on into the oogonium where thej- pair and fuse with the numerous nuclei of the oogonium. From the fertilized oogonium, now known as the ascogoniuin, branches called ascogenous hyphae are developed and on the ultimate branches of these are produced the asci. From beneath the ascogonium sterile hyphae (hyphae producing no asci) grow up among the ascoge- nous hj^phae and constitute the paraphyses of the hymenium. Other sterile hyphae form the wall of the cup-shaped pl

. Hawaiian Fungi. Fungi. go Bernice P. Bishop Museum—Bulletin hyphae, which terminate somewhat loosely and irregularly. The asci are borne in a single layer and are not in perithecia, and are not covered, each ascus resting in a space between the sterile cells which present a mesh-like appearance. (See fig. 21.) The walls of the hexagonal cell meshes are quite thick and are formed of strands of hyphae. Each ascus contains 8 ascospores. The ascospores are 3-celled, and with thick walls (fig. 21, c). The thallus of Hexagonella is dark brown. The asci are prominent due to the dark color of the sp Stock Photo

RMRPY1GH–. Hawaiian Fungi. Fungi. go Bernice P. Bishop Museum—Bulletin hyphae, which terminate somewhat loosely and irregularly. The asci are borne in a single layer and are not in perithecia, and are not covered, each ascus resting in a space between the sterile cells which present a mesh-like appearance. (See fig. 21.) The walls of the hexagonal cell meshes are quite thick and are formed of strands of hyphae. Each ascus contains 8 ascospores. The ascospores are 3-celled, and with thick walls (fig. 21, c). The thallus of Hexagonella is dark brown. The asci are prominent due to the dark color of the sp

. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. THE FUNGI 91. arrangement; but in all the higher ones they are borne in definite spore-fruits of characteristic form. This spore- fruit is undoubtedly, in many instances, the result of fertilization, being pro- duced by the formation of a peculiar cell, the archi- carp, which corresponds to the oogonium of the Phy- comycetes. This is usually fertilized by direct contact with the antheridium, and from it, more or less di- rectly, are produced the spore-sacs or asci. A good example of these simpler Ascomycetes is offered by the mildews which Stock Photo

RMPG1Y3G–. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. THE FUNGI 91. arrangement; but in all the higher ones they are borne in definite spore-fruits of characteristic form. This spore- fruit is undoubtedly, in many instances, the result of fertilization, being pro- duced by the formation of a peculiar cell, the archi- carp, which corresponds to the oogonium of the Phy- comycetes. This is usually fertilized by direct contact with the antheridium, and from it, more or less di- rectly, are produced the spore-sacs or asci. A good example of these simpler Ascomycetes is offered by the mildews which

RMRDG9KN–. Parasitic fungi of Illinois / by T.J. Burrill. Fungi. FiGTTKB 4. Erysiphe chicoracearum, DO. A ruptured perithecium with, thread-like appendages and protrud- ing asci, each containing two spores, — magnified 90 times. Pig. 4. ^. Fig. 5. Figure 5. Undnula am- lis, Peck: a, perithe- cium with the numerous appendages (6) coiled at the tip,— magnified 100 times; c, i one of the appendages (tip) further magnified; d,anas- cus with five spores,—magni- fied 200 times. The lower, pointed end of the ascus is attached to the bottom of the cavity of the perithecium.. Please note that these images are e

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER III.—SPORES OF FUNGI. 87 it is the apical and most extensible portion of the wall and chiefly the area forming the lid in that portion which is most distinctly coloured blue with iodine. In the Sordarieae also I frequently saw the ascus open by a comparatively tall lid. There is a third series of cases in which the spores are ejected through an apical perfectly circular hole which before ejection of the spores is a circumscribed thinner or less compact portion Stock Photo

RMPG4CTX–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER III.—SPORES OF FUNGI. 87 it is the apical and most extensible portion of the wall and chiefly the area forming the lid in that portion which is most distinctly coloured blue with iodine. In the Sordarieae also I frequently saw the ascus open by a comparatively tall lid. There is a third series of cases in which the spores are ejected through an apical perfectly circular hole which before ejection of the spores is a circumscribed thinner or less compact portion

RMRDEFK9–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. MILDEWS AND RELATED FUNGI 159 shield-shaped, unappendaged, black, membranous to carbonous formed of radiating chains of cells. The asci are four- to eight-spored, short and associated with paraphyses. Two fungi which attack the coffee plant are the most important pathogenic spedes of the family:. Fig. 55.—A—D, Nectria cinnubarina. A, Stroma of conidia and fruit-bodies of fungus; B, stroma in section; C ascus; D, mycelium "with conidiospores; £. F, Nectria ditissima; F, conidia laye

