AUGUST OFFER, SAVE UP TO 30% ON YOUR FIRST ORDER, APPLY CODE: 30%OFFAUGUST
Booksubjectnauticalcharts Stock Photos and Images
(53)See booksubjectnauticalcharts stock video clipsPage 1 of 1
Booksubjectnauticalcharts Stock Photos and Images
Nautical charts . mputedthe chart enters into these only in the plotting of thefinal result, so that with one exception these methodswill not be referred to further here. The elegant method discovered by an American sea-man, Captain Sumner, in 1843, is in part graphical, tobe worked out upon the chart. This method is basedon the obvious fact that at any instant there is a pointon the earth having the sun in its zenith and which isthe center of circles on the earths surface along thecircumference of any one of which the suns altitude isthe same at all points. A short portion of such a circlemay Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-mputedthe-chart-enters-into-these-only-in-the-plotting-of-thefinal-result-so-that-with-one-exception-these-methodswill-not-be-referred-to-further-here-the-elegant-method-discovered-by-an-american-sea-man-captain-sumner-in-1843-is-in-part-graphical-tobe-worked-out-upon-the-chart-this-method-is-basedon-the-obvious-fact-that-at-any-instant-there-is-a-pointon-the-earth-having-the-sun-in-its-zenith-and-which-isthe-center-of-circles-on-the-earths-surface-along-thecircumference-of-any-one-of-which-the-suns-altitude-isthe-same-at-all-points-a-short-portion-of-such-a-circlemay-image340216682.htmlRM2ANE5RP–Nautical charts . mputedthe chart enters into these only in the plotting of thefinal result, so that with one exception these methodswill not be referred to further here. The elegant method discovered by an American sea-man, Captain Sumner, in 1843, is in part graphical, tobe worked out upon the chart. This method is basedon the obvious fact that at any instant there is a pointon the earth having the sun in its zenith and which isthe center of circles on the earths surface along thecircumference of any one of which the suns altitude isthe same at all points. A short portion of such a circlemay
Nautical charts . and great circles and conse-quently all bearings and directions are approximatelystraight lines. The parallels of latitude are arcs ofcircles with radiuses increasing as we recede from thepole; therefore they are not truly parallel and the lengthof the degree of latitude increases either side from thecentral meridian. The meridians converge toward thepoles and become slightly curved as we recede fromthe central one; the longitude scale is everywhere correct,but the latitude scale is strictly correct only on thecentral meridian. The angles of intersection of parallelsand merid Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-and-great-circles-and-conse-quently-all-bearings-and-directions-are-approximatelystraight-lines-the-parallels-of-latitude-are-arcs-ofcircles-with-radiuses-increasing-as-we-recede-from-thepole-therefore-they-are-not-truly-parallel-and-the-lengthof-the-degree-of-latitude-increases-either-side-from-thecentral-meridian-the-meridians-converge-toward-thepoles-and-become-slightly-curved-as-we-recede-fromthe-central-one-the-longitude-scale-is-everywhere-correctbut-the-latitude-scale-is-strictly-correct-only-on-thecentral-meridian-the-angles-of-intersection-of-parallelsand-merid-image340222743.htmlRM2ANEDG7–Nautical charts . and great circles and conse-quently all bearings and directions are approximatelystraight lines. The parallels of latitude are arcs ofcircles with radiuses increasing as we recede from thepole; therefore they are not truly parallel and the lengthof the degree of latitude increases either side from thecentral meridian. The meridians converge toward thepoles and become slightly curved as we recede fromthe central one; the longitude scale is everywhere correct,but the latitude scale is strictly correct only on thecentral meridian. The angles of intersection of parallelsand merid
Nautical charts . ,V 1897 WS x ^ N. V ., ^•0§MX W. ---- .^- )M i i J * ? !W w ii% vw^ s,vk ! 1 . / / i V-N / / / / 7 :;. Nautical Mile o y2 i FIG. 35. CHANGES IN HAULOVER BREAK, NANTUCKET ISLAND, 1890 TO 1903. DALL 1895 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-v-1897-ws-x-n-v-0mx-w-m-i-i-j-!w-w-ii-vw-svk-!-1-i-v-n-7-nautical-mile-o-y2-i-fig-35-changes-in-haulover-break-nantucket-island-1890-to-1903-dall-1895-image340217369.htmlRM2ANE6M9–Nautical charts . ,V 1897 WS x ^ N. V ., ^•0§MX W. ---- .^- )M i i J * ? !W w ii% vw^ s,vk ! 1 . / / i V-N / / / / 7 :;. Nautical Mile o y2 i FIG. 35. CHANGES IN HAULOVER BREAK, NANTUCKET ISLAND, 1890 TO 1903. DALL 1895
Nautical charts . Cliffs and Rocky CoastLine„ Rocky Ledges Low Water Line andSa?id Dunes Deciduous Trees. Pine Trees. Palms Curves of equal eleva-tion and intermediatecurves Salt Marsha Coral Ledge coveringand uncovering (fathom curve,shoum thus 10 and ioo fm. curves,shown thus:. ?** -?>?* * ?K-+ ,- ** TTTTrr^r ft T Tsl ^ «J1 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-cliffs-and-rocky-coastline-rocky-ledges-low-water-line-andsaid-dunes-deciduous-trees-pine-trees-palms-curves-of-equal-eleva-tion-and-intermediatecurves-salt-marsha-coral-ledge-coveringand-uncovering-fathom-curveshoum-thus-10-and-ioo-fm-curvesshown-thus-gt-k-ttttrrr-ft-t-tsl-j1-image340227768.htmlRM2ANEKYM–Nautical charts . Cliffs and Rocky CoastLine„ Rocky Ledges Low Water Line andSa?id Dunes Deciduous Trees. Pine Trees. Palms Curves of equal eleva-tion and intermediatecurves Salt Marsha Coral Ledge coveringand uncovering (fathom curve,shoum thus 10 and ioo fm. curves,shown thus:. ?** -?>?* * ?K-+ ,- ** TTTTrr^r ft T Tsl ^ «J1
Nautical charts . FIG. 15. THE SIGSBEE SOUNDING MACHINE ON A SURVEYING VESSEL. (45). Hydrography 49 angles on survey signals or by angles from the shore.The ordinary method of sounding is to cast a lead froma boat and read the depth when the lead touches bottomand the line is vertical, and make note of the nature ofthe bottom. There is a systematic spacing between thecasts of the lead and between the lines passed over bythe boat, depending on the depth of water and characterof the bottom. For soundings in deeper water variousforms of sounding machines are used, with weightattached to a wire. F Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-fig-15-the-sigsbee-sounding-machine-on-a-surveying-vessel-45-hydrography-49-angles-on-survey-signals-or-by-angles-from-the-shorethe-ordinary-method-of-sounding-is-to-cast-a-lead-froma-boat-and-read-the-depth-when-the-lead-touches-bottomand-the-line-is-vertical-and-make-note-of-the-nature-ofthe-bottom-there-is-a-systematic-spacing-between-thecasts-of-the-lead-and-between-the-lines-passed-over-bythe-boat-depending-on-the-depth-of-water-and-characterof-the-bottom-for-soundings-in-deeper-water-variousforms-of-sounding-machines-are-used-with-weightattached-to-a-wire-f-image340224841.htmlRM2ANEG75–Nautical charts . FIG. 15. THE SIGSBEE SOUNDING MACHINE ON A SURVEYING VESSEL. (45). Hydrography 49 angles on survey signals or by angles from the shore.The ordinary method of sounding is to cast a lead froma boat and read the depth when the lead touches bottomand the line is vertical, and make note of the nature ofthe bottom. There is a systematic spacing between thecasts of the lead and between the lines passed over bythe boat, depending on the depth of water and characterof the bottom. For soundings in deeper water variousforms of sounding machines are used, with weightattached to a wire. F
Nautical charts . NewBogoslof JAGGAR 1907. FIG. 36. MAPS OF BOGOSLOF ISLAND, 1895 AND 1907, SHOWING CHANGES DUE TO VOLCANIC ACTION. (105) Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-newbogoslof-jaggar-1907-fig-36-maps-of-bogoslof-island-1895-and-1907-showing-changes-due-to-volcanic-action-105-image340217127.htmlRM2ANE6BK–Nautical charts . NewBogoslof JAGGAR 1907. FIG. 36. MAPS OF BOGOSLOF ISLAND, 1895 AND 1907, SHOWING CHANGES DUE TO VOLCANIC ACTION. (105)
