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. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. nt nicotine sulphate combined with soap and applied as aspray has proved more satisfactory than any other. The formulafollows: Nicotine sulphate (40 per cent) teaspoonful, 1 Soap, laundry 1-inch cube, 1 Water gallon, 1 Directions are also furnished on the package. Dissolve the soap in the water, add the nicotine sulphate, and ap-ply as a fine mist-like spray to the lower sides of the leaves, beingcareful to hit or cover all of the lice. Use an under spray. BED SPIDER. Tomatoes, and nearly all vegetables, are subject to attacK by thered spider (fig. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-nt-nicotine-sulphate-combined-with-soap-and-applied-as-aspray-has-proved-more-satisfactory-than-any-other-the-formulafollows-nicotine-sulphate-40-per-cent-teaspoonful-1-soap-laundry-1-inch-cube-1-water-gallon-1-directions-are-also-furnished-on-the-package-dissolve-the-soap-in-the-water-add-the-nicotine-sulphate-and-ap-ply-as-a-fine-mist-like-spray-to-the-lower-sides-of-the-leaves-beingcareful-to-hit-or-cover-all-of-the-lice-use-an-under-spray-bed-spider-tomatoes-and-nearly-all-vegetables-are-subject-to-attack-by-thered-spider-fig-image336937762.htmlRM2AG4RFE–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. nt nicotine sulphate combined with soap and applied as aspray has proved more satisfactory than any other. The formulafollows: Nicotine sulphate (40 per cent) teaspoonful, 1 Soap, laundry 1-inch cube, 1 Water gallon, 1 Directions are also furnished on the package. Dissolve the soap in the water, add the nicotine sulphate, and ap-ply as a fine mist-like spray to the lower sides of the leaves, beingcareful to hit or cover all of the lice. Use an under spray. BED SPIDER. Tomatoes, and nearly all vegetables, are subject to attacK by thered spider (fig.
. The Dutch elm disease . Figure 4.—Sections from a diseased limb, showing tlie discolored areas or streaiis in the sapwood elm insects may prove to be carriers, because in Europe the spores have been found on the bodies of insects other than this bark beetle. Although the Dutch elm disease is not prevalent in nurseries in Europe, it is known to occur in them at times. Therefore, nursery stock is a possible means of spread, especially for long distances. Since June 1, 1919, the importation of elm nursery stock into the ITnited States has been under special permit only and has been limited to s Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-dutch-elm-disease-figure-4sections-from-a-diseased-limb-showing-tlie-discolored-areas-or-streaiis-in-the-sapwood-elm-insects-may-prove-to-be-carriers-because-in-europe-the-spores-have-been-found-on-the-bodies-of-insects-other-than-this-bark-beetle-although-the-dutch-elm-disease-is-not-prevalent-in-nurseries-in-europe-it-is-known-to-occur-in-them-at-times-therefore-nursery-stock-is-a-possible-means-of-spread-especially-for-long-distances-since-june-1-1919-the-importation-of-elm-nursery-stock-into-the-itnited-states-has-been-under-special-permit-only-and-has-been-limited-to-s-image178491627.htmlRMMAAYTY–. The Dutch elm disease . Figure 4.—Sections from a diseased limb, showing tlie discolored areas or streaiis in the sapwood elm insects may prove to be carriers, because in Europe the spores have been found on the bodies of insects other than this bark beetle. Although the Dutch elm disease is not prevalent in nurseries in Europe, it is known to occur in them at times. Therefore, nursery stock is a possible means of spread, especially for long distances. Since June 1, 1919, the importation of elm nursery stock into the ITnited States has been under special permit only and has been limited to s
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. f attack is to cut offthe plant near the surface of the ground. They cut off and destroymore than they eat and resetting is frequently necessary. One cut-worm can destroy many more plants in a single night than it candevour. Control.—Cutworms are not difficult to control, the best methodbeing the use of poisoned bait or poisoned bran mash. The follow-ing formula is used: White arsenic pound, 14 Sirup or molasses pint, 1 Water quarts, 4-6 Dry bran peck, 1 ^ Prepared by F. H. Chittenden, Entomologist in Charge, Truck Crop InsectInvestigations, Bureau Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-f-attack-is-to-cut-offthe-plant-near-the-surface-of-the-ground-they-cut-off-and-destroymore-than-they-eat-and-resetting-is-frequently-necessary-one-cut-worm-can-destroy-many-more-plants-in-a-single-night-than-it-candevour-controlcutworms-are-not-difficult-to-control-the-best-methodbeing-the-use-of-poisoned-bait-or-poisoned-bran-mash-the-follow-ing-formula-is-used-white-arsenic-pound-14-sirup-or-molasses-pint-1-water-quarts-4-6-dry-bran-peck-1-prepared-by-f-h-chittenden-entomologist-in-charge-truck-crop-insectinvestigations-bureau-image336939797.htmlRM2AG4X45–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. f attack is to cut offthe plant near the surface of the ground. They cut off and destroymore than they eat and resetting is frequently necessary. One cut-worm can destroy many more plants in a single night than it candevour. Control.—Cutworms are not difficult to control, the best methodbeing the use of poisoned bait or poisoned bran mash. The follow-ing formula is used: White arsenic pound, 14 Sirup or molasses pint, 1 Water quarts, 4-6 Dry bran peck, 1 ^ Prepared by F. H. Chittenden, Entomologist in Charge, Truck Crop InsectInvestigations, Bureau
. The Dutch elm disease . Fif^UEE 3.—On the right is a young American elm 14 days after it was inoculated with the Dutch elm-disease fungus. The seedling in the center is one of the check trees, which were treated similarly except that the fungus was not Inserted In the wound. - The check tree on the left was almost completely severed, hut it showed no signs of wilting The English elm {Ulmus ccunpestris), the Holland elm {U. hoUandica), and the Scotch elm {U. glabra), which are planted to some extent as ornamentals in this country, are likewise susceptible to the disease. ZeK'ova keall, a tree Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-dutch-elm-disease-fifuee-3on-the-right-is-a-young-american-elm-14-days-after-it-was-inoculated-with-the-dutch-elm-disease-fungus-the-seedling-in-the-center-is-one-of-the-check-trees-which-were-treated-similarly-except-that-the-fungus-was-not-inserted-in-the-wound-the-check-tree-on-the-left-was-almost-completely-severed-hut-it-showed-no-signs-of-wilting-the-english-elm-ulmus-ccunpestris-the-holland-elm-u-houandica-and-the-scotch-elm-u-glabra-which-are-planted-to-some-extent-as-ornamentals-in-this-country-are-likewise-susceptible-to-the-disease-zekova-keall-a-tree-image178491628.htmlRMMAAYW0–. The Dutch elm disease . Fif^UEE 3.—On the right is a young American elm 14 days after it was inoculated with the Dutch elm-disease fungus. The seedling in the center is one of the check trees, which were treated similarly except that the fungus was not Inserted In the wound. - The check tree on the left was almost completely severed, hut it showed no signs of wilting The English elm {Ulmus ccunpestris), the Holland elm {U. hoUandica), and the Scotch elm {U. glabra), which are planted to some extent as ornamentals in this country, are likewise susceptible to the disease. ZeK'ova keall, a tree
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-image336939047.htmlRM2AG4W5B–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato.
. The Dutch elm disease . Figure 2.—One of the wilted American elms which was attacl^ed by the Dutch elm-disease fungus in Cleveland, Ohio. The tree first showed wilted parts in May, according to the report of the owner; and by the middle of July, when it was removed and burned, most of the tree had wilted, and many of the leaves had dropped. The tree had discolored streaks in the roots as well as in the trunk and twigs Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-dutch-elm-disease-figure-2one-of-the-wilted-american-elms-which-was-attacled-by-the-dutch-elm-disease-fungus-in-cleveland-ohio-the-tree-first-showed-wilted-parts-in-may-according-to-the-report-of-the-owner-and-by-the-middle-of-july-when-it-was-removed-and-burned-most-of-the-tree-had-wilted-and-many-of-the-leaves-had-dropped-the-tree-had-discolored-streaks-in-the-roots-as-well-as-in-the-trunk-and-twigs-image178491618.htmlRMMAAYTJ–. The Dutch elm disease . Figure 2.—One of the wilted American elms which was attacl^ed by the Dutch elm-disease fungus in Cleveland, Ohio. The tree first showed wilted parts in May, according to the report of the owner; and by the middle of July, when it was removed and burned, most of the tree had wilted, and many of the leaves had dropped. The tree had discolored streaks in the roots as well as in the trunk and twigs
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. s. DOWNY MILDEW. centers and darkborders, on tlie leaves,and gray spots on thestems. Infectedleaves dry up and falloff, leaving the stemsbare (fig. 16) exceptat the tips where afew small leaves con-tinue to grow. Control.—Burn allplants affected by thedisease in the seed-bed, and transplantonly healthy plantsto the field. If leafspot attacks theplant in the field andis unusually destruc-tive, spray twice atintervals of a weekand three times at in-tervals of ten dayswith Bordeaux mix-ture. Downy mildew iscaused by a funguswhich spreads only incool, m Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-s-downy-mildew-centers-and-darkborders-on-tlie-leavesand-gray-spots-on-thestems-infectedleaves-dry-up-and-falloff-leaving-the-stemsbare-fig-16-exceptat-the-tips-where-afew-small-leaves-con-tinue-to-grow-controlburn-allplants-affected-by-thedisease-in-the-seed-bed-and-transplantonly-healthy-plantsto-the-field-if-leafspot-attacks-theplant-in-the-field-andis-unusually-destruc-tive-spray-twice-atintervals-of-a-weekand-three-times-at-in-tervals-of-ten-dayswith-bordeaux-mix-ture-downy-mildew-iscaused-by-a-funguswhich-spreads-only-incool-m-image336935442.htmlRM2AG4MGJ–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. s. DOWNY MILDEW. centers and darkborders, on tlie leaves,and gray spots on thestems. Infectedleaves dry up and falloff, leaving the stemsbare (fig. 16) exceptat the tips where afew small leaves con-tinue to grow. Control.—Burn allplants affected by thedisease in the seed-bed, and transplantonly healthy plantsto the field. If leafspot attacks theplant in the field andis unusually destruc-tive, spray twice atintervals of a weekand three times at in-tervals of ten dayswith Bordeaux mix-ture. Downy mildew iscaused by a funguswhich spreads only incool, m
. The Dutch elm disease . CONFUSING ELM TROUBLES At present it is often impossible to state from a field examination whether a wilted elm has or has not the Dutch elm disease. Even the presence of the characteristic streaks in the. sap wood does not make field diagnosis positive, since some other fungi and bacteria Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-dutch-elm-disease-confusing-elm-troubles-at-present-it-is-often-impossible-to-state-from-a-field-examination-whether-a-wilted-elm-has-or-has-not-the-dutch-elm-disease-even-the-presence-of-the-characteristic-streaks-in-the-sap-wood-does-not-make-field-diagnosis-positive-since-some-other-fungi-and-bacteria-image178491621.htmlRMMAAYTN–. The Dutch elm disease . CONFUSING ELM TROUBLES At present it is often impossible to state from a field examination whether a wilted elm has or has not the Dutch elm disease. Even the presence of the characteristic streaks in the. sap wood does not make field diagnosis positive, since some other fungi and bacteria
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. their name from the fact that they take long,quick leaps like a flea, being also of about the sizeof these little insects and dark in color. Control.—Spray the plants thoroughly, both onthe upper and under sides of leaves, with Bor-deaux mixture, as this acts as a repellent, literallykeeping them away. Wild plants of the potatokind such as ground cherry plants, should bepulled and destroyed throughout tlie season so asto leave no breeding places for the flea-beetles. In-jury can also be prevented by dipping the youngplants before setting, in a solut Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-their-name-from-the-fact-that-they-take-longquick-leaps-like-a-flea-being-also-of-about-the-sizeof-these-little-insects-and-dark-in-color-controlspray-the-plants-thoroughly-both-onthe-upper-and-under-sides-of-leaves-with-bor-deaux-mixture-as-this-acts-as-a-repellent-literallykeeping-them-away-wild-plants-of-the-potatokind-such-as-ground-cherry-plants-should-bepulled-and-destroyed-throughout-tlie-season-so-asto-leave-no-breeding-places-for-the-flea-beetles-in-jury-can-also-be-prevented-by-dipping-the-youngplants-before-setting-in-a-solut-image336939227.htmlRM2AG4WBR–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. their name from the fact that they take long,quick leaps like a flea, being also of about the sizeof these little insects and dark in color. Control.—Spray the plants thoroughly, both onthe upper and under sides of leaves, with Bor-deaux mixture, as this acts as a repellent, literallykeeping them away. Wild plants of the potatokind such as ground cherry plants, should bepulled and destroyed throughout tlie season so asto leave no breeding places for the flea-beetles. In-jury can also be prevented by dipping the youngplants before setting, in a solut