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. ASCOMYCETES 247 originates, and the asci to which it gives rise obtain room for com- plete development either by forcing the separation of the cells in the center of the cellular body or by dissolving some of these. The mature perithecium consists of a flask-shaped structure, the mouth of which projects, along with the tissues which inclose it, slightly beyond the general level (Fig. 106, b). Within the neck of this perithecium are to be found many periphy- ses. The mature asci are Stock Photo

RMPG3YJ2–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. ASCOMYCETES 247 originates, and the asci to which it gives rise obtain room for com- plete development either by forcing the separation of the cells in the center of the cellular body or by dissolving some of these. The mature perithecium consists of a flask-shaped structure, the mouth of which projects, along with the tissues which inclose it, slightly beyond the general level (Fig. 106, b). Within the neck of this perithecium are to be found many periphy- ses. The mature asci are

RMRDH6PF–. Pharmaceutical botany. Botany; Botany, Medical. Fig. 35.—A single perithecium of Clmiceps Fig. 36.—Asci contain- purpurea, magnified, showing the contained ing the long, slender asco- asci. (From Sayre.) pores. (From Sayre.) ized by the appearance of a sac called an ascus in which ascospores are formed. The largest class of fungi. Order i. Protoascales, the yeasts (Saccharomycetes) (position doubtful). Order 2. Pezizales or cup fungi. Ex.: Peziza and Ascobolus. Order 3. Tuberales, the truffles. Order 4. Plectascales, the blue and green molds. Ex.: Aspergillus and Penicillium.. Please note th

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. HIGHER FUNGI 127. Fig 40.—rHagraminatic representation of the development'of the ascogenous hyphal system and of the mature ascus. {AfUr ClausseH.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Harshberger, John W. (John William), 1869-1929. Philadelphia : P. Blakiston's Son & Co Stock Photo

RMPG4561–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. HIGHER FUNGI 127. Fig 40.—rHagraminatic representation of the development'of the ascogenous hyphal system and of the mature ascus. {AfUr ClausseH.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Harshberger, John W. (John William), 1869-1929. Philadelphia : P. Blakiston's Son & Co

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. CH. Il] ASCOMYCETES 35 The Ascus. The ascus or mother-cell of the spores is a spherical, oval, club-shaped, or almost cylindrical organ with a narrow, more or less elongated. Pleospora sp.; germinating spores, x looo. base. When moderately young it contains a single nucleus which undergoes three karyokinetic divisions giving rise to eight daughter nuclei (fig. 3). Asci of the short, stout type are full of dense cyto- plasm ; in the relatively cylindrical forms the ends are usually vacuolate, but a broad, granular belt fills the middle reg Stock Photo

RMRDX1XC–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. CH. Il] ASCOMYCETES 35 The Ascus. The ascus or mother-cell of the spores is a spherical, oval, club-shaped, or almost cylindrical organ with a narrow, more or less elongated. Pleospora sp.; germinating spores, x looo. base. When moderately young it contains a single nucleus which undergoes three karyokinetic divisions giving rise to eight daughter nuclei (fig. 3). Asci of the short, stout type are full of dense cyto- plasm ; in the relatively cylindrical forms the ends are usually vacuolate, but a broad, granular belt fills the middle reg

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 258 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS upon these are borne minute, cylindrical, or slightly curved conidia. It is, however, doubtful if this last mentioned pycnidial form is either common or of much consequence in the rapid distribution of the fungus. The ascigerous stage was first found and named in 1880, and since that time the name has been more frequently changed than has the fungus been accurately studied. It is stated that the asci were first found upon berries which had hung upon t Stock Photo

RMPG3YHA–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 258 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS upon these are borne minute, cylindrical, or slightly curved conidia. It is, however, doubtful if this last mentioned pycnidial form is either common or of much consequence in the rapid distribution of the fungus. The ascigerous stage was first found and named in 1880, and since that time the name has been more frequently changed than has the fungus been accurately studied. It is stated that the asci were first found upon berries which had hung upon t

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 9. Sphaerotheca Humull (DC.) Burr.; a. and b. antheridium and oogonium; c. entrance of male nucleus; d. fusion in oogonium, antheridium without nucleus; e. fusion nucleus in oogonium; f. and g. septation of oogonium; h. two nuclei in ascus; i. ascus after nuclear fusion; after Harper. In 1900, Harper observed fertilization in the oogonium of Pyronema confluens; here, however, the gametangia are both multinucleate and fer- tilization consists of the fusion in pairs of a large number of male and female nuclei. Many asci are produced, e Stock Photo