Nautical charts . FIG. 22. MERCATOR PROJECTION OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN, SHOWING GREATCIRCLE ROUTES YOKOHAMA TO PUGET SOUND, AND YOKOHAMA TO HONOLULUAND THENCE TO SAN FRANCISCO.. FIG. 23. POLYCONIC PROJECTION OF PORTION OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. C7n Poly conic Projection 73 straight lines on this projection is another defect, asby the plotting of bearings and angles on approachingthe land the positions of vessels are located on thechart; fortunately, however, the error due to this causeusually falls within the other uncertainties involved inlocating a ship; if need be it would be practicable toall Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-fig-22-mercator-projection-of-north-pacific-ocean-showing-greatcircle-routes-yokohama-to-puget-sound-and-yokohama-to-honoluluand-thence-to-san-francisco-fig-23-polyconic-projection-of-portion-of-north-pacific-ocean-c7n-poly-conic-projection-73-straight-lines-on-this-projection-is-another-defect-asby-the-plotting-of-bearings-and-angles-on-approachingthe-land-the-positions-of-vessels-are-located-on-thechart-fortunately-however-the-error-due-to-this-causeusually-falls-within-the-other-uncertainties-involved-inlocating-a-ship-if-need-be-it-would-be-practicable-toall-image340222950.htmlRM2ANEDRJ–Nautical charts . FIG. 22. MERCATOR PROJECTION OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN, SHOWING GREATCIRCLE ROUTES YOKOHAMA TO PUGET SOUND, AND YOKOHAMA TO HONOLULUAND THENCE TO SAN FRANCISCO.. FIG. 23. POLYCONIC PROJECTION OF PORTION OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. C7n Poly conic Projection 73 straight lines on this projection is another defect, asby the plotting of bearings and angles on approachingthe land the positions of vessels are located on thechart; fortunately, however, the error due to this causeusually falls within the other uncertainties involved inlocating a ship; if need be it would be practicable toall
Nautical charts . latitudes it gave neither directions nordistances correctly. The difficulties of its use in nav-igation were early recognized, and nautical works con-tained chapters on sailing by the plain chart, and theuncertainties thereof. The example of early chart making shown in Fig. 2is of great interest as being the earliest extant chartwhich includes America. This chart was drawn onox-hide in 1500 by Juan de la Cosa, who accompaniedColumbus on his first voyage as master of his flagship,and on his second voyage as cartographer. The chart,of which only a portion is shown here, purport Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-latitudes-it-gave-neither-directions-nordistances-correctly-the-difficulties-of-its-use-in-nav-igation-were-early-recognized-and-nautical-works-con-tained-chapters-on-sailing-by-the-plain-chart-and-theuncertainties-thereof-the-example-of-early-chart-making-shown-in-fig-2is-of-great-interest-as-being-the-earliest-extant-chartwhich-includes-america-this-chart-was-drawn-onox-hide-in-1500-by-juan-de-la-cosa-who-accompaniedcolumbus-on-his-first-voyage-as-master-of-his-flagshipand-on-his-second-voyage-as-cartographer-the-chartof-which-only-a-portion-is-shown-here-purport-image340230705.htmlRM2ANERMH–Nautical charts . latitudes it gave neither directions nordistances correctly. The difficulties of its use in nav-igation were early recognized, and nautical works con-tained chapters on sailing by the plain chart, and theuncertainties thereof. The example of early chart making shown in Fig. 2is of great interest as being the earliest extant chartwhich includes America. This chart was drawn onox-hide in 1500 by Juan de la Cosa, who accompaniedColumbus on his first voyage as master of his flagship,and on his second voyage as cartographer. The chart,of which only a portion is shown here, purport
Nautical charts . NAUTICAL CHARTS BY G. R. PUTNAM, M.S. MMEMBER OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS DIRECTOR OF COAST SURVEYS, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1900 TO 1906 FIRST EDITIONFIRST THOUSAND NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited 1908 UBRARY of CONGRESS}i wo Gooies Kect)iv<M OCT 2 IwOiurt.jtm lijiui COPYRIGHT, 1908, BYG. R. PUTNAM Stanbope lpress F. H. GILSON COMPANYBOSTON. U.S.A. PREFACE In preparing the material for a lecture on Charts forColumbia University, the writer was impressed with thefact that although nautical charts are mentioned or dis-cussed in many p Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-nautical-charts-by-g-r-putnam-ms-mmember-of-the-american-society-of-civil-engineers-director-of-coast-surveys-philippine-islands-1900-to-1906-first-editionfirst-thousand-new-york-john-wiley-sons-london-chapman-hall-limited-1908-ubrary-of-congressi-wo-gooies-kectivltm-oct-2-iwoiurtjtm-lijiui-copyright-1908-byg-r-putnam-stanbope-lpress-f-h-gilson-companyboston-usa-preface-in-preparing-the-material-for-a-lecture-on-charts-forcolumbia-university-the-writer-was-impressed-with-thefact-that-although-nautical-charts-are-mentioned-or-dis-cussed-in-many-p-image340230919.htmlRM2ANET07–Nautical charts . NAUTICAL CHARTS BY G. R. PUTNAM, M.S. MMEMBER OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS DIRECTOR OF COAST SURVEYS, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1900 TO 1906 FIRST EDITIONFIRST THOUSAND NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited 1908 UBRARY of CONGRESS}i wo Gooies Kect)iv<M OCT 2 IwOiurt.jtm lijiui COPYRIGHT, 1908, BYG. R. PUTNAM Stanbope lpress F. H. GILSON COMPANYBOSTON. U.S.A. PREFACE In preparing the material for a lecture on Charts forColumbia University, the writer was impressed with thefact that although nautical charts are mentioned or dis-cussed in many p
Nautical charts . FIG. 30. PRINTING CHARTS FROM COPPER PLATES; FINAL CLEANING OF THE PLATEBY HAND; PLATE PRESS ON THE LEFT.. FIG. 31. LITHOGRAPHING PRESSES FOR PRINTING CHARTS; LITHOGRAPH STONEON TRANSFER PRESS. (91) Photolithography 93 With plate printing it is not practicable to printrnore than one impression on the chart or to use morethan one color, and plate-printed charts are thereforein black only. Engraving on stone. On the United States LakeSurvey the charts are first engraved on stone, and bya special process the work is then transferred to smallcopper plates, which are preserved. Th Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-fig-30-printing-charts-from-copper-plates-final-cleaning-of-the-plateby-hand-plate-press-on-the-left-fig-31-lithographing-presses-for-printing-charts-lithograph-stoneon-transfer-press-91-photolithography-93-with-plate-printing-it-is-not-practicable-to-printrnore-than-one-impression-on-the-chart-or-to-use-morethan-one-color-and-plate-printed-charts-are-thereforein-black-only-engraving-on-stone-on-the-united-states-lakesurvey-the-charts-are-first-engraved-on-stone-and-bya-special-process-the-work-is-then-transferred-to-smallcopper-plates-which-are-preserved-th-image340220179.htmlRM2ANEA8K–Nautical charts . FIG. 30. PRINTING CHARTS FROM COPPER PLATES; FINAL CLEANING OF THE PLATEBY HAND; PLATE PRESS ON THE LEFT.. FIG. 31. LITHOGRAPHING PRESSES FOR PRINTING CHARTS; LITHOGRAPH STONEON TRANSFER PRESS. (91) Photolithography 93 With plate printing it is not practicable to printrnore than one impression on the chart or to use morethan one color, and plate-printed charts are thereforein black only. Engraving on stone. On the United States LakeSurvey the charts are first engraved on stone, and bya special process the work is then transferred to smallcopper plates, which are preserved. Th
Nautical charts . s.For certain classes of navigation a boldly drawn chartshowing only the dangers and a few other soundingsand some landmarks might be useful. For othermaritime purposes a more detailed chart would bevaluable. The first, however, would fail to give factsoften demanded in the navigational use of the chart,and the second if carried to an extreme would make achart difficult to use. Shoals and dangers are shown either by the leastdepth or by rock or reef symbols. The characteristicsoundings are shown on the chart, with abbreviationsindicating the nature of the bottom. Depth curves Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-sfor-certain-classes-of-navigation-a-boldly-drawn-chartshowing-only-the-dangers-and-a-few-other-soundingsand-some-landmarks-might-be-useful-for-othermaritime-purposes-a-more-detailed-chart-would-bevaluable-the-first-however-would-fail-to-give-factsoften-demanded-in-the-navigational-use-of-the-chartand-the-second-if-carried-to-an-extreme-would-make-achart-difficult-to-use-shoals-and-dangers-are-shown-either-by-the-leastdepth-or-by-rock-or-reef-symbols-the-characteristicsoundings-are-shown-on-the-chart-with-abbreviationsindicating-the-nature-of-the-bottom-depth-curves-image340228216.htmlRM2ANEMFM–Nautical charts . s.For certain classes of navigation a boldly drawn chartshowing only the dangers and a few other soundingsand some landmarks might be useful. For othermaritime purposes a more detailed chart would bevaluable. The first, however, would fail to give factsoften demanded in the navigational use of the chart,and the second if carried to an extreme would make achart difficult to use. Shoals and dangers are shown either by the leastdepth or by rock or reef symbols. The characteristicsoundings are shown on the chart, with abbreviationsindicating the nature of the bottom. Depth curves