. The Dutch elm disease . FiGUEE 6.—An American elm attacked by Vertieillium. The sross symptoms are very similar to tho.se of the Dutch elm disease ease from those attacked by the fungus group Vertieillium (fig. 6), which causes the wilt of maples and a number of other trees and shi-ubs and many herbaceous plants and which is an active parasite growing in the living sapwood of the tree. As many of the external symptoms of the two diseases are similar and as only a few trees affected by them in this country have been studied, it is inadvisable to attempt to distinguish them in the field. Howev Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-dutch-elm-disease-figuee-6an-american-elm-attacked-by-vertieillium-the-sross-symptoms-are-very-similar-to-those-of-the-dutch-elm-disease-ease-from-those-attacked-by-the-fungus-group-vertieillium-fig-6-which-causes-the-wilt-of-maples-and-a-number-of-other-trees-and-shi-ubs-and-many-herbaceous-plants-and-which-is-an-active-parasite-growing-in-the-living-sapwood-of-the-tree-as-many-of-the-external-symptoms-of-the-two-diseases-are-similar-and-as-only-a-few-trees-affected-by-them-in-this-country-have-been-studied-it-is-inadvisable-to-attempt-to-distinguish-them-in-the-field-howev-image178491616.htmlRMMAAYTG–. The Dutch elm disease . FiGUEE 6.—An American elm attacked by Vertieillium. The sross symptoms are very similar to tho.se of the Dutch elm disease ease from those attacked by the fungus group Vertieillium (fig. 6), which causes the wilt of maples and a number of other trees and shi-ubs and many herbaceous plants and which is an active parasite growing in the living sapwood of the tree. As many of the external symptoms of the two diseases are similar and as only a few trees affected by them in this country have been studied, it is inadvisable to attempt to distinguish them in the field. Howev
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. ing yel-lowed as attack progresses, until death ofthe tissues takes place, and the leaf be-comes dry. In addition, a small amountof a sweet liquid called honeydew is se-creted by the insects, which, dropping onthe foliage beneath, acts as a medium forthe growth of molds and fungi. Control.—^Whale-oil (fish-oil) soap at ^ wingeTTo^m al^o^.-iir* ^he rate of 1 pouud to 8 gallons of water, va or scalelike form be- sprayed thoroughly on the underside of low. reat y en arge . ^j^^ leavcs, will dcstroy nearly all of the larvae. A solution of laundry soap a Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-ing-yel-lowed-as-attack-progresses-until-death-ofthe-tissues-takes-place-and-the-leaf-be-comes-dry-in-addition-a-small-amountof-a-sweet-liquid-called-honeydew-is-se-creted-by-the-insects-which-dropping-onthe-foliage-beneath-acts-as-a-medium-forthe-growth-of-molds-and-fungi-controlwhale-oil-fish-oil-soap-at-wingettom-alo-iir-he-rate-of-1-pouud-to-8-gallons-of-water-va-or-scalelike-form-be-sprayed-thoroughly-on-the-underside-of-low-reat-y-en-arge-j-leavcs-will-dcstroy-nearly-all-of-the-larvae-a-solution-of-laundry-soap-a-image336937665.htmlRM2AG4RC1–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. ing yel-lowed as attack progresses, until death ofthe tissues takes place, and the leaf be-comes dry. In addition, a small amountof a sweet liquid called honeydew is se-creted by the insects, which, dropping onthe foliage beneath, acts as a medium forthe growth of molds and fungi. Control.—^Whale-oil (fish-oil) soap at ^ wingeTTo^m al^o^.-iir* ^he rate of 1 pouud to 8 gallons of water, va or scalelike form be- sprayed thoroughly on the underside of low. reat y en arge . ^j^^ leavcs, will dcstroy nearly all of the larvae. A solution of laundry soap a
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fig. 3.—Adult blister beetles, enlarged: Left, black blister beetleglned blister beetle ; right, striped blister beetle. middle, mar- plants, eating everything in their path, chewing up apparently morethan they need for food. They are large beetles, slender in form,somewhat soft-bodied, and variously colored. Some kinds are black,some yellow with black stripes, some are gray, and others are gray,spotted with black. Blister beetles are particularly abundant in theSouthwest, but occur practically everywhere. They usually begin toappear in early midsum Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-fig-3adult-blister-beetles-enlarged-left-black-blister-beetleglned-blister-beetle-right-striped-blister-beetle-middle-mar-plants-eating-everything-in-their-path-chewing-up-apparently-morethan-they-need-for-food-they-are-large-beetles-slender-in-formsomewhat-soft-bodied-and-variously-colored-some-kinds-are-blacksome-yellow-with-black-stripes-some-are-gray-and-others-are-grayspotted-with-black-blister-beetles-are-particularly-abundant-in-thesouthwest-but-occur-practically-everywhere-they-usually-begin-toappear-in-early-midsum-image336938797.htmlRM2AG4TTD–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fig. 3.—Adult blister beetles, enlarged: Left, black blister beetleglned blister beetle ; right, striped blister beetle. middle, mar- plants, eating everything in their path, chewing up apparently morethan they need for food. They are large beetles, slender in form,somewhat soft-bodied, and variously colored. Some kinds are black,some yellow with black stripes, some are gray, and others are gray,spotted with black. Blister beetles are particularly abundant in theSouthwest, but occur practically everywhere. They usually begin toappear in early midsum
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fic. 14.—Sclerotium blight of tomato,and decay of stem at surface of Infectionround. 13 SOUTHERN TOMATO BLIGHT. Southern tomato blight is somewhat similar to tomato wilt, butit kills the plant more quickly. In fact the whole crop may be jie-stroyed within a fewdays. In both thesediseases there is adarkening of the stemjust under the bark,but in the case of to-mato wilt this area isdark-brown to blackwhile in southern to-mato blight it is yel-low. The disease iscaused by a bac-t e r i u m which isspread by insects. Control.—Burn in-fected plants ands Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-fic-14sclerotium-blight-of-tomatoand-decay-of-stem-at-surface-of-infectionround-13-southern-tomato-blight-southern-tomato-blight-is-somewhat-similar-to-tomato-wilt-butit-kills-the-plant-more-quickly-in-fact-the-whole-crop-may-be-jie-stroyed-within-a-fewdays-in-both-thesediseases-there-is-adarkening-of-the-stemjust-under-the-barkbut-in-the-case-of-to-mato-wilt-this-area-isdark-brown-to-blackwhile-in-southern-to-mato-blight-it-is-yel-low-the-disease-iscaused-by-a-bac-t-e-r-i-u-m-which-isspread-by-insects-controlburn-in-fected-plants-ands-image336935938.htmlRM2AG4N6A–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fic. 14.—Sclerotium blight of tomato,and decay of stem at surface of Infectionround. 13 SOUTHERN TOMATO BLIGHT. Southern tomato blight is somewhat similar to tomato wilt, butit kills the plant more quickly. In fact the whole crop may be jie-stroyed within a fewdays. In both thesediseases there is adarkening of the stemjust under the bark,but in the case of to-mato wilt this area isdark-brown to blackwhile in southern to-mato blight it is yel-low. The disease iscaused by a bac-t e r i u m which isspread by insects. Control.—Burn in-fected plants ands
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. 6.—The common stalk-borer: a, typical form of moth (male) ; b, nitela form(female) ; c, young larva; d, mature larva in injured stalk; e, pupa. All some-what enlarged. Control.—The stalk-borer usually breeds in the stems of ragweedand burdock and when these are cut or hoed out during tlie grow-ing season it deserts them, often coming upon tomato and othercrops planted for human use. This points out the most effectivemethod of control—prevention by clean culture. The weeds men-tioned should not be allowed to grow in or near the tomato gardenand shoul Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-6the-common-stalk-borer-a-typical-form-of-moth-male-b-nitela-formfemale-c-young-larva-d-mature-larva-in-injured-stalk-e-pupa-all-some-what-enlarged-controlthe-stalk-borer-usually-breeds-in-the-stems-of-ragweedand-burdock-and-when-these-are-cut-or-hoed-out-during-tlie-grow-ing-season-it-deserts-them-often-coming-upon-tomato-and-othercrops-planted-for-human-use-this-points-out-the-most-effectivemethod-of-controlprevention-by-clean-culture-the-weeds-men-tioned-should-not-be-allowed-to-grow-in-or-near-the-tomato-gardenand-shoul-image336938028.htmlRM2AG4RW0–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. 6.—The common stalk-borer: a, typical form of moth (male) ; b, nitela form(female) ; c, young larva; d, mature larva in injured stalk; e, pupa. All some-what enlarged. Control.—The stalk-borer usually breeds in the stems of ragweedand burdock and when these are cut or hoed out during tlie grow-ing season it deserts them, often coming upon tomato and othercrops planted for human use. This points out the most effectivemethod of control—prevention by clean culture. The weeds men-tioned should not be allowed to grow in or near the tomato gardenand shoul
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. * - . *»?>?. -*.* Fig. 11.—Tomato wilt. TOiMATO WILT. Tomato wilt (fig. 11) is caused by u mold-like fungus that livesin the soil and infects the plants through their roots. Wilting,yellowing of the leaves, and a slow death of the plants are the resultsof attack. Control.—Use either land tliat is free from wilt or wilt-resistantvarieties.. Fig. 12.—Early blight of tomato, showing infection of leaves, stems, and fruit.Leaves covered with brown spot shrivel and die. 12 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-gt-fig-11tomato-wilt-toimato-wilt-tomato-wilt-fig-11-is-caused-by-u-mold-like-fungus-that-livesin-the-soil-and-infects-the-plants-through-their-roots-wiltingyellowing-of-the-leaves-and-a-slow-death-of-the-plants-are-the-resultsof-attack-controluse-either-land-tliat-is-free-from-wilt-or-wilt-resistantvarieties-fig-12early-blight-of-tomato-showing-infection-of-leaves-stems-and-fruitleaves-covered-with-brown-spot-shrivel-and-die-12-image336936784.htmlRM2AG4P8G–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. * - . *»?>?. -*.* Fig. 11.—Tomato wilt. TOiMATO WILT. Tomato wilt (fig. 11) is caused by u mold-like fungus that livesin the soil and infects the plants through their roots. Wilting,yellowing of the leaves, and a slow death of the plants are the resultsof attack. Control.—Use either land tliat is free from wilt or wilt-resistantvarieties.. Fig. 12.—Early blight of tomato, showing infection of leaves, stems, and fruit.Leaves covered with brown spot shrivel and die. 12
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fig. 20.—Blossom-end rot. Fig. 19.—Downy mildew of tomato fruit. Diseasespreading inward. ANTHKACNOSE. Anthracnose, or ripe rot(fig. 21), of tomato fruit iscaused by a fungus whichproduces sunken spots withdark centers and water-soaked borders on the sur-face and soft areas in theinterior. The only means ofcontrolling it are preven-tive. Diseased fruits shouldbe gathered and burned orburied so deeply that theywill not be brought to thesurface again. SPRAYING TOMATOES. Your decision as towhether or not youwill spray your to-matoes will dependon the d Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-fig-20blossom-end-rot-fig-19downy-mildew-of-tomato-fruit-diseasespreading-inward-anthkacnose-anthracnose-or-ripe-rotfig-21-of-tomato-fruit-iscaused-by-a-fungus-whichproduces-sunken-spots-withdark-centers-and-water-soaked-borders-on-the-sur-face-and-soft-areas-in-theinterior-the-only-means-ofcontrolling-it-are-preven-tive-diseased-fruits-shouldbe-gathered-and-burned-orburied-so-deeply-that-theywill-not-be-brought-to-thesurface-again-spraying-tomatoes-your-decision-as-towhether-or-not-youwill-spray-your-to-matoes-will-dependon-the-d-image336934696.htmlRM2AG4KJ0–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fig. 20.—Blossom-end rot. Fig. 19.—Downy mildew of tomato fruit. Diseasespreading inward. ANTHKACNOSE. Anthracnose, or ripe rot(fig. 21), of tomato fruit iscaused by a fungus whichproduces sunken spots withdark centers and water-soaked borders on the sur-face and soft areas in theinterior. The only means ofcontrolling it are preven-tive. Diseased fruits shouldbe gathered and burned orburied so deeply that theywill not be brought to thesurface again. SPRAYING TOMATOES. Your decision as towhether or not youwill spray your to-matoes will dependon the d
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fig. 12.—Early blight of tomato, showing infection of leaves, stems, and fruit.Leaves covered with brown spot shrivel and die. 12. Fig. 13.—Root knot of tomato. Small knotsat base of stem; large thickened rootsbelow. are not attacked by theroot knot, such as Ironcowpeas, corn, oats, velvetbeans, and peanuts. SCL,EROTIUM BLIGHT. Sclerotium blight (fig.14) is caused by a funguswhich attacks the plant ator near the surface of theground and causes rottingof the root. It also at-tacks branches that lieupon the ground. On theaffected parts grows awhite mo Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-fig-12early-blight-of-tomato-showing-infection-of-leaves-stems-and-fruitleaves-covered-with-brown-spot-shrivel-and-die-12-fig-13root-knot-of-tomato-small-knotsat-base-of-stem-large-thickened-rootsbelow-are-not-attacked-by-theroot-knot-such-as-ironcowpeas-corn-oats-velvetbeans-and-peanuts-sclerotium-blight-sclerotium-blight-fig14-is-caused-by-a-funguswhich-attacks-the-plant-ator-near-the-surface-of-theground-and-causes-rottingof-the-root-it-also-at-tacks-branches-that-lieupon-the-ground-on-theaffected-parts-grows-awhite-mo-image336936538.htmlRM2AG4NYP–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fig. 12.—Early blight of tomato, showing infection of leaves, stems, and fruit.Leaves covered with brown spot shrivel and die. 12. Fig. 13.—Root knot of tomato. Small knotsat base of stem; large thickened rootsbelow. are not attacked by theroot knot, such as Ironcowpeas, corn, oats, velvetbeans, and peanuts. SCL,EROTIUM BLIGHT. Sclerotium blight (fig.14) is caused by a funguswhich attacks the plant ator near the surface of theground and causes rottingof the root. It also at-tacks branches that lieupon the ground. On theaffected parts grows awhite mo