RMRDX1RB–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 9. Sphaerotheca Humull (DC.) Burr.; a. and b. antheridium and oogonium; c. entrance of male nucleus; d. fusion in oogonium, antheridium without nucleus; e. fusion nucleus in oogonium; f. and g. septation of oogonium; h. two nuclei in ascus; i. ascus after nuclear fusion; after Harper. In 1900, Harper observed fertilization in the oogonium of Pyronema confluens; here, however, the gametangia are both multinucleate and fer- tilization consists of the fusion in pairs of a large number of male and female nuclei. Many asci are produced, e

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 220 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS these layers into all available space, smaller hyphae are protruded; thus a compact inclosing body or perithecium is developed. With the further growth of the perithecium and the increase in size of the ascus, the inner layer and all internal hyphal branches are dissolved and appropriated. Meanwhile, the outer layer be- comes yellow or brown and forms the true wall of the peri- thecium. From the wall cells of the perithecium there are. Fig. 86. Spore Stock Photo

RMPG3YP0–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 220 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS these layers into all available space, smaller hyphae are protruded; thus a compact inclosing body or perithecium is developed. With the further growth of the perithecium and the increase in size of the ascus, the inner layer and all internal hyphal branches are dissolved and appropriated. Meanwhile, the outer layer be- comes yellow or brown and forms the true wall of the peri- thecium. From the wall cells of the perithecium there are. Fig. 86. Spore

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 45. Phyllactinia CoryUa (Pers.) Karst.; peri- thecium containing uninucleate asci; after Harper.. p;vJv^K.y.j-;:v-a' Fig. 46. Phyllactinia Corylea (Pers.) Karst.; a. b. fusion in ascus; after Harper. Eight chromosomes (fig. 47) have been observed throughout the life- history. In Phyllactinia Corylea and also in Microsphaera ^/«? (Sands, 1907) and various species of Erysiphe (Harper, 1905), the organization of the resting nucleus is very characteristic. A deeply staining central body lies against the nuclear membrane and to this the c Stock Photo

RMRDTP4F–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 45. Phyllactinia CoryUa (Pers.) Karst.; peri- thecium containing uninucleate asci; after Harper.. p;vJv^K.y.j-;:v-a' Fig. 46. Phyllactinia Corylea (Pers.) Karst.; a. b. fusion in ascus; after Harper. Eight chromosomes (fig. 47) have been observed throughout the life- history. In Phyllactinia Corylea and also in Microsphaera ^/«? (Sands, 1907) and various species of Erysiphe (Harper, 1905), the organization of the resting nucleus is very characteristic. A deeply staining central body lies against the nuclear membrane and to this the c

RMPG42T5–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 156 ASCOMYCETES. Exoascus Rostrupianus Sad. This fungus causes " pockets " on Prunus spinosa (sloe) similar to the preceding species. According to Sadebeck, the asci in this case are more slender.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the origin

RMRDDBHY–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 212 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE usually knot-like head; perithecia closely scattered, sunken in the stroma with only the ostiole protruding, flask-shaped, the walls scarcely distinguishable from the stroma; asci cylindric, il^2«* e. Fig. 152.—C. purpurea. D, Sphacelia stage; E, germinated sclerotia; G, sec- tion of stroma; H, section of a perithecium; J, ascus with spores. After Tulasne. 8-spored; spores hyaline, continuous. Some twelve or fifteen species are recorded all affecting the ovaries of the Gramineae. C. purpurea

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 104 DIVISION I.âGENERAL MORPHOLOGY. mentioned also the envelope-cells on the spore-clusters of Urocystis, which will be described in Chapter V, but not the germ-tubes which appear inside the ascus in Sphaeria praecox, and which were described by Tulasne ^ as filiform appendages. We have already spoken, in concurrence with Zopf's views, of the physiological import of the gelatinous appendages as organs which may serve to attach the asco- spores to one another and to th Stock Photo

RMPG442R–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 104 DIVISION I.âGENERAL MORPHOLOGY. mentioned also the envelope-cells on the spore-clusters of Urocystis, which will be described in Chapter V, but not the germ-tubes which appear inside the ascus in Sphaeria praecox, and which were described by Tulasne ^ as filiform appendages. We have already spoken, in concurrence with Zopf's views, of the physiological import of the gelatinous appendages as organs which may serve to attach the asco- spores to one another and to th

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