Nautical charts . FIG. 36. MAPS OF BOGOSLOF ISLAND, 1895 AND 1907, SHOWING CHANGES DUE TO VOLCANIC ACTION. (105). Need for Revision 109 north channel. The southern point of the entrance,Clatsop Spit, has built out about the same distance. Volcanic action in well authenticated cases hascaused islands to rise or disappear. In the presentlocation of Bogoslof Island in Bering Sea the earlyvoyagers described a sail rock. In this position in1796 there arose a high island. In 1883 another islandappeared near it. In 1906 a high cone arose betweenthe two, and a continuous island was formed overlijr mil Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-fig-36-maps-of-bogoslof-island-1895-and-1907-showing-changes-due-to-volcanic-action-105-need-for-revision-109-north-channel-the-southern-point-of-the-entranceclatsop-spit-has-built-out-about-the-same-distance-volcanic-action-in-well-authenticated-cases-hascaused-islands-to-rise-or-disappear-in-the-presentlocation-of-bogoslof-island-in-bering-sea-the-earlyvoyagers-described-a-sail-rock-in-this-position-in1796-there-arose-a-high-island-in-1883-another-islandappeared-near-it-in-1906-a-high-cone-arose-betweenthe-two-and-a-continuous-island-was-formed-overlijr-mil-image340217052.htmlRM2ANE690–Nautical charts . FIG. 36. MAPS OF BOGOSLOF ISLAND, 1895 AND 1907, SHOWING CHANGES DUE TO VOLCANIC ACTION. (105). Need for Revision 109 north channel. The southern point of the entrance,Clatsop Spit, has built out about the same distance. Volcanic action in well authenticated cases hascaused islands to rise or disappear. In the presentlocation of Bogoslof Island in Bering Sea the earlyvoyagers described a sail rock. In this position in1796 there arose a high island. In 1883 another islandappeared near it. In 1906 a high cone arose betweenthe two, and a continuous island was formed overlijr mil
Nautical charts . coast. Fog whistles and bell buoys aremaintained at many places. Submarine bells haverecently been introduced at a number of points alongthe Atlantic coast, and vessels may be equipped to receivethese submarine signals transmitted through the water,which indicate also the general direction from whichthe sound comes. Need of vigilance. Too great importance cannot beattached to frequent verification of positions by the bestavailable means, particularly when approaching theland. Neglect of this or overconfidence has causedmany disasters. A notable instance was the loss of oneof Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-coast-fog-whistles-and-bell-buoys-aremaintained-at-many-places-submarine-bells-haverecently-been-introduced-at-a-number-of-points-alongthe-atlantic-coast-and-vessels-may-be-equipped-to-receivethese-submarine-signals-transmitted-through-the-waterwhich-indicate-also-the-general-direction-from-whichthe-sound-comes-need-of-vigilance-too-great-importance-cannot-beattached-to-frequent-verification-of-positions-by-the-bestavailable-means-particularly-when-approaching-theland-neglect-of-this-or-overconfidence-has-causedmany-disasters-a-notable-instance-was-the-loss-of-oneof-image340213157.htmlRM2ANE19W–Nautical charts . coast. Fog whistles and bell buoys aremaintained at many places. Submarine bells haverecently been introduced at a number of points alongthe Atlantic coast, and vessels may be equipped to receivethese submarine signals transmitted through the water,which indicate also the general direction from whichthe sound comes. Need of vigilance. Too great importance cannot beattached to frequent verification of positions by the bestavailable means, particularly when approaching theland. Neglect of this or overconfidence has causedmany disasters. A notable instance was the loss of oneof
Nautical charts . SURVEY OF1902 FIG. 32. FISHING POINT, MARYLAND, FROM SURVEYS OF 1849 AND 1902, ILLUS-TRATING BUILDING OUT OF A POINT ON THE COAST. SURVEY OF 1852. w SURVEY OF 1905 soundings: o foot curve — i2 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-survey-of1902-fig-32-fishing-point-maryland-from-surveys-of-1849-and-1902-illus-trating-building-out-of-a-point-on-the-coast-survey-of-1852-w-survey-of-1905-soundings-o-foot-curve-i2-image340219504.htmlRM2ANE9CG–Nautical charts . SURVEY OF1902 FIG. 32. FISHING POINT, MARYLAND, FROM SURVEYS OF 1849 AND 1902, ILLUS-TRATING BUILDING OUT OF A POINT ON THE COAST. SURVEY OF 1852. w SURVEY OF 1905 soundings: o foot curve — i2
Nautical charts . FIG. 9. TRIANGULATION STATION AND SIGNAL, ON ALASKA COAST.. FIG. 10. MEASURING ANGLES WITH THEODOLITE AT TRIANGULATIONSTATION ON ALASKA COAST. (37) Topography 39 ground and the location described so that they can befound at a future time. At long intervals in the surveybase lines are laid out and carefully measured with steeltape. Signals are erected over the points, includingthose at the ends of the base line, and angles are thenmeasured at the various stations. From the measuredlength of the base and the angles the lengths of thesides of the triangles are computed, and from Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-fig-9-triangulation-station-and-signal-on-alaska-coast-fig-10-measuring-angles-with-theodolite-at-triangulationstation-on-alaska-coast-37-topography-39-ground-and-the-location-described-so-that-they-can-befound-at-a-future-time-at-long-intervals-in-the-surveybase-lines-are-laid-out-and-carefully-measured-with-steeltape-signals-are-erected-over-the-points-includingthose-at-the-ends-of-the-base-line-and-angles-are-thenmeasured-at-the-various-stations-from-the-measuredlength-of-the-base-and-the-angles-the-lengths-of-thesides-of-the-triangles-are-computed-and-from-image340226936.htmlRM2ANEJX0–Nautical charts . FIG. 9. TRIANGULATION STATION AND SIGNAL, ON ALASKA COAST.. FIG. 10. MEASURING ANGLES WITH THEODOLITE AT TRIANGULATIONSTATION ON ALASKA COAST. (37) Topography 39 ground and the location described so that they can befound at a future time. At long intervals in the surveybase lines are laid out and carefully measured with steeltape. Signals are erected over the points, includingthose at the ends of the base line, and angles are thenmeasured at the various stations. From the measuredlength of the base and the angles the lengths of thesides of the triangles are computed, and from
Nautical charts . FIG. 14. THE LUCAS AUTOMATIC SOUNDING MACHINE FOR DEPTHS TO 5000FATHOMS, WITH ENGINE.. FIG. 15. THE SIGSBEE SOUNDING MACHINE ON A SURVEYING VESSEL. (45) Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-fig-14-the-lucas-automatic-sounding-machine-for-depths-to-5000fathoms-with-engine-fig-15-the-sigsbee-sounding-machine-on-a-surveying-vessel-45-image340225133.htmlRM2ANEGHH–Nautical charts . FIG. 14. THE LUCAS AUTOMATIC SOUNDING MACHINE FOR DEPTHS TO 5000FATHOMS, WITH ENGINE.. FIG. 15. THE SIGSBEE SOUNDING MACHINE ON A SURVEYING VESSEL. (45)
Nautical charts . FIG. 12. SURVEY SIGNAL OF IRON PIPE ON THEBAR OFF THE MOUTH OF THE YUKON RIVER. (41). z °$ Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-fig-12-survey-signal-of-iron-pipe-on-thebar-off-the-mouth-of-the-yukon-river-41-z-image340226223.htmlRM2ANEJ0F–Nautical charts . FIG. 12. SURVEY SIGNAL OF IRON PIPE ON THEBAR OFF THE MOUTH OF THE YUKON RIVER. (41). z °$
Nautical charts . se entirely free fromcompass errors, and should be noted whenever there isfavorable opportunity. The value of the range in plot-ting will increase with the distance between the objects,and if the two are close in proportion to the distanceto the vessel the direction will be weak owing to theuncertainty in drawing a direction through close points.Artificial ranges are often erected as aids to navigation,usually to indicate the course to be followed in passingthrough a channel. Ranges afford a valuable guide inavoiding dangers, as for example an inspection of thechart may show Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-se-entirely-free-fromcompass-errors-and-should-be-noted-whenever-there-isfavorable-opportunity-the-value-of-the-range-in-plot-ting-will-increase-with-the-distance-between-the-objectsand-if-the-two-are-close-in-proportion-to-the-distanceto-the-vessel-the-direction-will-be-weak-owing-to-theuncertainty-in-drawing-a-direction-through-close-pointsartificial-ranges-are-often-erected-as-aids-to-navigationusually-to-indicate-the-course-to-be-followed-in-passingthrough-a-channel-ranges-afford-a-valuable-guide-inavoiding-dangers-as-for-example-an-inspection-of-thechart-may-show-image340215747.htmlRM2ANE4JB–Nautical charts . se entirely free fromcompass errors, and should be noted whenever there isfavorable opportunity. The value of the range in plot-ting will increase with the distance between the objects,and if the two are close in proportion to the distanceto the vessel the direction will be weak owing to theuncertainty in drawing a direction through close points.Artificial ranges are often erected as aids to navigation,usually to indicate the course to be followed in passingthrough a channel. Ranges afford a valuable guide inavoiding dangers, as for example an inspection of thechart may show
Nautical charts . *m^w. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-mw-image340216362.htmlRM2ANE5CA–Nautical charts . *m^w.