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. mixture. Bordeaux mixture—How to make it for each spraying. Copper sulphate (blue-stone) pound, 1 Quick lime (stone lime) pound, 1 Water gallons, 10 Blue-stone solution: Ptit 5 gallons of water in a wooden tub, tiethe blue-stone in a coarse sack, and hang it in this water near the top. Do not use ametal vessel becausethe action of theblue-stone on themetal will ruin thevessel and make thesolution worthless.Allow several hoursfor the blue-stone todissolve. This willtake place morequickly in hot wa-ter. Lime solution :Take one-fifth of thelime which h Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-mixture-bordeaux-mixturehow-to-make-it-for-each-spraying-copper-sulphate-blue-stone-pound-1-quick-lime-stone-lime-pound-1-water-gallons-10-blue-stone-solution-ptit-5-gallons-of-water-in-a-wooden-tub-tiethe-blue-stone-in-a-coarse-sack-and-hang-it-in-this-water-near-the-top-do-not-use-ametal-vessel-becausethe-action-of-theblue-stone-on-themetal-will-ruin-thevessel-and-make-thesolution-worthlessallow-several-hoursfor-the-blue-stone-todissolve-this-willtake-place-morequickly-in-hot-wa-ter-lime-solution-take-one-fifth-of-thelime-which-h-image336934554.htmlRM2AG4KCX–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. mixture. Bordeaux mixture—How to make it for each spraying. Copper sulphate (blue-stone) pound, 1 Quick lime (stone lime) pound, 1 Water gallons, 10 Blue-stone solution: Ptit 5 gallons of water in a wooden tub, tiethe blue-stone in a coarse sack, and hang it in this water near the top. Do not use ametal vessel becausethe action of theblue-stone on themetal will ruin thevessel and make thesolution worthless.Allow several hoursfor the blue-stone todissolve. This willtake place morequickly in hot wa-ter. Lime solution :Take one-fifth of thelime which h
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fig. 20.—Blossom-end rot. Fig. 19.—Downy mildew of tomato fruit. Diseasespreading inward. ANTHKACNOSE. Anthracnose, or ripe rot(fig. 21), of tomato fruit iscaused by a fungus whichproduces sunken spots withdark centers and water-soaked borders on the sur-face and soft areas in theinterior. The only means ofcontrolling it are preven-tive. Diseased fruits shouldbe gathered and burned orburied so deeply that theywill not be brought to thesurface again. SPRAYING TOMATOES. Your decision as towhether or not youwill spray your to-matoes will dependon the d Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-fig-20blossom-end-rot-fig-19downy-mildew-of-tomato-fruit-diseasespreading-inward-anthkacnose-anthracnose-or-ripe-rotfig-21-of-tomato-fruit-iscaused-by-a-fungus-whichproduces-sunken-spots-withdark-centers-and-water-soaked-borders-on-the-sur-face-and-soft-areas-in-theinterior-the-only-means-ofcontrolling-it-are-preven-tive-diseased-fruits-shouldbe-gathered-and-burned-orburied-so-deeply-that-theywill-not-be-brought-to-thesurface-again-spraying-tomatoes-your-decision-as-towhether-or-not-youwill-spray-your-to-matoes-will-dependon-the-d-image336935167.htmlRM2AG4M6R–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fig. 20.—Blossom-end rot. Fig. 19.—Downy mildew of tomato fruit. Diseasespreading inward. ANTHKACNOSE. Anthracnose, or ripe rot(fig. 21), of tomato fruit iscaused by a fungus whichproduces sunken spots withdark centers and water-soaked borders on the sur-face and soft areas in theinterior. The only means ofcontrolling it are preven-tive. Diseased fruits shouldbe gathered and burned orburied so deeply that theywill not be brought to thesurface again. SPRAYING TOMATOES. Your decision as towhether or not youwill spray your to-matoes will dependon the d
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. i pound to 3 gallons of water, sprayedon the leaves two or three times will keep the insect partly undercontrol. As long as sweet corn is growing nearby it attracts theworms, and thus protects the tomatoes. Hand-picking is difficultfor large gardens and must be practiced almost daily for smallpatches. STAIK-BOBER. Tomato plants may sometimes be noticed to wilt down almostover night, without apparent cause. Examination of such plantsoften reveals near one of the joints of the stalk a small, round hole,the entrance to a burrow occupied by an insect. O Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-i-pound-to-3-gallons-of-water-sprayedon-the-leaves-two-or-three-times-will-keep-the-insect-partly-undercontrol-as-long-as-sweet-corn-is-growing-nearby-it-attracts-theworms-and-thus-protects-the-tomatoes-hand-picking-is-difficultfor-large-gardens-and-must-be-practiced-almost-daily-for-smallpatches-staik-bober-tomato-plants-may-sometimes-be-noticed-to-wilt-down-almostover-night-without-apparent-cause-examination-of-such-plantsoften-reveals-near-one-of-the-joints-of-the-stalk-a-small-round-holethe-entrance-to-a-burrow-occupied-by-an-insect-o-image336938147.htmlRM2AG4T17–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. i pound to 3 gallons of water, sprayedon the leaves two or three times will keep the insect partly undercontrol. As long as sweet corn is growing nearby it attracts theworms, and thus protects the tomatoes. Hand-picking is difficultfor large gardens and must be practiced almost daily for smallpatches. STAIK-BOBER. Tomato plants may sometimes be noticed to wilt down almostover night, without apparent cause. Examination of such plantsoften reveals near one of the joints of the stalk a small, round hole,the entrance to a burrow occupied by an insect. O
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. 10 spot, downy mildew, blossom end rot, and anthracnose, or ripe rot.Not all of these are likely to occur in any one field, and even thosethat usually do appear can often be prevented or reduced by usinga little care in selecting the field and in controlling conditions inthe seed bed. SEi-ECTION or THE GROUND. Much of the land around farm buildings in the South is infectedwith diseases like root-knot and wilt. Therefore your first careshould be to make a clean start by selecting land you believe to befree from disease. As a general rule, do not plan Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-10-spot-downy-mildew-blossom-end-rot-and-anthracnose-or-ripe-rotnot-all-of-these-are-likely-to-occur-in-any-one-field-and-even-thosethat-usually-do-appear-can-often-be-prevented-or-reduced-by-usinga-little-care-in-selecting-the-field-and-in-controlling-conditions-inthe-seed-bed-sei-ection-or-the-ground-much-of-the-land-around-farm-buildings-in-the-south-is-infectedwith-diseases-like-root-knot-and-wilt-therefore-your-first-careshould-be-to-make-a-clean-start-by-selecting-land-you-believe-to-befree-from-disease-as-a-general-rule-do-not-plan-image336937408.htmlRM2AG4R2T–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. 10 spot, downy mildew, blossom end rot, and anthracnose, or ripe rot.Not all of these are likely to occur in any one field, and even thosethat usually do appear can often be prevented or reduced by usinga little care in selecting the field and in controlling conditions inthe seed bed. SEi-ECTION or THE GROUND. Much of the land around farm buildings in the South is infectedwith diseases like root-knot and wilt. Therefore your first careshould be to make a clean start by selecting land you believe to befree from disease. As a general rule, do not plan
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. 11. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-11-image336937013.htmlRM2AG4PGN–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. 11.
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. ast once, witli a weak(2:2:50) solution of Bordeaux. 5. Remove and burn all diseased plants. 6. Avoid the use of plants for transplanting which show a spot-ting of the leaves, and particularly those which have knotted orswollen roots. DA3IPING OFF. Have you had trouble with your tomato seedlings in the seedbed?If the young i>lants shrivel at the soil line, fall over and die, they areaffected by the disease called Damping oft (fig. 10), caused by molds in the soil and madeworse by overwateringand lack of ventilation. It will help to preventthis if Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-ast-once-witli-a-weak2250-solution-of-bordeaux-5-remove-and-burn-all-diseased-plants-6-avoid-the-use-of-plants-for-transplanting-which-show-a-spot-ting-of-the-leaves-and-particularly-those-which-have-knotted-orswollen-roots-da3iping-off-have-you-had-trouble-with-your-tomato-seedlings-in-the-seedbedif-the-young-igtlants-shrivel-at-the-soil-line-fall-over-and-die-they-areaffected-by-the-disease-called-damping-oft-fig-10-caused-by-molds-in-the-soil-and-madeworse-by-overwateringand-lack-of-ventilation-it-will-help-to-preventthis-if-image336937252.htmlRM2AG4PW8–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. ast once, witli a weak(2:2:50) solution of Bordeaux. 5. Remove and burn all diseased plants. 6. Avoid the use of plants for transplanting which show a spot-ting of the leaves, and particularly those which have knotted orswollen roots. DA3IPING OFF. Have you had trouble with your tomato seedlings in the seedbed?If the young i>lants shrivel at the soil line, fall over and die, they areaffected by the disease called Damping oft (fig. 10), caused by molds in the soil and madeworse by overwateringand lack of ventilation. It will help to preventthis if
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. theaffected parts grows awhite mold covered bysmall white to reddish-brown bodies about the sizeof mustard seed. These aredense masses of . funguscalled sclerotia from whichthe disease takes its name. Control. — Prune andstake the plants to aerateand dry the surface soiland keep the branches offthe ground. EABLY BI/IGHT. Early blight (fig. 12) af-fects leaves, stems, and fruit.On the fruit it is called nailhead rust. It is often de-veloped in the seedbed andcarried to the field on theplants. Control.—Spray the plantsin the seedbed with weak(2: 2: 50 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-theaffected-parts-grows-awhite-mold-covered-bysmall-white-to-reddish-brown-bodies-about-the-sizeof-mustard-seed-these-aredense-masses-of-funguscalled-sclerotia-from-whichthe-disease-takes-its-name-control-prune-andstake-the-plants-to-aerateand-dry-the-surface-soiland-keep-the-branches-offthe-ground-eably-biight-early-blight-fig-12-af-fects-leaves-stems-and-fruiton-the-fruit-it-is-called-nailhead-rust-it-is-often-de-veloped-in-the-seedbed-andcarried-to-the-field-on-theplants-controlspray-the-plantsin-the-seedbed-with-weak2-2-50-image336936211.htmlRM2AG4NG3–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. theaffected parts grows awhite mold covered bysmall white to reddish-brown bodies about the sizeof mustard seed. These aredense masses of . funguscalled sclerotia from whichthe disease takes its name. Control. — Prune andstake the plants to aerateand dry the surface soiland keep the branches offthe ground. EABLY BI/IGHT. Early blight (fig. 12) af-fects leaves, stems, and fruit.On the fruit it is called nailhead rust. It is often de-veloped in the seedbed andcarried to the field on theplants. Control.—Spray the plantsin the seedbed with weak(2: 2: 50
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. wo broods ayear, and when the caterpillars begin to mature they cut all theleaves from tomato plants, and even gnaw and destroy the greenfruit. Growers should be on the lookout for the first as well as thesecond brood. They appear at various times, according to locality.Control.—Hand-picking can be practiced, but it takes a sharpeye to detect these worms when they are at rest. When feeding they are more easily seen andcan be destroyed readily. Asingle spraying with arsenateof lead at the rate of 54pound to 3 gallons of water,will destroy them whenpr Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-wo-broods-ayear-and-when-the-caterpillars-begin-to-mature-they-cut-all-theleaves-from-tomato-plants-and-even-gnaw-and-destroy-the-greenfruit-growers-should-be-on-the-lookout-for-the-first-as-well-as-thesecond-brood-they-appear-at-various-times-according-to-localitycontrolhand-picking-can-be-practiced-but-it-takes-a-sharpeye-to-detect-these-worms-when-they-are-at-rest-when-feeding-they-are-more-easily-seen-andcan-be-destroyed-readily-asingle-spraying-with-arsenateof-lead-at-the-rate-of-54pound-to-3-gallons-of-waterwill-destroy-them-whenpr-image336938428.htmlRM2AG4TB8–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. wo broods ayear, and when the caterpillars begin to mature they cut all theleaves from tomato plants, and even gnaw and destroy the greenfruit. Growers should be on the lookout for the first as well as thesecond brood. They appear at various times, according to locality.Control.—Hand-picking can be practiced, but it takes a sharpeye to detect these worms when they are at rest. When feeding they are more easily seen andcan be destroyed readily. Asingle spraying with arsenateof lead at the rate of 54pound to 3 gallons of water,will destroy them whenpr
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fig. 18.—Downy mildew on tomato fruit,dium late stage. Me- 15 BI.OSSOM.END KOT. Blossom - end rot(fig. 20j is a diseasedcondition of the blos-som end of the fruit.It is most common indry weather, especial-ly after a period ofrapid growth. Themost successful method of overcoming itis to water the soil.. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-fig-18downy-mildew-on-tomato-fruitdium-late-stage-me-15-biossomend-kot-blossom-end-rotfig-20j-is-a-diseasedcondition-of-the-blos-som-end-of-the-fruitit-is-most-common-indry-weather-especial-ly-after-a-period-ofrapid-growth-themost-successful-method-of-overcoming-itis-to-water-the-soil-image336935260.htmlRM2AG4MA4–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fig. 18.—Downy mildew on tomato fruit,dium late stage. Me- 15 BI.OSSOM.END KOT. Blossom - end rot(fig. 20j is a diseasedcondition of the blos-som end of the fruit.It is most common indry weather, especial-ly after a period ofrapid growth. Themost successful method of overcoming itis to water the soil..