Nautical charts . FIG. 2. CHART CF NORTH ATLANTIC OC. BY JUAN DE LA COSA, 1500. EARLIEST EXTANT CHART SHOWING AMERICA. Development of Chart Making 9 such proportion that a rhumb line, or line cutting themeridians at a constant angle, would appear on themap as a straight line. Mercator never explainedthe construction of his chart, and as the above conditionwas not accurately carried out, it is thought that thechart was drawn by comparing a terrestrial globewith a plain chart. After examination of a merca-tor chart in 1590, Edward Wright developed the cor-rect principles on which such a chart sh Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-fig-2-chart-cf-north-atlantic-oc-by-juan-de-la-cosa-1500-earliest-extant-chart-showing-america-development-of-chart-making-9-such-proportion-that-a-rhumb-line-or-line-cutting-themeridians-at-a-constant-angle-would-appear-on-themap-as-a-straight-line-mercator-never-explainedthe-construction-of-his-chart-and-as-the-above-conditionwas-not-accurately-carried-out-it-is-thought-that-thechart-was-drawn-by-comparing-a-terrestrial-globewith-a-plain-chart-after-examination-of-a-merca-tor-chart-in-1590-edward-wright-developed-the-cor-rect-principles-on-which-such-a-chart-sh-image340229999.htmlRM2ANEPRB–Nautical charts . FIG. 2. CHART CF NORTH ATLANTIC OC. BY JUAN DE LA COSA, 1500. EARLIEST EXTANT CHART SHOWING AMERICA. Development of Chart Making 9 such proportion that a rhumb line, or line cutting themeridians at a constant angle, would appear on themap as a straight line. Mercator never explainedthe construction of his chart, and as the above conditionwas not accurately carried out, it is thought that thechart was drawn by comparing a terrestrial globewith a plain chart. After examination of a merca-tor chart in 1590, Edward Wright developed the cor-rect principles on which such a chart sh
Nautical charts . FIG. 27. ENGRAVING A CHART ON A COPPER PLATE.. FIG. 28. ENGRAVING SOUNDINGS ON A COPPER PLATE WITH A MACHINE. (85) Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-fig-27-engraving-a-chart-on-a-copper-plate-fig-28-engraving-soundings-on-a-copper-plate-with-a-machine-85-image340221553.htmlRM2ANEC1N–Nautical charts . FIG. 27. ENGRAVING A CHART ON A COPPER PLATE.. FIG. 28. ENGRAVING SOUNDINGS ON A COPPER PLATE WITH A MACHINE. (85)
Nautical charts . z °$. FIG. 14. THE LUCAS AUTOMATIC SOUNDING MACHINE FOR DEPTHS TO 5000FATHOMS, WITH ENGINE. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-z-fig-14-the-lucas-automatic-sounding-machine-for-depths-to-5000fathoms-with-engine-image340225904.htmlRM2ANEHH4–Nautical charts . z °$. FIG. 14. THE LUCAS AUTOMATIC SOUNDING MACHINE FOR DEPTHS TO 5000FATHOMS, WITH ENGINE.
Nautical charts . ed objectson the coast either side of the danger to be avoided anddescribe a circle through them and passing sufficientlyoutside of the reef to give it a safe berth. With a pro-tractor on the chart note the angle between the objectsat any point on the outer part of this circle. If inpassing, the angle at the ship between the two objectsis not allowed to become greater than this dangerangle the danger will be given a sufficient berth. Thismethod as well as any use of sextant angles or bearingsdepends of course on the accuracy of the chart, andcaution must be used where it is n Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-ed-objectson-the-coast-either-side-of-the-danger-to-be-avoided-anddescribe-a-circle-through-them-and-passing-sufficientlyoutside-of-the-reef-to-give-it-a-safe-berth-with-a-pro-tractor-on-the-chart-note-the-angle-between-the-objectsat-any-point-on-the-outer-part-of-this-circle-if-inpassing-the-angle-at-the-ship-between-the-two-objectsis-not-allowed-to-become-greater-than-this-dangerangle-the-danger-will-be-given-a-sufficient-berth-thismethod-as-well-as-any-use-of-sextant-angles-or-bearingsdepends-of-course-on-the-accuracy-of-the-chart-andcaution-must-be-used-where-it-is-n-image340214406.htmlRM2ANE2XE–Nautical charts . ed objectson the coast either side of the danger to be avoided anddescribe a circle through them and passing sufficientlyoutside of the reef to give it a safe berth. With a pro-tractor on the chart note the angle between the objectsat any point on the outer part of this circle. If inpassing, the angle at the ship between the two objectsis not allowed to become greater than this dangerangle the danger will be given a sufficient berth. Thismethod as well as any use of sextant angles or bearingsdepends of course on the accuracy of the chart, andcaution must be used where it is n
Nautical charts . Rocks with limitingdanger line Floating Light Vessels.(With as many Masts <&balls as there are lights,forming distinguishingmarks by day) J- *±L. Shoal Banks which donot uncover, ivhere thedepth is known Anchorage for largevessels Cp Anchorage for smallvessels U Ju Overfalls and Tide ripsEddies- (9 (9v§) Currents arerepresented byFlood tide streamEbb tide stream FIG. 7. SYMBOLS USED ON CHARTS OF THE BRITISH HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. (33). Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-rocks-with-limitingdanger-line-floating-light-vesselswith-as-many-masts-ltballs-as-there-are-lightsforming-distinguishingmarks-by-day-j-l-shoal-banks-which-donot-uncover-ivhere-thedepth-is-known-anchorage-for-largevessels-cp-anchorage-for-smallvessels-u-ju-overfalls-and-tide-ripseddies-9-9v-currents-arerepresented-byflood-tide-streamebb-tide-stream-fig-7-symbols-used-on-charts-of-the-british-hydrographic-office-33-image340227598.htmlRM2ANEKNJ–Nautical charts . Rocks with limitingdanger line Floating Light Vessels.(With as many Masts <&balls as there are lights,forming distinguishingmarks by day) J- *±L. Shoal Banks which donot uncover, ivhere thedepth is known Anchorage for largevessels Cp Anchorage for smallvessels U Ju Overfalls and Tide ripsEddies- (9 (9v§) Currents arerepresented byFlood tide streamEbb tide stream FIG. 7. SYMBOLS USED ON CHARTS OF THE BRITISH HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. (33).
Nautical charts . O H. Horizontal Sexta?it Angles 135 instruments are required and the conditions are notalways favorable. It is so valuable a method, however,that it should be used, when necessary, on every well-equipped vessel. A single horizontal angle takenwith a sextant between objects, as two lighthouses,defines the position of the vessel as somewhere on thecircumference of a circle passing through the twoobjects and the vessel. A protractor laid on thechart with two of its arms set at the observed angleand passing through the two objects, will permit oflocating two or more points of thi Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-o-h-horizontal-sextait-angles-135-instruments-are-required-and-the-conditions-are-notalways-favorable-it-is-so-valuable-a-method-howeverthat-it-should-be-used-when-necessary-on-every-well-equipped-vessel-a-single-horizontal-angle-takenwith-a-sextant-between-objects-as-two-lighthousesdefines-the-position-of-the-vessel-as-somewhere-on-thecircumference-of-a-circle-passing-through-the-twoobjects-and-the-vessel-a-protractor-laid-on-thechart-with-two-of-its-arms-set-at-the-observed-angleand-passing-through-the-two-objects-will-permit-oflocating-two-or-more-points-of-thi-image340214712.htmlRM2ANE39C–Nautical charts . O H. Horizontal Sexta?it Angles 135 instruments are required and the conditions are notalways favorable. It is so valuable a method, however,that it should be used, when necessary, on every well-equipped vessel. A single horizontal angle takenwith a sextant between objects, as two lighthouses,defines the position of the vessel as somewhere on thecircumference of a circle passing through the twoobjects and the vessel. A protractor laid on thechart with two of its arms set at the observed angleand passing through the two objects, will permit oflocating two or more points of thi
Nautical charts . FIG. 33. GROWTH OF LAND AT CUBITS GAP, MISSISSIPPI DELTA, FROM 1852 TO 1905 (101). *° 1890 ^ A / i ? / N/ / i A i ! // v.y / / f ?/. / / <: J ) Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-fig-33-growth-of-land-at-cubits-gap-mississippi-delta-from-1852-to-1905-101-1890-a-i-n-i-a-i-!-vy-f-lt-j-image340218216.htmlRM2ANE7PG–Nautical charts . FIG. 33. GROWTH OF LAND AT CUBITS GAP, MISSISSIPPI DELTA, FROM 1852 TO 1905 (101). *° 1890 ^ A / i ? / N/ / i A i ! // v.y / / f ?/. / / <: J )
Nautical charts . , a 100-foot contourrepresents the line where a plane 100 feet above sealevel would cut the surface of the ground. It is par-ticularly important in this topographic work to locateaccurately objects which are good landmarks and likelyto be of use to the mariner. In some regions auxiliarymethods are used in filling in the topography, as, forinstance, along a difficult coast each feature of impor-tance may be located by sextant angles, or a traverse linemay be run along the shore by the transit and stadiamethod. The hydrography, or the survey of the water area, isof prime import Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-a-100-foot-contourrepresents-the-line-where-a-plane-100-feet-above-sealevel-would-cut-the-surface-of-the-ground-it-is-par-ticularly-important-in-this-topographic-work-to-locateaccurately-objects-which-are-good-landmarks-and-likelyto-be-of-use-to-the-mariner-in-some-regions-auxiliarymethods-are-used-in-filling-in-the-topography-as-forinstance-along-a-difficult-coast-each-feature-of-impor-tance-may-be-located-by-sextant-angles-or-a-traverse-linemay-be-run-along-the-shore-by-the-transit-and-stadiamethod-the-hydrography-or-the-survey-of-the-water-area-isof-prime-import-image340226753.htmlRM2ANEJKD–Nautical charts . , a 100-foot contourrepresents the line where a plane 100 feet above sealevel would cut the surface of the ground. It is par-ticularly important in this topographic work to locateaccurately objects which are good landmarks and likelyto be of use to the mariner. In some regions auxiliarymethods are used in filling in the topography, as, forinstance, along a difficult coast each feature of impor-tance may be located by sextant angles, or a traverse linemay be run along the shore by the transit and stadiamethod. The hydrography, or the survey of the water area, isof prime import
Nautical charts . FIG. II. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY PARTY AT WORK WITH PLANE TABLEON THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS.. FIG. 12. SURVEY SIGNAL OF IRON PIPE ON THEBAR OFF THE MOUTH OF THE YUKON RIVER. (41) Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-fig-ii-topographic-survey-party-at-work-with-plane-tableon-the-pribilof-islands-fig-12-survey-signal-of-iron-pipe-on-thebar-off-the-mouth-of-the-yukon-river-41-image340226373.htmlRM2ANEJ5W–Nautical charts . FIG. II. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY PARTY AT WORK WITH PLANE TABLEON THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS.. FIG. 12. SURVEY SIGNAL OF IRON PIPE ON THEBAR OFF THE MOUTH OF THE YUKON RIVER. (41)
Nautical charts . tion, and in 1902about two-thirds of a mile further, curving to the west-ward. Altogether in about half a century this tongueof land has grown out nearly three miles. Rivers are bearing vast quantities of sediment anddepositing these near their mouths, pushing out thecoast line and filling in the bottom. The main mouthsof the Mississippi are advancing into the Gulf, but ata comparatively slow rate. A break from the mainriver at Cubits Gap just above the head of the passes,however, has done an enormous amount of landmaking, filling in an area of about 50 square milesbetween 18 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-tion-and-in-1902about-two-thirds-of-a-mile-further-curving-to-the-west-ward-altogether-in-about-half-a-century-this-tongueof-land-has-grown-out-nearly-three-miles-rivers-are-bearing-vast-quantities-of-sediment-anddepositing-these-near-their-mouths-pushing-out-thecoast-line-and-filling-in-the-bottom-the-main-mouthsof-the-mississippi-are-advancing-into-the-gulf-but-ata-comparatively-slow-rate-a-break-from-the-mainriver-at-cubits-gap-just-above-the-head-of-the-passeshowever-has-done-an-enormous-amount-of-landmaking-filling-in-an-area-of-about-50-square-milesbetween-18-image340219963.htmlRM2ANEA0Y–Nautical charts . tion, and in 1902about two-thirds of a mile further, curving to the west-ward. Altogether in about half a century this tongueof land has grown out nearly three miles. Rivers are bearing vast quantities of sediment anddepositing these near their mouths, pushing out thecoast line and filling in the bottom. The main mouthsof the Mississippi are advancing into the Gulf, but ata comparatively slow rate. A break from the mainriver at Cubits Gap just above the head of the passes,however, has done an enormous amount of landmaking, filling in an area of about 50 square milesbetween 18
Nautical charts . ved. This condition was especially true of thePacific, owing to the numerous reports of an indefinitenature from whaling ships, among whose captainsthere was a saying • that they do not care where theirship is, so long as there are plenty of whales in sight. CHART OF 1869 P A DECIERTA? :3iREEF VOLCANOCAMIRA F MASSACHUSETT I. ?j ...ID.?LAMIRA?<3 oDECIERTAP Ml KRUSENSTERN;i; 160 #HALCYON ?WAKE l.° 0 c ST.BARTOLOMEO ? +., CORNWALLIS IS.- WAKE RK. ?* OID.? MAURELLE P0OR S.FRANCISCO 170° BARTHOLOMEW I,? 160° CHART OF 1903 0° IS 0° 22S703080 3002 H.CUREI. .0-^2605 2185^^.5, 291 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-ved-this-condition-was-especially-true-of-thepacific-owing-to-the-numerous-reports-of-an-indefinitenature-from-whaling-ships-among-whose-captainsthere-was-a-saying-that-they-do-not-care-where-theirship-is-so-long-as-there-are-plenty-of-whales-in-sight-chart-of-1869-p-a-decierta-3ireef-volcanocamira-f-massachusett-i-j-idlamiralt3-odeciertap-ml-krusensterni-160-halcyon-wake-l-0-c-stbartolomeo-cornwallis-is-wake-rk-oid-maurelle-p0or-sfrancisco-170-bartholomew-i-160-chart-of-1903-0-is-0-22s703080-3002-hcurei-0-2605-21855-291-image340223742.htmlRM2ANEERX–Nautical charts . ved. This condition was especially true of thePacific, owing to the numerous reports of an indefinitenature from whaling ships, among whose captainsthere was a saying • that they do not care where theirship is, so long as there are plenty of whales in sight. CHART OF 1869 P A DECIERTA? :3iREEF VOLCANOCAMIRA F MASSACHUSETT I. ?j ...ID.?LAMIRA?<3 oDECIERTAP Ml KRUSENSTERN;i; 160 #HALCYON ?WAKE l.° 0 c ST.BARTOLOMEO ? +., CORNWALLIS IS.- WAKE RK. ?* OID.? MAURELLE P0OR S.FRANCISCO 170° BARTHOLOMEW I,? 160° CHART OF 1903 0° IS 0° 22S703080 3002 H.CUREI. .0-^2605 2185^^.5, 291