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fig. 1.—Greasy cutworm below; moth above—somewhat enlarged.This moth is distinguished from similar ones by a niark on each.upper wing resembling the capital Greek letter upsUon. cutworms feed at night or on dull, cloudy days, and fresh bait ismore attractive. If cutworms reappear, repeat two or three timesat short intervals of 3 or 4 days to a week. Caution.—Keep the younger children, live stock, and chickensaway from the bait, as it is poisonous. With proper care there is nodanger. FLEA-BEETLES. Flea-beetles (fig. 2) are important enemies of tomato Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-fig-1greasy-cutworm-below-moth-abovesomewhat-enlargedthis-moth-is-distinguished-from-similar-ones-by-a-niark-on-eachupper-wing-resembling-the-capital-greek-letter-upsuon-cutworms-feed-at-night-or-on-dull-cloudy-days-and-fresh-bait-ismore-attractive-if-cutworms-reappear-repeat-two-or-three-timesat-short-intervals-of-3-or-4-days-to-a-week-cautionkeep-the-younger-children-live-stock-and-chickensaway-from-the-bait-as-it-is-poisonous-with-proper-care-there-is-nodanger-flea-beetles-flea-beetles-fig-2-are-important-enemies-of-tomato-image336939504.htmlRM2AG4WNM–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. Fig. 1.—Greasy cutworm below; moth above—somewhat enlarged.This moth is distinguished from similar ones by a niark on each.upper wing resembling the capital Greek letter upsUon. cutworms feed at night or on dull, cloudy days, and fresh bait ismore attractive. If cutworms reappear, repeat two or three timesat short intervals of 3 or 4 days to a week. Caution.—Keep the younger children, live stock, and chickensaway from the bait, as it is poisonous. With proper care there is nodanger. FLEA-BEETLES. Flea-beetles (fig. 2) are important enemies of tomato
. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. ck,some yellow with black stripes, some are gray, and others are gray,spotted with black. Blister beetles are particularly abundant in theSouthwest, but occur practically everywhere. They usually begin toappear in early midsummer after the plants have made about one-third growth, and some kinds continue until late in the season. Control.—A spray of arsenate of lead, 10 level teaspoonfuls ofpowder to 1 gallon of water, applied at the very outset of attack,is the -best remedy. Hand-picking is somewhat dangerous, as theblister beetles are likely to for Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/insect-enemies-and-diseases-of-the-tomato-cksome-yellow-with-black-stripes-some-are-gray-and-others-are-grayspotted-with-black-blister-beetles-are-particularly-abundant-in-thesouthwest-but-occur-practically-everywhere-they-usually-begin-toappear-in-early-midsummer-after-the-plants-have-made-about-one-third-growth-and-some-kinds-continue-until-late-in-the-season-controla-spray-of-arsenate-of-lead-10-level-teaspoonfuls-ofpowder-to-1-gallon-of-water-applied-at-the-very-outset-of-attackis-the-best-remedy-hand-picking-is-somewhat-dangerous-as-theblister-beetles-are-likely-to-for-image336938668.htmlRM2AG4TKT–. Insect enemies and diseases of the tomato. ck,some yellow with black stripes, some are gray, and others are gray,spotted with black. Blister beetles are particularly abundant in theSouthwest, but occur practically everywhere. They usually begin toappear in early midsummer after the plants have made about one-third growth, and some kinds continue until late in the season. Control.—A spray of arsenate of lead, 10 level teaspoonfuls ofpowder to 1 gallon of water, applied at the very outset of attack,is the -best remedy. Hand-picking is somewhat dangerous, as theblister beetles are likely to for
. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES G61 U.S. Geological Survey, 1960b, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1956, parts 5 and 6, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins, and Missouri River basin: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1451, 349 p. 1960c, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1956, parts 7 and 8, Lower Mississippi River basin and western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1452, 469 p. 1960d, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1956, Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-water-composition-rivers-lakes-chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-g61-us-geological-survey-1960b-quality-of-surface-waters-of-the-united-states-1956-parts-5-and-6-hudson-bay-and-upper-mississippi-river-basins-and-missouri-river-basin-us-geol-survey-water-supply-paper-1451-349-p-1960c-quality-of-surface-waters-of-the-united-states-1956-parts-7-and-8-lower-mississippi-river-basin-and-western-gulf-of-mexico-basins-us-geol-survey-water-supply-paper-1452-469-p-1960d-quality-of-surface-waters-of-the-united-states-1956-image235008368.htmlRMRJ9FG0–. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES G61 U.S. Geological Survey, 1960b, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1956, parts 5 and 6, Hudson Bay and upper Mississippi River basins, and Missouri River basin: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1451, 349 p. 1960c, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1956, parts 7 and 8, Lower Mississippi River basin and western Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1452, 469 p. 1960d, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1956,
. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES G9 EXPLANATION. Fioube 3.—Seasonal changes in the chemical composition of Imikpuk, a small lake in Alaska near the Arctic Ocean. After Boyd (1959). Reprinted by permission of Ecology. Such seasonal changes are of rather restricted extent. In most lakes the major ions, except the components of the carbonate buffer system, remain relatively constant in amount, and large changes in water chemistry are restricted to the scarcer biologi- cally important substances. There are als Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-water-composition-rivers-lakes-chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-g9-explanation-fioube-3seasonal-changes-in-the-chemical-composition-of-imikpuk-a-small-lake-in-alaska-near-the-arctic-ocean-after-boyd-1959-reprinted-by-permission-of-ecology-such-seasonal-changes-are-of-rather-restricted-extent-in-most-lakes-the-major-ions-except-the-components-of-the-carbonate-buffer-system-remain-relatively-constant-in-amount-and-large-changes-in-water-chemistry-are-restricted-to-the-scarcer-biologi-cally-important-substances-there-are-als-image235008469.htmlRMRJ9FKH–. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES G9 EXPLANATION. Fioube 3.—Seasonal changes in the chemical composition of Imikpuk, a small lake in Alaska near the Arctic Ocean. After Boyd (1959). Reprinted by permission of Ecology. Such seasonal changes are of rather restricted extent. In most lakes the major ions, except the components of the carbonate buffer system, remain relatively constant in amount, and large changes in water chemistry are restricted to the scarcer biologi- cally important substances. There are als
. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. 12 p.m. 6 12 m. Figube 4.—Diurnal pH changes in a small freshwater lake near Cape Town. After Schiitle and Elsworth (1954). Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Scientific Publications, Ltd., Oxford, England. tive lakes but may not be measurable in unproductive ones, and that the diurnal oxygen change in a single body of water may change with the season. In a shallow lake that mixes freely to the bottom, gas changes are only diurnal, for diffusion from the atmosphere makes up any net loss or gain that may take pla Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-water-composition-rivers-lakes-12-pm-6-12-m-figube-4diurnal-ph-changes-in-a-small-freshwater-lake-near-cape-town-after-schiitle-and-elsworth-1954-reprinted-by-permission-of-blackwell-scientific-publications-ltd-oxford-england-tive-lakes-but-may-not-be-measurable-in-unproductive-ones-and-that-the-diurnal-oxygen-change-in-a-single-body-of-water-may-change-with-the-season-in-a-shallow-lake-that-mixes-freely-to-the-bottom-gas-changes-are-only-diurnal-for-diffusion-from-the-atmosphere-makes-up-any-net-loss-or-gain-that-may-take-pla-image235008424.htmlRMRJ9FJ0–. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. 12 p.m. 6 12 m. Figube 4.—Diurnal pH changes in a small freshwater lake near Cape Town. After Schiitle and Elsworth (1954). Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Scientific Publications, Ltd., Oxford, England. tive lakes but may not be measurable in unproductive ones, and that the diurnal oxygen change in a single body of water may change with the season. In a shallow lake that mixes freely to the bottom, gas changes are only diurnal, for diffusion from the atmosphere makes up any net loss or gain that may take pla
. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. G4 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY N. Fiodke 1.—Mean daily supply of chloride and sulfate plus nitrate in relation to wind direction. The inner and outer circles delimit 50 and 100 meq/100 m*, respectively. High chloride is characteristic of winds from a southwesterly direction, that is, from the sea, whereas sulfate and nitrate are high in winds blowing from the in- dustrial regions lying cast and southeast of the station in the English Lake district where the rain was collected. After Gorham (1958). Reprinted by permission Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-water-composition-rivers-lakes-g4-data-of-geochemistry-n-fiodke-1mean-daily-supply-of-chloride-and-sulfate-plus-nitrate-in-relation-to-wind-direction-the-inner-and-outer-circles-delimit-50-and-100-meq100-m-respectively-high-chloride-is-characteristic-of-winds-from-a-southwesterly-direction-that-is-from-the-sea-whereas-sulfate-and-nitrate-are-high-in-winds-blowing-from-the-in-dustrial-regions-lying-cast-and-southeast-of-the-station-in-the-english-lake-district-where-the-rain-was-collected-after-gorham-1958-reprinted-by-permission-image235008508.htmlRMRJ9FN0–. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. G4 DATA OF GEOCHEMISTRY N. Fiodke 1.—Mean daily supply of chloride and sulfate plus nitrate in relation to wind direction. The inner and outer circles delimit 50 and 100 meq/100 m*, respectively. High chloride is characteristic of winds from a southwesterly direction, that is, from the sea, whereas sulfate and nitrate are high in winds blowing from the in- dustrial regions lying cast and southeast of the station in the English Lake district where the rain was collected. After Gorham (1958). Reprinted by permission
. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES Gil OVERTURN PARTIAL COMPLETE 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4. Figure 6.—Redox potential near the mud-water interface and concentrations of dis- solved substances in the water just over the mud surface of Esthwaite Water, England, during 1940. Redox potential (E?) in volts, Os=dissolved oxygen, Fe=fcrrous iron, Mn=manganese, P = phosphate as PiOj, NHi=ammonia, NOj=nitrate nitrogen, all is in parts per million. After Mortimer, 1941-42. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Scientific Publica Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-water-composition-rivers-lakes-chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-gil-overturn-partial-complete-04-02-02-04-figure-6redox-potential-near-the-mud-water-interface-and-concentrations-of-dis-solved-substances-in-the-water-just-over-the-mud-surface-of-esthwaite-water-england-during-1940-redox-potential-e-in-volts-os=dissolved-oxygen-fe=fcrrous-iron-mn=manganese-p-=-phosphate-as-pioj-nhi=ammonia-noj=nitrate-nitrogen-all-is-in-parts-per-million-after-mortimer-1941-42-reprinted-by-permission-of-blackwell-scientific-publica-image235008408.htmlRMRJ9FHC–. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES Gil OVERTURN PARTIAL COMPLETE 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4. Figure 6.—Redox potential near the mud-water interface and concentrations of dis- solved substances in the water just over the mud surface of Esthwaite Water, England, during 1940. Redox potential (E?) in volts, Os=dissolved oxygen, Fe=fcrrous iron, Mn=manganese, P = phosphate as PiOj, NHi=ammonia, NOj=nitrate nitrogen, all is in parts per million. After Mortimer, 1941-42. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Scientific Publica
. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. Fioube 3.—Seasonal changes in the chemical composition of Imikpuk, a small lake in Alaska near the Arctic Ocean. After Boyd (1959). Reprinted by permission of Ecology. Such seasonal changes are of rather restricted extent. In most lakes the major ions, except the components of the carbonate buffer system, remain relatively constant in amount, and large changes in water chemistry are restricted to the scarcer biologi- cally important substances. There are also diurnal changes in water chemistry, but these are known Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-water-composition-rivers-lakes-fioube-3seasonal-changes-in-the-chemical-composition-of-imikpuk-a-small-lake-in-alaska-near-the-arctic-ocean-after-boyd-1959-reprinted-by-permission-of-ecology-such-seasonal-changes-are-of-rather-restricted-extent-in-most-lakes-the-major-ions-except-the-components-of-the-carbonate-buffer-system-remain-relatively-constant-in-amount-and-large-changes-in-water-chemistry-are-restricted-to-the-scarcer-biologi-cally-important-substances-there-are-also-diurnal-changes-in-water-chemistry-but-these-are-known-image235008452.htmlRMRJ9FK0–. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. Fioube 3.—Seasonal changes in the chemical composition of Imikpuk, a small lake in Alaska near the Arctic Ocean. After Boyd (1959). Reprinted by permission of Ecology. Such seasonal changes are of rather restricted extent. In most lakes the major ions, except the components of the carbonate buffer system, remain relatively constant in amount, and large changes in water chemistry are restricted to the scarcer biologi- cally important substances. There are also diurnal changes in water chemistry, but these are known
![. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES G5 100-f 10 EXPLANATION Discharge Conductance -v'V. t" s^ ' > - V 1/ V OCT NOV DEC FEB Figtjke 2.—Relation of specific conductance to mean daily runoff of the Saline River near Russell, Kansas, during part of 1946 and 1947. After Durum (1953). Re- printed by permission of the American Geophysical Union. fluctuations of discharge on a daily basis, but daily measurements of specific conductivity are available for many rivers in the United States. An example is provi Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ9FM8/chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-water-composition-rivers-lakes-chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-g5-100-f-10-explanation-discharge-conductance-vv-tquot-s-gt-v-1-v-oct-nov-dec-feb-figtjke-2relation-of-specific-conductance-to-mean-daily-runoff-of-the-saline-river-near-russell-kansas-during-part-of-1946-and-1947-after-durum-1953-re-printed-by-permission-of-the-american-geophysical-union-fluctuations-of-discharge-on-a-daily-basis-but-daily-measurements-of-specific-conductivity-are-available-for-many-rivers-in-the-united-states-an-example-is-provi-RJ9FM8.jpg ". Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES G5 100-f 10 EXPLANATION Discharge Conductance -v'V. t" s^ ' > - V 1/ V OCT NOV DEC FEB Figtjke 2.—Relation of specific conductance to mean daily runoff of the Saline River near Russell, Kansas, during part of 1946 and 1947. After Durum (1953). Re- printed by permission of the American Geophysical Union. fluctuations of discharge on a daily basis, but daily measurements of specific conductivity are available for many rivers in the United States. An example is provi Stock Photo")
. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES G5 100-f 10 EXPLANATION Discharge Conductance -v'V. t" s^ ' > - V 1/ V OCT NOV DEC FEB Figtjke 2.—Relation of specific conductance to mean daily runoff of the Saline River near Russell, Kansas, during part of 1946 and 1947. After Durum (1953). Re- printed by permission of the American Geophysical Union. fluctuations of discharge on a daily basis, but daily measurements of specific conductivity are available for many rivers in the United States. An example is provi Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-water-composition-rivers-lakes-chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-g5-100-f-10-explanation-discharge-conductance-vv-tquot-s-gt-v-1-v-oct-nov-dec-feb-figtjke-2relation-of-specific-conductance-to-mean-daily-runoff-of-the-saline-river-near-russell-kansas-during-part-of-1946-and-1947-after-durum-1953-re-printed-by-permission-of-the-american-geophysical-union-fluctuations-of-discharge-on-a-daily-basis-but-daily-measurements-of-specific-conductivity-are-available-for-many-rivers-in-the-united-states-an-example-is-provi-image235008488.htmlRMRJ9FM8–. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES G5 100-f 10 EXPLANATION Discharge Conductance -v'V. t" s^ ' > - V 1/ V OCT NOV DEC FEB Figtjke 2.—Relation of specific conductance to mean daily runoff of the Saline River near Russell, Kansas, during part of 1946 and 1947. After Durum (1953). Re- printed by permission of the American Geophysical Union. fluctuations of discharge on a daily basis, but daily measurements of specific conductivity are available for many rivers in the United States. An example is provi
![. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES G23 Table 34.—Analyses, in parts per million, of water from rivers in Britain [These data are from Suckling (1943, p. 339, 341, 342)] A B C D E F a H HCO,-' 42 15.4 24.7 3.5 18.1 1.5 17.8 318 59.6 19.8 7 106 2.8 38.1 4.5 168 94 15 9 34 18 48 8 204 24 9.9 10.5 68 3 16 11 204 29 26 18 80 Tr. 24 11 294 29 24 18 110 3 17 13 180 161 71 10 41 15 122 14 492 SOr' 30 CI-' 19 NOj-i 18 Ca+» 159 Mg*i. 5 Na*i 31 SlOj 10 Total dissolved solids... 130 556 394 346 392 508 614 764 A. Holy Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ9FGN/chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-water-composition-rivers-lakes-chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-g23-table-34analyses-in-parts-per-million-of-water-from-rivers-in-britain-these-data-are-from-suckling-1943-p-339-341-342-a-b-c-d-e-f-a-h-hco-42-154-247-35-181-15-178-318-596-198-7-106-28-381-45-168-94-15-9-34-18-48-8-204-24-99-105-68-3-16-11-204-29-26-18-80-tr-24-11-294-29-24-18-110-3-17-13-180-161-71-10-41-15-122-14-492-sor-30-ci-19-noj-i-18-ca-159-mgi-5-nai-31-sloj-10-total-dissolved-solids-130-556-394-346-392-508-614-764-a-holy-RJ9FGN.jpg ". Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES G23 Table 34.—Analyses, in parts per million, of water from rivers in Britain [These data are from Suckling (1943, p. 339, 341, 342)] A B C D E F a H HCO,-' 42 15.4 24.7 3.5 18.1 1.5 17.8 318 59.6 19.8 7 106 2.8 38.1 4.5 168 94 15 9 34 18 48 8 204 24 9.9 10.5 68 3 16 11 204 29 26 18 80 Tr. 24 11 294 29 24 18 110 3 17 13 180 161 71 10 41 15 122 14 492 SOr' 30 CI-' 19 NOj-i 18 Ca+» 159 Mg*i. 5 Na*i 31 SlOj 10 Total dissolved solids... 130 556 394 346 392 508 614 764 A. Holy Stock Photo")
. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES G23 Table 34.—Analyses, in parts per million, of water from rivers in Britain [These data are from Suckling (1943, p. 339, 341, 342)] A B C D E F a H HCO,-' 42 15.4 24.7 3.5 18.1 1.5 17.8 318 59.6 19.8 7 106 2.8 38.1 4.5 168 94 15 9 34 18 48 8 204 24 9.9 10.5 68 3 16 11 204 29 26 18 80 Tr. 24 11 294 29 24 18 110 3 17 13 180 161 71 10 41 15 122 14 492 SOr' 30 CI-' 19 NOj-i 18 Ca+» 159 Mg*i. 5 Na*i 31 SlOj 10 Total dissolved solids... 130 556 394 346 392 508 614 764 A. Holy Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-water-composition-rivers-lakes-chemical-composition-of-rivers-and-lakes-g23-table-34analyses-in-parts-per-million-of-water-from-rivers-in-britain-these-data-are-from-suckling-1943-p-339-341-342-a-b-c-d-e-f-a-h-hco-42-154-247-35-181-15-178-318-596-198-7-106-28-381-45-168-94-15-9-34-18-48-8-204-24-99-105-68-3-16-11-204-29-26-18-80-tr-24-11-294-29-24-18-110-3-17-13-180-161-71-10-41-15-122-14-492-sor-30-ci-19-noj-i-18-ca-159-mgi-5-nai-31-sloj-10-total-dissolved-solids-130-556-394-346-392-508-614-764-a-holy-image235008389.htmlRMRJ9FGN–. Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Water -- Composition; Rivers; Lakes. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RIVERS AND LAKES G23 Table 34.—Analyses, in parts per million, of water from rivers in Britain [These data are from Suckling (1943, p. 339, 341, 342)] A B C D E F a H HCO,-' 42 15.4 24.7 3.5 18.1 1.5 17.8 318 59.6 19.8 7 106 2.8 38.1 4.5 168 94 15 9 34 18 48 8 204 24 9.9 10.5 68 3 16 11 204 29 26 18 80 Tr. 24 11 294 29 24 18 110 3 17 13 180 161 71 10 41 15 122 14 492 SOr' 30 CI-' 19 NOj-i 18 Ca+» 159 Mg*i. 5 Na*i 31 SlOj 10 Total dissolved solids... 130 556 394 346 392 508 614 764 A. Holy
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 27 sulphur with these formulas. Stock solutions can, of course, be made up, the proportions given being observed. The powdered arsenate of lead which is used in the proportion of 1 pound to 50 gallons of the spray solution should first be made into a thin paste with water before addition to the spray tank. Materials for dusting should be very fine and thoroughly mixed. A very light diplumbic arsenate, superfine sulphur guaranteed 95 per cent to pass a 200-mesh sieve, and hydr Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-control-of-the-curculio-etc-in-georgia-27-sulphur-with-these-formulas-stock-solutions-can-of-course-be-made-up-the-proportions-given-being-observed-the-powdered-arsenate-of-lead-which-is-used-in-the-proportion-of-1-pound-to-50-gallons-of-the-spray-solution-should-first-be-made-into-a-thin-paste-with-water-before-addition-to-the-spray-tank-materials-for-dusting-should-be-very-fine-and-thoroughly-mixed-a-very-light-diplumbic-arsenate-superfine-sulphur-guaranteed-95-per-cent-to-pass-a-200-mesh-sieve-and-hydr-image232546276.htmlRMRE9B44–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 27 sulphur with these formulas. Stock solutions can, of course, be made up, the proportions given being observed. The powdered arsenate of lead which is used in the proportion of 1 pound to 50 gallons of the spray solution should first be made into a thin paste with water before addition to the spray tank. Materials for dusting should be very fine and thoroughly mixed. A very light diplumbic arsenate, superfine sulphur guaranteed 95 per cent to pass a 200-mesh sieve, and hydr
. The Dutch elm disease. THE DUTCH ELM DISEASE purpose; and since the seriousness of the Dutch ehn disease in Europe has been realized, no sucli permits even have been issued. No imported ehns have been known to come to the Ohio region from Europe since tlie disease was discovered in the Xetherhmds. THE CAUSAL ORGANISM Graflimm uhni^ the fungus causing the Dutch elm disease, is closely related to some of the organisms that produce blue stains in the wood of pine, gum, and other trees. In from three to seven days the fungus grows out from small pieces of diseased sapwood planted in potato-dextr Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-dutch-elm-disease-the-dutch-elm-disease-purpose-and-since-the-seriousness-of-the-dutch-ehn-disease-in-europe-has-been-realized-no-sucli-permits-even-have-been-issued-no-imported-ehns-have-been-known-to-come-to-the-ohio-region-from-europe-since-tlie-disease-was-discovered-in-the-xetherhmds-the-causal-organism-graflimm-uhni-the-fungus-causing-the-dutch-elm-disease-is-closely-related-to-some-of-the-organisms-that-produce-blue-stains-in-the-wood-of-pine-gum-and-other-trees-in-from-three-to-seven-days-the-fungus-grows-out-from-small-pieces-of-diseased-sapwood-planted-in-potato-dextr-image232568344.htmlRMREAB88–. The Dutch elm disease. THE DUTCH ELM DISEASE purpose; and since the seriousness of the Dutch ehn disease in Europe has been realized, no sucli permits even have been issued. No imported ehns have been known to come to the Ohio region from Europe since tlie disease was discovered in the Xetherhmds. THE CAUSAL ORGANISM Graflimm uhni^ the fungus causing the Dutch elm disease, is closely related to some of the organisms that produce blue stains in the wood of pine, gum, and other trees. In from three to seven days the fungus grows out from small pieces of diseased sapwood planted in potato-dextr
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 17 severely during the previous season from the curculio and brown-rot, and near them at a number of places were excellent hibernating quar- ters for the curculio. Approximately 5,000 trees were utilized in the experiment, and they were divided into plats of as nearly 200 trees each as practicable, so that the various schedules would have equal chances to prove their effectiveness. An effort was also made to place all plats an equal dis- tance from the hibernating quarters of Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-control-of-the-curculio-etc-in-georgia-17-severely-during-the-previous-season-from-the-curculio-and-brown-rot-and-near-them-at-a-number-of-places-were-excellent-hibernating-quar-ters-for-the-curculio-approximately-5000-trees-were-utilized-in-the-experiment-and-they-were-divided-into-plats-of-as-nearly-200-trees-each-as-practicable-so-that-the-various-schedules-would-have-equal-chances-to-prove-their-effectiveness-an-effort-was-also-made-to-place-all-plats-an-equal-dis-tance-from-the-hibernating-quarters-of-image232546279.htmlRMRE9B47–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 17 severely during the previous season from the curculio and brown-rot, and near them at a number of places were excellent hibernating quar- ters for the curculio. Approximately 5,000 trees were utilized in the experiment, and they were divided into plats of as nearly 200 trees each as practicable, so that the various schedules would have equal chances to prove their effectiveness. An effort was also made to place all plats an equal dis- tance from the hibernating quarters of
![. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 11 the pupa stage is passed. The adult curculios that ultimately would have resulted from those larvae could have heavily infested a 100,000- tree orchard by harvest time. It is especially important to pick up the smallest " drops," as these are nearly always infested. For this reason it is not advisable to pay for the work by the basket, as then an effort is made by the laborers to secure the large peaches in order to fill the baskets quickly, and many small ones a Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE9B4T/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-control-of-the-curculio-etc-in-georgia-11-the-pupa-stage-is-passed-the-adult-curculios-that-ultimately-would-have-resulted-from-those-larvae-could-have-heavily-infested-a-100000-tree-orchard-by-harvest-time-it-is-especially-important-to-pick-up-the-smallest-quot-dropsquot-as-these-are-nearly-always-infested-for-this-reason-it-is-not-advisable-to-pay-for-the-work-by-the-basket-as-then-an-effort-is-made-by-the-laborers-to-secure-the-large-peaches-in-order-to-fill-the-baskets-quickly-and-many-small-ones-a-RE9B4T.jpg ". Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 11 the pupa stage is passed. The adult curculios that ultimately would have resulted from those larvae could have heavily infested a 100,000- tree orchard by harvest time. It is especially important to pick up the smallest " drops," as these are nearly always infested. For this reason it is not advisable to pay for the work by the basket, as then an effort is made by the laborers to secure the large peaches in order to fill the baskets quickly, and many small ones a Stock Photo")
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 11 the pupa stage is passed. The adult curculios that ultimately would have resulted from those larvae could have heavily infested a 100,000- tree orchard by harvest time. It is especially important to pick up the smallest " drops," as these are nearly always infested. For this reason it is not advisable to pay for the work by the basket, as then an effort is made by the laborers to secure the large peaches in order to fill the baskets quickly, and many small ones a Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-control-of-the-curculio-etc-in-georgia-11-the-pupa-stage-is-passed-the-adult-curculios-that-ultimately-would-have-resulted-from-those-larvae-could-have-heavily-infested-a-100000-tree-orchard-by-harvest-time-it-is-especially-important-to-pick-up-the-smallest-quot-dropsquot-as-these-are-nearly-always-infested-for-this-reason-it-is-not-advisable-to-pay-for-the-work-by-the-basket-as-then-an-effort-is-made-by-the-laborers-to-secure-the-large-peaches-in-order-to-fill-the-baskets-quickly-and-many-small-ones-a-image232546296.htmlRMRE9B4T–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 11 the pupa stage is passed. The adult curculios that ultimately would have resulted from those larvae could have heavily infested a 100,000- tree orchard by harvest time. It is especially important to pick up the smallest " drops," as these are nearly always infested. For this reason it is not advisable to pay for the work by the basket, as then an effort is made by the laborers to secure the large peaches in order to fill the baskets quickly, and many small ones a
. Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. 6 Department Circular 90, U. S. Department of Agriculture. APPARATUS, SPRAYING MATERIALS, AND LABOR REQUIRED. The following outline has been prepared for the purpose of assist- ing the grower in the purchase of apparatus and supplies and in planning his work: (1) Gasoline-power spray pump, able to deliver the spray mixture to sis nozzles at 150 pounds pressure or more. The pump should be lined with brass or porcelain. (2) Three leads of §-inch hose, one 15 to 20 feet long behind the machine and the others each 30 feet long, extending one on each Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/control-of-watermelon-anthracnose-by-spraying-6-department-circular-90-u-s-department-of-agriculture-apparatus-spraying-materials-and-labor-required-the-following-outline-has-been-prepared-for-the-purpose-of-assist-ing-the-grower-in-the-purchase-of-apparatus-and-supplies-and-in-planning-his-work-1-gasoline-power-spray-pump-able-to-deliver-the-spray-mixture-to-sis-nozzles-at-150-pounds-pressure-or-more-the-pump-should-be-lined-with-brass-or-porcelain-2-three-leads-of-inch-hose-one-15-to-20-feet-long-behind-the-machine-and-the-others-each-30-feet-long-extending-one-on-each-image232545473.htmlRMRE9A3D–. Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. 6 Department Circular 90, U. S. Department of Agriculture. APPARATUS, SPRAYING MATERIALS, AND LABOR REQUIRED. The following outline has been prepared for the purpose of assist- ing the grower in the purchase of apparatus and supplies and in planning his work: (1) Gasoline-power spray pump, able to deliver the spray mixture to sis nozzles at 150 pounds pressure or more. The pump should be lined with brass or porcelain. (2) Three leads of §-inch hose, one 15 to 20 feet long behind the machine and the others each 30 feet long, extending one on each
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 14 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. of pupae should begin in the South about May 15 and be repeated frequently, at intervals of one week if practicable, until the late varieties have been harvested, provided the orchard is not sown down to peas or other crops in June or July. An effort should be made to disk as close to the tree trunks as possible without scarring them, as most of the pupal cells occur under the spread of the trees. Since pupae in the soil during May and June develop into beetles t Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-14-department-circular-216-u-s-dept-of-agriculture-of-pupae-should-begin-in-the-south-about-may-15-and-be-repeated-frequently-at-intervals-of-one-week-if-practicable-until-the-late-varieties-have-been-harvested-provided-the-orchard-is-not-sown-down-to-peas-or-other-crops-in-june-or-july-an-effort-should-be-made-to-disk-as-close-to-the-tree-trunks-as-possible-without-scarring-them-as-most-of-the-pupal-cells-occur-under-the-spread-of-the-trees-since-pupae-in-the-soil-during-may-and-june-develop-into-beetles-t-image232546284.htmlRMRE9B4C–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 14 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. of pupae should begin in the South about May 15 and be repeated frequently, at intervals of one week if practicable, until the late varieties have been harvested, provided the orchard is not sown down to peas or other crops in June or July. An effort should be made to disk as close to the tree trunks as possible without scarring them, as most of the pupal cells occur under the spread of the trees. Since pupae in the soil during May and June develop into beetles t
. The Dutch elm disease. 4 CIRCULAR 17 0, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The American elm, which is of most interest in this country, has been found to be severely attacked in both England and Germany. Inoculations on young trees, made by the senior writer under quarantine conditions, as well as those of European investigators, confirm its high susceptibility. (Fig. 3.). Fif^UEE 3.—On the right is a young American elm 14 days after it was inoculated with the Dutch elm-disease fungus. The seedling in the center is one of the check trees, which were treated similarly except that the fungus was Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-dutch-elm-disease-4-circular-17-0-u-s-department-of-agriculture-the-american-elm-which-is-of-most-interest-in-this-country-has-been-found-to-be-severely-attacked-in-both-england-and-germany-inoculations-on-young-trees-made-by-the-senior-writer-under-quarantine-conditions-as-well-as-those-of-european-investigators-confirm-its-high-susceptibility-fig-3-fifuee-3on-the-right-is-a-young-american-elm-14-days-after-it-was-inoculated-with-the-dutch-elm-disease-fungus-the-seedling-in-the-center-is-one-of-the-check-trees-which-were-treated-similarly-except-that-the-fungus-was-image232568346.htmlRMREAB8A–. The Dutch elm disease. 4 CIRCULAR 17 0, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The American elm, which is of most interest in this country, has been found to be severely attacked in both England and Germany. Inoculations on young trees, made by the senior writer under quarantine conditions, as well as those of European investigators, confirm its high susceptibility. (Fig. 3.). Fif^UEE 3.—On the right is a young American elm 14 days after it was inoculated with the Dutch elm-disease fungus. The seedling in the center is one of the check trees, which were treated similarly except that the fungus was
. The Dutch elm disease. 8 CIDCULAR 170, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE cause similar types of wood discoloration. Most of the organisms cultured from discolored sapwood are regarded as weak parasites; that is, organisms that are making growth in the living sapwood only because the tree has been weakened. Trees injured by soil fillings, drought, illuminating gas, insects, etc., are invaded by fungi Avhich help to hasten the death of some part or the whole of the tree. Graphium also invades weakened trees, but in Europe it differs from l^arasites of low virulence in being able by itself to bri Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-dutch-elm-disease-8-cidcular-170-u-s-department-of-agriculture-cause-similar-types-of-wood-discoloration-most-of-the-organisms-cultured-from-discolored-sapwood-are-regarded-as-weak-parasites-that-is-organisms-that-are-making-growth-in-the-living-sapwood-only-because-the-tree-has-been-weakened-trees-injured-by-soil-fillings-drought-illuminating-gas-insects-etc-are-invaded-by-fungi-avhich-help-to-hasten-the-death-of-some-part-or-the-whole-of-the-tree-graphium-also-invades-weakened-trees-but-in-europe-it-differs-from-larasites-of-low-virulence-in-being-able-by-itself-to-bri-image232568343.htmlRMREAB87–. The Dutch elm disease. 8 CIDCULAR 170, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE cause similar types of wood discoloration. Most of the organisms cultured from discolored sapwood are regarded as weak parasites; that is, organisms that are making growth in the living sapwood only because the tree has been weakened. Trees injured by soil fillings, drought, illuminating gas, insects, etc., are invaded by fungi Avhich help to hasten the death of some part or the whole of the tree. Graphium also invades weakened trees, but in Europe it differs from l^arasites of low virulence in being able by itself to bri
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 6 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. had been multiplying for several years. During these years some growers failed to spray, and the careless spraying of others was worthless. Very often the entire spraying crew rode on the tank (fig. 2) and the team was kept walking from one end of the orchard to the other, no stops being made as the trees were passed. In many cases the spraying was left entirely in the hands of incompetent labor with no supervision. With such careless control measures the severe c Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-6-department-circular-216-u-s-dept-of-agriculture-had-been-multiplying-for-several-years-during-these-years-some-growers-failed-to-spray-and-the-careless-spraying-of-others-was-worthless-very-often-the-entire-spraying-crew-rode-on-the-tank-fig-2-and-the-team-was-kept-walking-from-one-end-of-the-orchard-to-the-other-no-stops-being-made-as-the-trees-were-passed-in-many-cases-the-spraying-was-left-entirely-in-the-hands-of-incompetent-labor-with-no-supervision-with-such-careless-control-measures-the-severe-c-image232546312.htmlRMRE9B5C–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 6 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. had been multiplying for several years. During these years some growers failed to spray, and the careless spraying of others was worthless. Very often the entire spraying crew rode on the tank (fig. 2) and the team was kept walking from one end of the orchard to the other, no stops being made as the trees were passed. In many cases the spraying was left entirely in the hands of incompetent labor with no supervision. With such careless control measures the severe c
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 29 spraying and dusting at other times will not bring the desired results. It is universally conceded by those connected with the peach industry in Georgia that the thorough spraying and dusting, the applications of which were made at the time when they would be most effective, was the potent factor in the successful control of the curculio and brown-rot in the 1921 crop. If the water supply is far distant from the orchard or if there are not sufficient spray outfits to handl Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-control-of-the-curculio-etc-in-georgia-29-spraying-and-dusting-at-other-times-will-not-bring-the-desired-results-it-is-universally-conceded-by-those-connected-with-the-peach-industry-in-georgia-that-the-thorough-spraying-and-dusting-the-applications-of-which-were-made-at-the-time-when-they-would-be-most-effective-was-the-potent-factor-in-the-successful-control-of-the-curculio-and-brown-rot-in-the-1921-crop-if-the-water-supply-is-far-distant-from-the-orchard-or-if-there-are-not-sufficient-spray-outfits-to-handl-image232546269.htmlRMRE9B3W–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 29 spraying and dusting at other times will not bring the desired results. It is universally conceded by those connected with the peach industry in Georgia that the thorough spraying and dusting, the applications of which were made at the time when they would be most effective, was the potent factor in the successful control of the curculio and brown-rot in the 1921 crop. If the water supply is far distant from the orchard or if there are not sufficient spray outfits to handl
. The Dutch elm disease. THE DUTCH ELM DISEASE. Figure 2.—One of the wilted American elms which was attacl^ed by the Dutch elm-disease fungus in Cleveland, Ohio. The tree first showed wilted parts in May, according to the report of the owner; and by the middle of July, when it was removed and burned, most of the tree had wilted, and many of the leaves had dropped. The tree had discolored streaks in the roots as well as in the trunk and twigs. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-dutch-elm-disease-the-dutch-elm-disease-figure-2one-of-the-wilted-american-elms-which-was-attacled-by-the-dutch-elm-disease-fungus-in-cleveland-ohio-the-tree-first-showed-wilted-parts-in-may-according-to-the-report-of-the-owner-and-by-the-middle-of-july-when-it-was-removed-and-burned-most-of-the-tree-had-wilted-and-many-of-the-leaves-had-dropped-the-tree-had-discolored-streaks-in-the-roots-as-well-as-in-the-trunk-and-twigs-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-image232568347.htmlRMREAB8B–. The Dutch elm disease. THE DUTCH ELM DISEASE. Figure 2.—One of the wilted American elms which was attacl^ed by the Dutch elm-disease fungus in Cleveland, Ohio. The tree first showed wilted parts in May, according to the report of the owner; and by the middle of July, when it was removed and burned, most of the tree had wilted, and many of the leaves had dropped. The tree had discolored streaks in the roots as well as in the trunk and twigs. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 7 harden. After the fruit enters the stone-hardening period, which is the rapidly growing period of the fruit, there is little curculio ac- tivity and very few larvae develop to maturity. As the fruit enters the ripening period, however, which is usually about four weeks before harvest, curculio activity is resumed, and the larva? readily mature in the fruit. ORCHARD SANITATION FOR CURCULIO CONTROL. The curculio lives over winter in the adult stage, hibernating in grown-up fe Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-control-of-the-curculio-etc-in-georgia-7-harden-after-the-fruit-enters-the-stone-hardening-period-which-is-the-rapidly-growing-period-of-the-fruit-there-is-little-curculio-ac-tivity-and-very-few-larvae-develop-to-maturity-as-the-fruit-enters-the-ripening-period-however-which-is-usually-about-four-weeks-before-harvest-curculio-activity-is-resumed-and-the-larva-readily-mature-in-the-fruit-orchard-sanitation-for-curculio-control-the-curculio-lives-over-winter-in-the-adult-stage-hibernating-in-grown-up-fe-image232546309.htmlRMRE9B59–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 7 harden. After the fruit enters the stone-hardening period, which is the rapidly growing period of the fruit, there is little curculio ac- tivity and very few larvae develop to maturity. As the fruit enters the ripening period, however, which is usually about four weeks before harvest, curculio activity is resumed, and the larva? readily mature in the fruit. ORCHARD SANITATION FOR CURCULIO CONTROL. The curculio lives over winter in the adult stage, hibernating in grown-up fe
. Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. Control of Watermelon Anthracnose by Spraying. 5 gasoline-power equipment is almost essential for successful work with watermelons, although if the acreage is small, 10 or 15 acres, it may be necessary for purposes of economy to use a hand pump. Growers in certain sections of Florida and in central Georgia have found that the outfits used for spraying citrus fruits, pecans, and peaches may be adapted for use with watermelon vines. Orchard apparatus, however, is rather heavy for use in sandy fields. Several firms manufacture light gasoline-power Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/control-of-watermelon-anthracnose-by-spraying-control-of-watermelon-anthracnose-by-spraying-5-gasoline-power-equipment-is-almost-essential-for-successful-work-with-watermelons-although-if-the-acreage-is-small-10-or-15-acres-it-may-be-necessary-for-purposes-of-economy-to-use-a-hand-pump-growers-in-certain-sections-of-florida-and-in-central-georgia-have-found-that-the-outfits-used-for-spraying-citrus-fruits-pecans-and-peaches-may-be-adapted-for-use-with-watermelon-vines-orchard-apparatus-however-is-rather-heavy-for-use-in-sandy-fields-several-firms-manufacture-light-gasoline-power-image232545475.htmlRMRE9A3F–. Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. Control of Watermelon Anthracnose by Spraying. 5 gasoline-power equipment is almost essential for successful work with watermelons, although if the acreage is small, 10 or 15 acres, it may be necessary for purposes of economy to use a hand pump. Growers in certain sections of Florida and in central Georgia have found that the outfits used for spraying citrus fruits, pecans, and peaches may be adapted for use with watermelon vines. Orchard apparatus, however, is rather heavy for use in sandy fields. Several firms manufacture light gasoline-power