Nautical charts . Dead Reckoning 129 meridian. Another method is to compute positions withtwo assumed latitudes and plot the two resulting posi-tions and draw a line through them. The vessel mustbe somewhere on the resulting Sumner line. A gooddetermination may be obtained by the intersection oftwo Sumner lines obtained from two observations ofthe sun with sufficient interval so that there will be achange of azimuth of as much as 30 degrees to give a fairintersection. Allowance must be made for the move-ment of the vessel between the two observations bydrawing a line parallel to the first and Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-dead-reckoning-129-meridian-another-method-is-to-compute-positions-withtwo-assumed-latitudes-and-plot-the-two-resulting-posi-tions-and-draw-a-line-through-them-the-vessel-mustbe-somewhere-on-the-resulting-sumner-line-a-gooddetermination-may-be-obtained-by-the-intersection-oftwo-sumner-lines-obtained-from-two-observations-ofthe-sun-with-sufficient-interval-so-that-there-will-be-achange-of-azimuth-of-as-much-as-30-degrees-to-give-a-fairintersection-allowance-must-be-made-for-the-move-ment-of-the-vessel-between-the-two-observations-bydrawing-a-line-parallel-to-the-first-and-image340216067.htmlRM2ANE51R–Nautical charts . Dead Reckoning 129 meridian. Another method is to compute positions withtwo assumed latitudes and plot the two resulting posi-tions and draw a line through them. The vessel mustbe somewhere on the resulting Sumner line. A gooddetermination may be obtained by the intersection oftwo Sumner lines obtained from two observations ofthe sun with sufficient interval so that there will be achange of azimuth of as much as 30 degrees to give a fairintersection. Allowance must be made for the move-ment of the vessel between the two observations bydrawing a line parallel to the first and
Nautical charts . ond their borders. The maritime and colonialinterests of Great Britain impelled that nation to carryon extensive surveys along coasts whose inhabitantswere not prepared to do this work in the earlier days;the British have made surveys along the coasts of Asiaand Africa and a part of South America, and the result-ing charts have been a very important and not suffi-ciently known contribution to commercial intercourseamong the nations, as well as to geography. The Dutch, French, Spanish, and other Europeangovernments have made nautical surveys in variousparts of the world, large Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-ond-their-borders-the-maritime-and-colonialinterests-of-great-britain-impelled-that-nation-to-carryon-extensive-surveys-along-coasts-whose-inhabitantswere-not-prepared-to-do-this-work-in-the-earlier-daysthe-british-have-made-surveys-along-the-coasts-of-asiaand-africa-and-a-part-of-south-america-and-the-result-ing-charts-have-been-a-very-important-and-not-suffi-ciently-known-contribution-to-commercial-intercourseamong-the-nations-as-well-as-to-geography-the-dutch-french-spanish-and-other-europeangovernments-have-made-nautical-surveys-in-variousparts-of-the-world-large-image340229574.htmlRM2ANEP86–Nautical charts . ond their borders. The maritime and colonialinterests of Great Britain impelled that nation to carryon extensive surveys along coasts whose inhabitantswere not prepared to do this work in the earlier days;the British have made surveys along the coasts of Asiaand Africa and a part of South America, and the result-ing charts have been a very important and not suffi-ciently known contribution to commercial intercourseamong the nations, as well as to geography. The Dutch, French, Spanish, and other Europeangovernments have made nautical surveys in variousparts of the world, large
Nautical charts . ,V 1897 WS x ^ N. V ., ^•0§MX W. ---- .^- )M i i J * ? !W w ii% vw^ s,vk ! 1 . / / i V-N / / / / 7 :; Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-v-1897-ws-x-n-v-0mx-w-m-i-i-j-!w-w-ii-vw-svk-!-1-i-v-n-7-image340217543.htmlRM2ANE6XF–Nautical charts . ,V 1897 WS x ^ N. V ., ^•0§MX W. ---- .^- )M i i J * ? !W w ii% vw^ s,vk ! 1 . / / i V-N / / / / 7 :;
Nautical charts . w SURVEY OF 1905 soundings: o foot curve — i2. FIG. 33. GROWTH OF LAND AT CUBITS GAP, MISSISSIPPI DELTA, FROM 1852 TO 1905 (101) Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-w-survey-of-1905-soundings-o-foot-curve-i2-fig-33-growth-of-land-at-cubits-gap-mississippi-delta-from-1852-to-1905-101-image340218513.htmlRM2ANE855–Nautical charts . w SURVEY OF 1905 soundings: o foot curve — i2. FIG. 33. GROWTH OF LAND AT CUBITS GAP, MISSISSIPPI DELTA, FROM 1852 TO 1905 (101)
Nautical charts . FIG. 9. TRIANGULATION STATION AND SIGNAL, ON ALASKA COAST. Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-fig-9-triangulation-station-and-signal-on-alaska-coast-image340227292.htmlRM2ANEKAM–Nautical charts . FIG. 9. TRIANGULATION STATION AND SIGNAL, ON ALASKA COAST.
Nautical charts . Nautical Miles. SURVEY OF1902 FIG. 32. FISHING POINT, MARYLAND, FROM SURVEYS OF 1849 AND 1902, ILLUS-TRATING BUILDING OUT OF A POINT ON THE COAST. SURVEY OF 1852 Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-nautical-miles-survey-of1902-fig-32-fishing-point-maryland-from-surveys-of-1849-and-1902-illus-trating-building-out-of-a-point-on-the-coast-survey-of-1852-image340219797.htmlRM2ANE9R1–Nautical charts . Nautical Miles. SURVEY OF1902 FIG. 32. FISHING POINT, MARYLAND, FROM SURVEYS OF 1849 AND 1902, ILLUS-TRATING BUILDING OUT OF A POINT ON THE COAST. SURVEY OF 1852
Nautical charts . NAUTICAL CHARTS BY G. R. PUTNAM, M.S. MMEMBER OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS DIRECTOR OF COAST SURVEYS, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1900 TO 1906 FIRST EDITIONFIRST THOUSAND NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited 1908 UBRARY of CONGRESS}i wo Gooies Kect)iv<M OCT 2 IwOiurt.jtm lijiui COPYRIGHT, 1908, BYG. R. PUTNAM Stanbope lpress F. H. GILSON COMPANYBOSTON. U.S.A. PREFACE In preparing the material for a lecture on Charts forColumbia University, the writer was impressed with thefact that although nautical charts are mentioned or dis-cussed in many p Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-nautical-charts-by-g-r-putnam-ms-mmember-of-the-american-society-of-civil-engineers-director-of-coast-surveys-philippine-islands-1900-to-1906-first-editionfirst-thousand-new-york-john-wiley-sons-london-chapman-hall-limited-1908-ubrary-of-congressi-wo-gooies-kectivltm-oct-2-iwoiurtjtm-lijiui-copyright-1908-byg-r-putnam-stanbope-lpress-f-h-gilson-companyboston-usa-preface-in-preparing-the-material-for-a-lecture-on-charts-forcolumbia-university-the-writer-was-impressed-with-thefact-that-although-nautical-charts-are-mentioned-or-dis-cussed-in-many-p-image340231458.htmlRM2ANETKE–Nautical charts . NAUTICAL CHARTS BY G. R. PUTNAM, M.S. MMEMBER OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS DIRECTOR OF COAST SURVEYS, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1900 TO 1906 FIRST EDITIONFIRST THOUSAND NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited 1908 UBRARY of CONGRESS}i wo Gooies Kect)iv<M OCT 2 IwOiurt.jtm lijiui COPYRIGHT, 1908, BYG. R. PUTNAM Stanbope lpress F. H. GILSON COMPANYBOSTON. U.S.A. PREFACE In preparing the material for a lecture on Charts forColumbia University, the writer was impressed with thefact that although nautical charts are mentioned or dis-cussed in many p
Nautical charts . sftr 32 35 36 34 Mat 24 37 sft. 26 s ft 24 36 FIG. 20. PORTION OF CHART OF PONCE HARBOR, SCALE 1-20000, TO SHOWSELECTION OF SOUNDINGS FROM ORIGINAL SURVEY GIVEN BELOW. FIG. 21, HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY OF SAME PORTION OF PONCE HARBOR, REDUCEDTO ONE-HALF SCALE OF ORIGINAL SHEET. (65) PREPARATION OF INFORMATION FOR CHARTS. Chart schemes. Before commencing the prepara-tion of a chart it is necessary to arrange a definite schemefor it, and the usefulness of the chart will dependmaterially on this preliminary plan, in which mustbe outlined its scale, size, limits, and features to berep Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-sftr-32-35-36-34-mat-24-37-sft-26-s-ft-24-36-fig-20-portion-of-chart-of-ponce-harbor-scale-1-20000-to-showselection-of-soundings-from-original-survey-given-below-fig-21-hydrographic-survey-of-same-portion-of-ponce-harbor-reducedto-one-half-scale-of-original-sheet-65-preparation-of-information-for-charts-chart-schemes-before-commencing-the-prepara-tion-of-a-chart-it-is-necessary-to-arrange-a-definite-schemefor-it-and-the-usefulness-of-the-chart-will-dependmaterially-on-this-preliminary-plan-in-which-mustbe-outlined-its-scale-size-limits-and-features-to-berep-image340223425.htmlRM2ANEECH–Nautical charts . sftr 32 35 36 34 Mat 24 37 sft. 26 s ft 24 36 FIG. 20. PORTION OF CHART OF PONCE HARBOR, SCALE 1-20000, TO SHOWSELECTION OF SOUNDINGS FROM ORIGINAL SURVEY GIVEN BELOW. FIG. 21, HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY OF SAME PORTION OF PONCE HARBOR, REDUCEDTO ONE-HALF SCALE OF ORIGINAL SHEET. (65) PREPARATION OF INFORMATION FOR CHARTS. Chart schemes. Before commencing the prepara-tion of a chart it is necessary to arrange a definite schemefor it, and the usefulness of the chart will dependmaterially on this preliminary plan, in which mustbe outlined its scale, size, limits, and features to berep
Nautical charts . Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-image340213785.htmlRM2ANE249–Nautical charts .