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 15 the day. The jarring frames should be in pairs, each frame 12 by 6 feet in area, with a notch about 10 by 10 inches in the middle of the side of one frame to receive the tree trunk. Light strips should be used in their construction, as otherwise the frames will be too heavy to handle. A low grade of cotton sheeting can be used for the cover. The trees are jarred with a pole well padded on one end. Burlap covered with a piece of old automobile tire makes a very good pole pa Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-control-of-the-curculio-etc-in-georgia-15-the-day-the-jarring-frames-should-be-in-pairs-each-frame-12-by-6-feet-in-area-with-a-notch-about-10-by-10-inches-in-the-middle-of-the-side-of-one-frame-to-receive-the-tree-trunk-light-strips-should-be-used-in-their-construction-as-otherwise-the-frames-will-be-too-heavy-to-handle-a-low-grade-of-cotton-sheeting-can-be-used-for-the-cover-the-trees-are-jarred-with-a-pole-well-padded-on-one-end-burlap-covered-with-a-piece-of-old-automobile-tire-makes-a-very-good-pole-pa-image232546282.htmlRMRE9B4A–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 15 the day. The jarring frames should be in pairs, each frame 12 by 6 feet in area, with a notch about 10 by 10 inches in the middle of the side of one frame to receive the tree trunk. Light strips should be used in their construction, as otherwise the frames will be too heavy to handle. A low grade of cotton sheeting can be used for the cover. The trees are jarred with a pole well padded on one end. Burlap covered with a piece of old automobile tire makes a very good pole pa
![. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 10 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. The importance of picking up and destroying all fallen peaches, especially those that fall soon after the shedding of the "shucks," can therefore be readily seen. The size of the second generation, which is so injurious to the desirable late varieties, can be greatly reduced by the systematic destruction of fallen peaches throughout the season. This measure probably assisted more than any other in controlling the curculio in the 1921 Georgia peach crop; Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE9B4Y/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-10-department-circular-216-u-s-dept-of-agriculture-the-importance-of-picking-up-and-destroying-all-fallen-peaches-especially-those-that-fall-soon-after-the-shedding-of-the-quotshucksquot-can-therefore-be-readily-seen-the-size-of-the-second-generation-which-is-so-injurious-to-the-desirable-late-varieties-can-be-greatly-reduced-by-the-systematic-destruction-of-fallen-peaches-throughout-the-season-this-measure-probably-assisted-more-than-any-other-in-controlling-the-curculio-in-the-1921-georgia-peach-crop-RE9B4Y.jpg ". Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 10 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. The importance of picking up and destroying all fallen peaches, especially those that fall soon after the shedding of the "shucks," can therefore be readily seen. The size of the second generation, which is so injurious to the desirable late varieties, can be greatly reduced by the systematic destruction of fallen peaches throughout the season. This measure probably assisted more than any other in controlling the curculio in the 1921 Georgia peach crop; Stock Photo")
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 10 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. The importance of picking up and destroying all fallen peaches, especially those that fall soon after the shedding of the "shucks," can therefore be readily seen. The size of the second generation, which is so injurious to the desirable late varieties, can be greatly reduced by the systematic destruction of fallen peaches throughout the season. This measure probably assisted more than any other in controlling the curculio in the 1921 Georgia peach crop; Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-10-department-circular-216-u-s-dept-of-agriculture-the-importance-of-picking-up-and-destroying-all-fallen-peaches-especially-those-that-fall-soon-after-the-shedding-of-the-quotshucksquot-can-therefore-be-readily-seen-the-size-of-the-second-generation-which-is-so-injurious-to-the-desirable-late-varieties-can-be-greatly-reduced-by-the-systematic-destruction-of-fallen-peaches-throughout-the-season-this-measure-probably-assisted-more-than-any-other-in-controlling-the-curculio-in-the-1921-georgia-peach-crop-image232546299.htmlRMRE9B4Y–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 10 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. The importance of picking up and destroying all fallen peaches, especially those that fall soon after the shedding of the "shucks," can therefore be readily seen. The size of the second generation, which is so injurious to the desirable late varieties, can be greatly reduced by the systematic destruction of fallen peaches throughout the season. This measure probably assisted more than any other in controlling the curculio in the 1921 Georgia peach crop;
![. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curciilio, etc., in Georgia. 13 live in and fruit upon the old " mummies" which become sources of distribution for this destructive disease. DISKING AS A CONTROL MEASURE. After the larva or " worm " of the curculio has reached maturity in the peach, it eats its way out and enters the soil to pass the pupa stage, which is the period of transformation from the larva to the adult or beetle. The " worm," however, does not pass into the pupa stage immediately after entering the Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE9B4H/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-control-of-the-curciilio-etc-in-georgia-13-live-in-and-fruit-upon-the-old-quot-mummiesquot-which-become-sources-of-distribution-for-this-destructive-disease-disking-as-a-control-measure-after-the-larva-or-quot-worm-quot-of-the-curculio-has-reached-maturity-in-the-peach-it-eats-its-way-out-and-enters-the-soil-to-pass-the-pupa-stage-which-is-the-period-of-transformation-from-the-larva-to-the-adult-or-beetle-the-quot-wormquot-however-does-not-pass-into-the-pupa-stage-immediately-after-entering-the-RE9B4H.jpg ". Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curciilio, etc., in Georgia. 13 live in and fruit upon the old " mummies" which become sources of distribution for this destructive disease. DISKING AS A CONTROL MEASURE. After the larva or " worm " of the curculio has reached maturity in the peach, it eats its way out and enters the soil to pass the pupa stage, which is the period of transformation from the larva to the adult or beetle. The " worm," however, does not pass into the pupa stage immediately after entering the Stock Photo")
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curciilio, etc., in Georgia. 13 live in and fruit upon the old " mummies" which become sources of distribution for this destructive disease. DISKING AS A CONTROL MEASURE. After the larva or " worm " of the curculio has reached maturity in the peach, it eats its way out and enters the soil to pass the pupa stage, which is the period of transformation from the larva to the adult or beetle. The " worm," however, does not pass into the pupa stage immediately after entering the Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-control-of-the-curciilio-etc-in-georgia-13-live-in-and-fruit-upon-the-old-quot-mummiesquot-which-become-sources-of-distribution-for-this-destructive-disease-disking-as-a-control-measure-after-the-larva-or-quot-worm-quot-of-the-curculio-has-reached-maturity-in-the-peach-it-eats-its-way-out-and-enters-the-soil-to-pass-the-pupa-stage-which-is-the-period-of-transformation-from-the-larva-to-the-adult-or-beetle-the-quot-wormquot-however-does-not-pass-into-the-pupa-stage-immediately-after-entering-the-image232546289.htmlRMRE9B4H–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curciilio, etc., in Georgia. 13 live in and fruit upon the old " mummies" which become sources of distribution for this destructive disease. DISKING AS A CONTROL MEASURE. After the larva or " worm " of the curculio has reached maturity in the peach, it eats its way out and enters the soil to pass the pupa stage, which is the period of transformation from the larva to the adult or beetle. The " worm," however, does not pass into the pupa stage immediately after entering the
![. Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. Control of Watermelon Anthracnose by Spraying. 9 NATURE OF THE DISEASE. APPEARANCE OF DISEASED VINES. Anthracnose is caused by a microscopic plant, a fungus known as CoUefotrichum lagenarium. Vines attacked by this fungus may be recognized by the numerous irregular black spots which appear on the leaves. When heavily infected, the foliage tends to shrivel and curl, and after a period of heavy rainfall, when the disease has spread rapidly, farmers often speak of their field as having been. ],-iQ 7.—^v Bui'deaux mixing statiou. Tlie spray mixture Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE9A35/control-of-watermelon-anthracnose-by-spraying-control-of-watermelon-anthracnose-by-spraying-9-nature-of-the-disease-appearance-of-diseased-vines-anthracnose-is-caused-by-a-microscopic-plant-a-fungus-known-as-couefotrichum-lagenarium-vines-attacked-by-this-fungus-may-be-recognized-by-the-numerous-irregular-black-spots-which-appear-on-the-leaves-when-heavily-infected-the-foliage-tends-to-shrivel-and-curl-and-after-a-period-of-heavy-rainfall-when-the-disease-has-spread-rapidly-farmers-often-speak-of-their-field-as-having-been-iq-7v-buideaux-mixing-statiou-tlie-spray-mixture-RE9A35.jpg ". Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. Control of Watermelon Anthracnose by Spraying. 9 NATURE OF THE DISEASE. APPEARANCE OF DISEASED VINES. Anthracnose is caused by a microscopic plant, a fungus known as CoUefotrichum lagenarium. Vines attacked by this fungus may be recognized by the numerous irregular black spots which appear on the leaves. When heavily infected, the foliage tends to shrivel and curl, and after a period of heavy rainfall, when the disease has spread rapidly, farmers often speak of their field as having been. ],-iQ 7.—^v Bui'deaux mixing statiou. Tlie spray mixture Stock Photo")
. Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. Control of Watermelon Anthracnose by Spraying. 9 NATURE OF THE DISEASE. APPEARANCE OF DISEASED VINES. Anthracnose is caused by a microscopic plant, a fungus known as CoUefotrichum lagenarium. Vines attacked by this fungus may be recognized by the numerous irregular black spots which appear on the leaves. When heavily infected, the foliage tends to shrivel and curl, and after a period of heavy rainfall, when the disease has spread rapidly, farmers often speak of their field as having been. ],-iQ 7.—^v Bui'deaux mixing statiou. Tlie spray mixture Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/control-of-watermelon-anthracnose-by-spraying-control-of-watermelon-anthracnose-by-spraying-9-nature-of-the-disease-appearance-of-diseased-vines-anthracnose-is-caused-by-a-microscopic-plant-a-fungus-known-as-couefotrichum-lagenarium-vines-attacked-by-this-fungus-may-be-recognized-by-the-numerous-irregular-black-spots-which-appear-on-the-leaves-when-heavily-infected-the-foliage-tends-to-shrivel-and-curl-and-after-a-period-of-heavy-rainfall-when-the-disease-has-spread-rapidly-farmers-often-speak-of-their-field-as-having-been-iq-7v-buideaux-mixing-statiou-tlie-spray-mixture-image232545465.htmlRMRE9A35–. Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. Control of Watermelon Anthracnose by Spraying. 9 NATURE OF THE DISEASE. APPEARANCE OF DISEASED VINES. Anthracnose is caused by a microscopic plant, a fungus known as CoUefotrichum lagenarium. Vines attacked by this fungus may be recognized by the numerous irregular black spots which appear on the leaves. When heavily infected, the foliage tends to shrivel and curl, and after a period of heavy rainfall, when the disease has spread rapidly, farmers often speak of their field as having been. ],-iQ 7.—^v Bui'deaux mixing statiou. Tlie spray mixture
. Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. Control of Watermelon Anthracnose by Spraying. 7 COST OF SPRAYING. In 1919 the cost of spraying an acre of melon vines once was about 95 cents. This includes the cost of labor and materials, but does not take into account the depreciation of the machinery. PREPARATION OF BORDEAUX MIXTURE. In order that spraying may be accomplished in an effective and economical waj^ it is necessary that the application be made quickly as well as thoroughly-. Consequently, it is well worth while to pre- pare for mixing the solution in advance of the day on which Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/control-of-watermelon-anthracnose-by-spraying-control-of-watermelon-anthracnose-by-spraying-7-cost-of-spraying-in-1919-the-cost-of-spraying-an-acre-of-melon-vines-once-was-about-95-cents-this-includes-the-cost-of-labor-and-materials-but-does-not-take-into-account-the-depreciation-of-the-machinery-preparation-of-bordeaux-mixture-in-order-that-spraying-may-be-accomplished-in-an-effective-and-economical-waj-it-is-necessary-that-the-application-be-made-quickly-as-well-as-thoroughly-consequently-it-is-well-worth-while-to-pre-pare-for-mixing-the-solution-in-advance-of-the-day-on-which-image232545469.htmlRMRE9A39–. Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. Control of Watermelon Anthracnose by Spraying. 7 COST OF SPRAYING. In 1919 the cost of spraying an acre of melon vines once was about 95 cents. This includes the cost of labor and materials, but does not take into account the depreciation of the machinery. PREPARATION OF BORDEAUX MIXTURE. In order that spraying may be accomplished in an effective and economical waj^ it is necessary that the application be made quickly as well as thoroughly-. Consequently, it is well worth while to pre- pare for mixing the solution in advance of the day on which
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 8 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. impossible to combat the insect successfully in Georgia in 1921 with spraying and dusting alone, owing to the extremely abnormal cur- culio conditions that existed in the State the year before. It was necessary to adopt other measures, and the burning and cleaning-up campaign waged by the growers during the winter without doubt reduced materially the number of curculios that made their appear- ance in the spring. Not only should the adjoining woodlands and waste l Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-8-department-circular-216-u-s-dept-of-agriculture-impossible-to-combat-the-insect-successfully-in-georgia-in-1921-with-spraying-and-dusting-alone-owing-to-the-extremely-abnormal-cur-culio-conditions-that-existed-in-the-state-the-year-before-it-was-necessary-to-adopt-other-measures-and-the-burning-and-cleaning-up-campaign-waged-by-the-growers-during-the-winter-without-doubt-reduced-materially-the-number-of-curculios-that-made-their-appear-ance-in-the-spring-not-only-should-the-adjoining-woodlands-and-waste-l-image232546305.htmlRMRE9B55–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 8 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. impossible to combat the insect successfully in Georgia in 1921 with spraying and dusting alone, owing to the extremely abnormal cur- culio conditions that existed in the State the year before. It was necessary to adopt other measures, and the burning and cleaning-up campaign waged by the growers during the winter without doubt reduced materially the number of curculios that made their appear- ance in the spring. Not only should the adjoining woodlands and waste l
![. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 12 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. factory, as many peaches on the outside of the pile are not burned, and the heat often causes a number of " worms" to crawl out and escape. A few growers throw "drop" peaches into a convenient body of water. This may answer the purpose if the stream or lake is large enough and not too shallow. When this control measure was first advocated, some growers op- posed it on the ground that the expense involved in picking up the peaches would be too Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE9B4N/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-12-department-circular-216-u-s-dept-of-agriculture-factory-as-many-peaches-on-the-outside-of-the-pile-are-not-burned-and-the-heat-often-causes-a-number-of-quot-wormsquot-to-crawl-out-and-escape-a-few-growers-throw-quotdropquot-peaches-into-a-convenient-body-of-water-this-may-answer-the-purpose-if-the-stream-or-lake-is-large-enough-and-not-too-shallow-when-this-control-measure-was-first-advocated-some-growers-op-posed-it-on-the-ground-that-the-expense-involved-in-picking-up-the-peaches-would-be-too-RE9B4N.jpg ". Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 12 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. factory, as many peaches on the outside of the pile are not burned, and the heat often causes a number of " worms" to crawl out and escape. A few growers throw "drop" peaches into a convenient body of water. This may answer the purpose if the stream or lake is large enough and not too shallow. When this control measure was first advocated, some growers op- posed it on the ground that the expense involved in picking up the peaches would be too Stock Photo")
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 12 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. factory, as many peaches on the outside of the pile are not burned, and the heat often causes a number of " worms" to crawl out and escape. A few growers throw "drop" peaches into a convenient body of water. This may answer the purpose if the stream or lake is large enough and not too shallow. When this control measure was first advocated, some growers op- posed it on the ground that the expense involved in picking up the peaches would be too Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-12-department-circular-216-u-s-dept-of-agriculture-factory-as-many-peaches-on-the-outside-of-the-pile-are-not-burned-and-the-heat-often-causes-a-number-of-quot-wormsquot-to-crawl-out-and-escape-a-few-growers-throw-quotdropquot-peaches-into-a-convenient-body-of-water-this-may-answer-the-purpose-if-the-stream-or-lake-is-large-enough-and-not-too-shallow-when-this-control-measure-was-first-advocated-some-growers-op-posed-it-on-the-ground-that-the-expense-involved-in-picking-up-the-peaches-would-be-too-image232546293.htmlRMRE9B4N–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 12 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. factory, as many peaches on the outside of the pile are not burned, and the heat often causes a number of " worms" to crawl out and escape. A few growers throw "drop" peaches into a convenient body of water. This may answer the purpose if the stream or lake is large enough and not too shallow. When this control measure was first advocated, some growers op- posed it on the ground that the expense involved in picking up the peaches would be too
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 9 be sufficient to destroy a majority of the insects hibernating in such places. Sufficient supervision and labor should be close at hand dur- ing the burning to handle the fire properly, and precaution should be taken to keep it from damaging telephone and telegraph poles, fences and fence posts, and all buildings. It is not advisable to undertake any burning in the orchard, unless it is for the destruction of vegetation or rubbish on a terrace row or along a fence, in which Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-control-of-the-curculio-etc-in-georgia-9-be-sufficient-to-destroy-a-majority-of-the-insects-hibernating-in-such-places-sufficient-supervision-and-labor-should-be-close-at-hand-dur-ing-the-burning-to-handle-the-fire-properly-and-precaution-should-be-taken-to-keep-it-from-damaging-telephone-and-telegraph-poles-fences-and-fence-posts-and-all-buildings-it-is-not-advisable-to-undertake-any-burning-in-the-orchard-unless-it-is-for-the-destruction-of-vegetation-or-rubbish-on-a-terrace-row-or-along-a-fence-in-which-image232546300.htmlRMRE9B50–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. 9 be sufficient to destroy a majority of the insects hibernating in such places. Sufficient supervision and labor should be close at hand dur- ing the burning to handle the fire properly, and precaution should be taken to keep it from damaging telephone and telegraph poles, fences and fence posts, and all buildings. It is not advisable to undertake any burning in the orchard, unless it is for the destruction of vegetation or rubbish on a terrace row or along a fence, in which
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. injury by the curculio and brown-rot. The shipments for the season of 1919, as reported by the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates, were 7,236 carloads. GEORGIA. Fig. 1.—Outline map of Georgia showing, in solid black, old peach belt; in dotted areas, sections where new plantings are being made. The great abundance of the curculio in Georgia during 1920 can be attributed directly to the careless and inefficient control measures practiced by the growers during preceding years. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-control-of-the-curculio-etc-in-georgia-injury-by-the-curculio-and-brown-rot-the-shipments-for-the-season-of-1919-as-reported-by-the-bureau-of-markets-and-crop-estimates-were-7236-carloads-georgia-fig-1outline-map-of-georgia-showing-in-solid-black-old-peach-belt-in-dotted-areas-sections-where-new-plantings-are-being-made-the-great-abundance-of-the-curculio-in-georgia-during-1920-can-be-attributed-directly-to-the-careless-and-inefficient-control-measures-practiced-by-the-growers-during-preceding-years-image232546315.htmlRMRE9B5F–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. Control of the Curculio, etc., in Georgia. injury by the curculio and brown-rot. The shipments for the season of 1919, as reported by the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates, were 7,236 carloads. GEORGIA. Fig. 1.—Outline map of Georgia showing, in solid black, old peach belt; in dotted areas, sections where new plantings are being made. The great abundance of the curculio in Georgia during 1920 can be attributed directly to the careless and inefficient control measures practiced by the growers during preceding years.
. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 28 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. to cover all sides of each peach. This system takes the spray outfit down every other middle. Very often a portion of the tree is com- pletely missed by the spray when only one-half of the trees are sprayed from one middle and finished when the outfit comes up the next middle. It is quite essential, when using dust, to proceed down each tree row, dusting the near side of every tree. (Fig. 16.) It is practically impossible to obtain satisfactory results if dusting Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/controlling-the-curculis-brown-rot-and-scab-in-the-peach-belt-of-georgia-28-department-circular-216-u-s-dept-of-agriculture-to-cover-all-sides-of-each-peach-this-system-takes-the-spray-outfit-down-every-other-middle-very-often-a-portion-of-the-tree-is-com-pletely-missed-by-the-spray-when-only-one-half-of-the-trees-are-sprayed-from-one-middle-and-finished-when-the-outfit-comes-up-the-next-middle-it-is-quite-essential-when-using-dust-to-proceed-down-each-tree-row-dusting-the-near-side-of-every-tree-fig-16-it-is-practically-impossible-to-obtain-satisfactory-results-if-dusting-image232546273.htmlRMRE9B41–. Controlling the curculis, brown rot and scab in the peach belt of Georgia. 28 Department Circular 216, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. to cover all sides of each peach. This system takes the spray outfit down every other middle. Very often a portion of the tree is com- pletely missed by the spray when only one-half of the trees are sprayed from one middle and finished when the outfit comes up the next middle. It is quite essential, when using dust, to proceed down each tree row, dusting the near side of every tree. (Fig. 16.) It is practically impossible to obtain satisfactory results if dusting
![. Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. 8 Department Circular 90, U. S. Department of Agriculture. is greater than this, larger quantities of the stock solutions should be prepared, using the proportions specified above. AA^ien ready to spray— ...j,;". ,,.., (1) Pour 2 gallons of the copper-sulphate stock solution in a third barrel and add water to make 25 gallons. (2) In a fourth barrel, add about 6 pounds of slaked lime to 25 gallons of water and stir thoroughly. (3) Pour the two solutions through a strainer into the spray pump. • If a hand pump is used stir the mixture well; i Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE9A37/control-of-watermelon-anthracnose-by-spraying-8-department-circular-90-u-s-department-of-agriculture-is-greater-than-this-larger-quantities-of-the-stock-solutions-should-be-prepared-using-the-proportions-specified-above-aaien-ready-to-spray-jquot-1-pour-2-gallons-of-the-copper-sulphate-stock-solution-in-a-third-barrel-and-add-water-to-make-25-gallons-2-in-a-fourth-barrel-add-about-6-pounds-of-slaked-lime-to-25-gallons-of-water-and-stir-thoroughly-3-pour-the-two-solutions-through-a-strainer-into-the-spray-pump-if-a-hand-pump-is-used-stir-the-mixture-well-i-RE9A37.jpg ". Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. 8 Department Circular 90, U. S. Department of Agriculture. is greater than this, larger quantities of the stock solutions should be prepared, using the proportions specified above. AA^ien ready to spray— ...j,;". ,,.., (1) Pour 2 gallons of the copper-sulphate stock solution in a third barrel and add water to make 25 gallons. (2) In a fourth barrel, add about 6 pounds of slaked lime to 25 gallons of water and stir thoroughly. (3) Pour the two solutions through a strainer into the spray pump. • If a hand pump is used stir the mixture well; i Stock Photo")
. Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. 8 Department Circular 90, U. S. Department of Agriculture. is greater than this, larger quantities of the stock solutions should be prepared, using the proportions specified above. AA^ien ready to spray— ...j,;". ,,.., (1) Pour 2 gallons of the copper-sulphate stock solution in a third barrel and add water to make 25 gallons. (2) In a fourth barrel, add about 6 pounds of slaked lime to 25 gallons of water and stir thoroughly. (3) Pour the two solutions through a strainer into the spray pump. • If a hand pump is used stir the mixture well; i Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/control-of-watermelon-anthracnose-by-spraying-8-department-circular-90-u-s-department-of-agriculture-is-greater-than-this-larger-quantities-of-the-stock-solutions-should-be-prepared-using-the-proportions-specified-above-aaien-ready-to-spray-jquot-1-pour-2-gallons-of-the-copper-sulphate-stock-solution-in-a-third-barrel-and-add-water-to-make-25-gallons-2-in-a-fourth-barrel-add-about-6-pounds-of-slaked-lime-to-25-gallons-of-water-and-stir-thoroughly-3-pour-the-two-solutions-through-a-strainer-into-the-spray-pump-if-a-hand-pump-is-used-stir-the-mixture-well-i-image232545467.htmlRMRE9A37–. Control of watermelon anthracnose by spraying. 8 Department Circular 90, U. S. Department of Agriculture. is greater than this, larger quantities of the stock solutions should be prepared, using the proportions specified above. AA^ien ready to spray— ...j,;". ,,.., (1) Pour 2 gallons of the copper-sulphate stock solution in a third barrel and add water to make 25 gallons. (2) In a fourth barrel, add about 6 pounds of slaked lime to 25 gallons of water and stir thoroughly. (3) Pour the two solutions through a strainer into the spray pump. • If a hand pump is used stir the mixture well; i
. The Dutch elm disease. 6 CIRCULAR 17 0, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE insect tunnels much more frequently than on exterior surfaces. The fungus has been found in leafstalks, but as yet no information is available as to the importance of leaves in the dissemination of the disease. In Europe the spread of the disease from tree to tree is now con- sidered to be primarily by means of an elm-bark beetle {Scolytus scolytus Fabr.) which carries the fungus on its body and which makes wounds in different parts of the tree, thus giving the fungus a chance to secure entrance. This particular elm beet Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/the-dutch-elm-disease-6-circular-17-0-u-s-department-of-agriculture-insect-tunnels-much-more-frequently-than-on-exterior-surfaces-the-fungus-has-been-found-in-leafstalks-but-as-yet-no-information-is-available-as-to-the-importance-of-leaves-in-the-dissemination-of-the-disease-in-europe-the-spread-of-the-disease-from-tree-to-tree-is-now-con-sidered-to-be-primarily-by-means-of-an-elm-bark-beetle-scolytus-scolytus-fabr-which-carries-the-fungus-on-its-body-and-which-makes-wounds-in-different-parts-of-the-tree-thus-giving-the-fungus-a-chance-to-secure-entrance-this-particular-elm-beet-image232568345.htmlRMREAB89–. The Dutch elm disease. 6 CIRCULAR 17 0, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE insect tunnels much more frequently than on exterior surfaces. The fungus has been found in leafstalks, but as yet no information is available as to the importance of leaves in the dissemination of the disease. In Europe the spread of the disease from tree to tree is now con- sidered to be primarily by means of an elm-bark beetle {Scolytus scolytus Fabr.) which carries the fungus on its body and which makes wounds in different parts of the tree, thus giving the fungus a chance to secure entrance. This particular elm beet
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