Nautical charts . ?TO ^•^«-3S.mo3 s.dtqs. O H Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-to-3smo3-sdtqs-o-h-image340215575.htmlRM2ANE4C7–Nautical charts . ?TO ^•^«-3S.mo3 s.dtqs. O H
Nautical charts . Vertical Angles 139 obtained by comparing such soundings with thosegiven on the chart for the position carried forward bydead reckoning, If a number of soundings are takenand plotted on a piece of tracing paper, spaced by thelog readings to the scale of the chart, and this tracingpaper is laid over the chart and shifted in the vicinityof the probable position until the soundings best agreewith those on the chart, a valuable verification of posi-tion may be obtained. This is particularly the case ifthe area has been well surveyed, and the soundingstaken on the vessel are accur Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-vertical-angles-139-obtained-by-comparing-such-soundings-with-thosegiven-on-the-chart-for-the-position-carried-forward-bydead-reckoning-if-a-number-of-soundings-are-takenand-plotted-on-a-piece-of-tracing-paper-spaced-by-thelog-readings-to-the-scale-of-the-chart-and-this-tracingpaper-is-laid-over-the-chart-and-shifted-in-the-vicinityof-the-probable-position-until-the-soundings-best-agreewith-those-on-the-chart-a-valuable-verification-of-posi-tion-may-be-obtained-this-is-particularly-the-case-ifthe-area-has-been-well-surveyed-and-the-soundingstaken-on-the-vessel-are-accur-image340213544.htmlRM2ANE1RM–Nautical charts . Vertical Angles 139 obtained by comparing such soundings with thosegiven on the chart for the position carried forward bydead reckoning, If a number of soundings are takenand plotted on a piece of tracing paper, spaced by thelog readings to the scale of the chart, and this tracingpaper is laid over the chart and shifted in the vicinityof the probable position until the soundings best agreewith those on the chart, a valuable verification of posi-tion may be obtained. This is particularly the case ifthe area has been well surveyed, and the soundingstaken on the vessel are accur
Nautical charts . s were run at intervals of 50to 100 yards, and 91,000 soundings were made for asingle sheet. Within this area the cruiser Brooklynin 1902 touched a rock which was found to have 18feet over it. (Fig. 17.) The least depth in the vicinitydeveloped in the original survey was 31 feet. For the satisfactory development of hydrographicwork some invention is much needed which as itpasses along the bottom will give a continuous depthcurve. Several devices have successfully accomplishedthis in shoal water, but great credit awaits the in-ventor who designs something of more general appli Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-s-were-run-at-intervals-of-50to-100-yards-and-91000-soundings-were-made-for-asingle-sheet-within-this-area-the-cruiser-brooklynin-1902-touched-a-rock-which-was-found-to-have-18feet-over-it-fig-17-the-least-depth-in-the-vicinitydeveloped-in-the-original-survey-was-31-feet-for-the-satisfactory-development-of-hydrographicwork-some-invention-is-much-needed-which-as-itpasses-along-the-bottom-will-give-a-continuous-depthcurve-several-devices-have-successfully-accomplishedthis-in-shoal-water-but-great-credit-awaits-the-in-ventor-who-designs-something-of-more-general-appli-image340224034.htmlRM2ANEF6A–Nautical charts . s were run at intervals of 50to 100 yards, and 91,000 soundings were made for asingle sheet. Within this area the cruiser Brooklynin 1902 touched a rock which was found to have 18feet over it. (Fig. 17.) The least depth in the vicinitydeveloped in the original survey was 31 feet. For the satisfactory development of hydrographicwork some invention is much needed which as itpasses along the bottom will give a continuous depthcurve. Several devices have successfully accomplishedthis in shoal water, but great credit awaits the in-ventor who designs something of more general appli
Nautical charts . ers andpassing through channels. The expression of scales by miles to the inch or inchesto the mile is the more familiar. The expression ofscale in the manner used by the Coast Survey and bymost of the European countries, by standard fractionsas 8Qi 0 0, meaning that any distance on the chart is80o00 of the actual distance on the earth, has someadvantages. For instance, the relation of these frac-tions gives at a glance the relation of the scales of thecharts. Thus a g-0o00 chart is on a scale five times aslarge as a 400000 cnart. For the more important harbors charts have be Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-ers-andpassing-through-channels-the-expression-of-scales-by-miles-to-the-inch-or-inchesto-the-mile-is-the-more-familiar-the-expression-ofscale-in-the-manner-used-by-the-coast-survey-and-bymost-of-the-european-countries-by-standard-fractionsas-8qi-0-0-meaning-that-any-distance-on-the-chart-is80o00-of-the-actual-distance-on-the-earth-has-someadvantages-for-instance-the-relation-of-these-frac-tions-gives-at-a-glance-the-relation-of-the-scales-of-thecharts-thus-a-g-0o00-chart-is-on-a-scale-five-times-aslarge-as-a-400000-cnart-for-the-more-important-harbors-charts-have-be-image340222326.htmlRM2ANED1A–Nautical charts . ers andpassing through channels. The expression of scales by miles to the inch or inchesto the mile is the more familiar. The expression ofscale in the manner used by the Coast Survey and bymost of the European countries, by standard fractionsas 8Qi 0 0, meaning that any distance on the chart is80o00 of the actual distance on the earth, has someadvantages. For instance, the relation of these frac-tions gives at a glance the relation of the scales of thecharts. Thus a g-0o00 chart is on a scale five times aslarge as a 400000 cnart. For the more important harbors charts have be
Nautical charts . Survey several different processesare in use at present; charts are engraved on copperand printed directly from the copper plate, or they aretransferred from the copper plate to stone and printedfrom the stone, or a finished drawing is made andtransferred to stone by photolithography and printedfrom the stone, or an etching is made on copper from afinished drawing and printed from a transfer to stone.Charts in other countries are in large part printed fromengraved plates, excepting some preliminary charts bylithography. Copper plate engraving and printing have long beenused i Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-survey-several-different-processesare-in-use-at-present-charts-are-engraved-on-copperand-printed-directly-from-the-copper-plate-or-they-aretransferred-from-the-copper-plate-to-stone-and-printedfrom-the-stone-or-a-finished-drawing-is-made-andtransferred-to-stone-by-photolithography-and-printedfrom-the-stone-or-an-etching-is-made-on-copper-from-afinished-drawing-and-printed-from-a-transfer-to-stonecharts-in-other-countries-are-in-large-part-printed-fromengraved-plates-excepting-some-preliminary-charts-bylithography-copper-plate-engraving-and-printing-have-long-beenused-i-image340221834.htmlRM2ANECBP–Nautical charts . Survey several different processesare in use at present; charts are engraved on copperand printed directly from the copper plate, or they aretransferred from the copper plate to stone and printedfrom the stone, or a finished drawing is made andtransferred to stone by photolithography and printedfrom the stone, or an etching is made on copper from afinished drawing and printed from a transfer to stone.Charts in other countries are in large part printed fromengraved plates, excepting some preliminary charts bylithography. Copper plate engraving and printing have long beenused i
Nautical charts . *° 1890 ^ A / i ? / N/ / i A i ! // v.y / / f ?/. / / <: J ) . Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-1890-a-i-n-i-a-i-!-vy-f-lt-j-image340217810.htmlRM2ANE782–Nautical charts . *° 1890 ^ A / i ? / N/ / i A i ! // v.y / / f ?/. / / <: J ) .
Nautical charts . ear four times as large as anisland of the same actual area at the equator, butthis distortion of areas, while it gives erroneous impres-sions on charts of great extent in latitude, does not seri-ously affect the use of the chart for nautical purposes.Areas may also be correctly measured on a mercatormap by taking each projection quadrilateral separately,subdividing it if necessary, and using the publishedtables of areas of quadrilaterals in different latitudes.Although distance scales vary with the latitude, dis-tances can be taken from this chart with fair correctnessby the Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-ear-four-times-as-large-as-anisland-of-the-same-actual-area-at-the-equator-butthis-distortion-of-areas-while-it-gives-erroneous-impres-sions-on-charts-of-great-extent-in-latitude-does-not-seri-ously-affect-the-use-of-the-chart-for-nautical-purposesareas-may-also-be-correctly-measured-on-a-mercatormap-by-taking-each-projection-quadrilateral-separatelysubdividing-it-if-necessary-and-using-the-publishedtables-of-areas-of-quadrilaterals-in-different-latitudesalthough-distance-scales-vary-with-the-latitude-dis-tances-can-be-taken-from-this-chart-with-fair-correctnessby-the-image340223076.htmlRM2ANEE04–Nautical charts . ear four times as large as anisland of the same actual area at the equator, butthis distortion of areas, while it gives erroneous impres-sions on charts of great extent in latitude, does not seri-ously affect the use of the chart for nautical purposes.Areas may also be correctly measured on a mercatormap by taking each projection quadrilateral separately,subdividing it if necessary, and using the publishedtables of areas of quadrilaterals in different latitudes.Although distance scales vary with the latitude, dis-tances can be taken from this chart with fair correctnessby the
Nautical charts . more general in navigationalwork, and reference to the true meridian is also morecommon than formerly. The standard three-arm protractor, or stationpointer, as it is known to the English, should be a partof every navigational outfit because of its value inlocating a position by the three-point problem. Arecent American invention, Courts three-arm pro-tractor, is an instrument made of celluloid for thesame purpose. It should not be considered as asubstitute for the standard metal instrument, but itis a simple, cheap, and handy supplement to it, as itmay be readily used for sma Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-more-general-in-navigationalwork-and-reference-to-the-true-meridian-is-also-morecommon-than-formerly-the-standard-three-arm-protractor-or-stationpointer-as-it-is-known-to-the-english-should-be-a-partof-every-navigational-outfit-because-of-its-value-inlocating-a-position-by-the-three-point-problem-arecent-american-invention-courts-three-arm-pro-tractor-is-an-instrument-made-of-celluloid-for-thesame-purpose-it-should-not-be-considered-as-asubstitute-for-the-standard-metal-instrument-but-itis-a-simple-cheap-and-handy-supplement-to-it-as-itmay-be-readily-used-for-sma-image340212838.htmlRM2ANE0XE–Nautical charts . more general in navigationalwork, and reference to the true meridian is also morecommon than formerly. The standard three-arm protractor, or stationpointer, as it is known to the English, should be a partof every navigational outfit because of its value inlocating a position by the three-point problem. Arecent American invention, Courts three-arm pro-tractor, is an instrument made of celluloid for thesame purpose. It should not be considered as asubstitute for the standard metal instrument, but itis a simple, cheap, and handy supplement to it, as itmay be readily used for sma
Nautical charts . FIG. 28. ENGRAVING SOUNDINGS ON A COPPER PLATE WITH A MACHINE. (85). Copper Plate 89 The work thus marked out is engraved by hand or bymachine. A high degree of skill is required in theaccuracy and finish necessary for chart engraving.Machines have been invented in recent years which canbe used for portions of the work on copper plates, asfor instance for cutting the sounding figures, thebottom characteristics, the border and projection lines,border divisions, compasses, line ruling, and stippleruling. Stamps and dies have been successfully usedfor some symbols and notes, and Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-fig-28-engraving-soundings-on-a-copper-plate-with-a-machine-85-copper-plate-89-the-work-thus-marked-out-is-engraved-by-hand-or-bymachine-a-high-degree-of-skill-is-required-in-theaccuracy-and-finish-necessary-for-chart-engravingmachines-have-been-invented-in-recent-years-which-canbe-used-for-portions-of-the-work-on-copper-plates-asfor-instance-for-cutting-the-sounding-figures-thebottom-characteristics-the-border-and-projection-linesborder-divisions-compasses-line-ruling-and-stippleruling-stamps-and-dies-have-been-successfully-usedfor-some-symbols-and-notes-and-image340221323.htmlRM2ANEBNF–Nautical charts . FIG. 28. ENGRAVING SOUNDINGS ON A COPPER PLATE WITH A MACHINE. (85). Copper Plate 89 The work thus marked out is engraved by hand or bymachine. A high degree of skill is required in theaccuracy and finish necessary for chart engraving.Machines have been invented in recent years which canbe used for portions of the work on copper plates, asfor instance for cutting the sounding figures, thebottom characteristics, the border and projection lines,border divisions, compasses, line ruling, and stippleruling. Stamps and dies have been successfully usedfor some symbols and notes, and
Nautical charts . ?TO ^•^«-3S.mo3 s.dtqs. O H Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-to-3smo3-sdtqs-o-h-image340215029.htmlRM2ANE3MN–Nautical charts . ?TO ^•^«-3S.mo3 s.dtqs. O H
Nautical charts . int is, however,quite appreciably smaller in scale than the plate, andthe shrinkage is greater in one direction than in theother. The average days work for one press and twomen is 75 prints. This is small compared with theoutput practicable with lithographic presses. On theother hand a plate can be prepared for printing morereadily than a lithographic stone. For small editionsthe plate printing compares well in economy withlithographic printing, and the plate can also be printedon short notice. Because of changes in aids to naviga-tion and other corrections, it is usually des Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-int-is-howeverquite-appreciably-smaller-in-scale-than-the-plate-andthe-shrinkage-is-greater-in-one-direction-than-in-theother-the-average-days-work-for-one-press-and-twomen-is-75-prints-this-is-small-compared-with-theoutput-practicable-with-lithographic-presses-on-theother-hand-a-plate-can-be-prepared-for-printing-morereadily-than-a-lithographic-stone-for-small-editionsthe-plate-printing-compares-well-in-economy-withlithographic-printing-and-the-plate-can-also-be-printedon-short-notice-because-of-changes-in-aids-to-naviga-tion-and-other-corrections-it-is-usually-des-image340220918.htmlRM2ANEB72–Nautical charts . int is, however,quite appreciably smaller in scale than the plate, andthe shrinkage is greater in one direction than in theother. The average days work for one press and twomen is 75 prints. This is small compared with theoutput practicable with lithographic presses. On theother hand a plate can be prepared for printing morereadily than a lithographic stone. For small editionsthe plate printing compares well in economy withlithographic printing, and the plate can also be printedon short notice. Because of changes in aids to naviga-tion and other corrections, it is usually des
Nautical charts . o o z P U Q I o cco h z uj O Q. gou o > -. ;0 Long, $l)y Eaat ° from 190 fcreen.!^, FIG. 25. NORTH POLAR CHART ON ARBITRARY PROJECTION. (77) Arbitrary Projection 79 quality that every straight line on it represents a greatcircle of the earth. To obtain the great circle orshortest course between two points it is therefore onlynecessary to draw a straight line between the pointson a gnomonic chart. Because of the great distortionnear the edges this projection is not otherwise adaptedto navigational use, and it is employed only to markout the general course, and sufficient p Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-o-o-z-p-u-q-i-o-cco-h-z-uj-o-q-gou-o-gt-0-long-ly-eaat-from-190-fcreen!-fig-25-north-polar-chart-on-arbitrary-projection-77-arbitrary-projection-79-quality-that-every-straight-line-on-it-represents-a-greatcircle-of-the-earth-to-obtain-the-great-circle-orshortest-course-between-two-points-it-is-therefore-onlynecessary-to-draw-a-straight-line-between-the-pointson-a-gnomonic-chart-because-of-the-great-distortionnear-the-edges-this-projection-is-not-otherwise-adaptedto-navigational-use-and-it-is-employed-only-to-markout-the-general-course-and-sufficient-p-image340222526.htmlRM2ANED8E–Nautical charts . o o z P U Q I o cco h z uj O Q. gou o > -. ;0 Long, $l)y Eaat ° from 190 fcreen.!^, FIG. 25. NORTH POLAR CHART ON ARBITRARY PROJECTION. (77) Arbitrary Projection 79 quality that every straight line on it represents a greatcircle of the earth. To obtain the great circle orshortest course between two points it is therefore onlynecessary to draw a straight line between the pointson a gnomonic chart. Because of the great distortionnear the edges this projection is not otherwise adaptedto navigational use, and it is employed only to markout the general course, and sufficient p
Nautical charts . 1,200,000 -*j- ills 13 ^ 11 ..V g :S 13 f--?.ioi ^i:. / 12 s4. SS >r J !-5 FtXafo.Tefo*£s - 38*43 Quar XA 16 ! W r I -Si^a !19 95 -?#*/ .^--•;./ V^V ,.-@pLlJ TOWER >3 p: -ll CSC^V • -v. P i «: ; -JO 51,. 13/ XW4 -it- is 4« ; 14/ 0 J*liHbf&nanTs r.i 10 13 ifnami ShoaL . ,* * ffitfgS 15 7rf- 10 Scale Nautical Mile 80,000 2»> ^^%^. 75 «« 73Quarn. lleadqx 11 J-v/Xpperboard.Sta. r* i^8v 5 %$=; 9% /i?ta»«^^^ ;54 73 ^ i 101 «* ^ i ?» JL 98 g&DTOWfR ,> 73 107 . «tfe.li ? * ; •ja 40 82 X1G 51 4 Scale 40,000Nautical Mile 0 1 FIG. 26. NEW YORK HARBOR, PORTIONS OF CHARTS Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-1200000-j-ills-13-11-v-g-s-13-f-ioi-i-12-s4-ss-gtr-j-!-5-ftxafotefos-3843-quar-xa-16-!-w-r-i-sia-!19-95-vv-@pllj-tower-gt3-p-ll-cscv-v-p-i-jo-51-13-xw4-it-is-4-14-0-jlihbfnants-ri-10-13-ifnami-shoal-ffitfgs-15-7rf-10-scale-nautical-mile-80000-2gt-75-73quarn-lleadqx-11-j-vxpperboardsta-r-i8v-5-=-9-ita-54-73-i-101-i-jl-98-gdtowfr-gt-73-107-tfeli-ja-40-82-x1g-51-4-scale-40000nautical-mile-0-1-fig-26-new-york-harbor-portions-of-charts-image340221944.htmlRM2ANECFM–Nautical charts . 1,200,000 -*j- ills 13 ^ 11 ..V g :S 13 f--?.ioi ^i:. / 12 s4. SS >r J !-5 FtXafo.Tefo*£s - 38*43 Quar XA 16 ! W r I -Si^a !19 95 -?#*/ .^--•;./ V^V ,.-@pLlJ TOWER >3 p: -ll CSC^V • -v. P i «: ; -JO 51,. 13/ XW4 -it- is 4« ; 14/ 0 J*liHbf&nanTs r.i 10 13 ifnami ShoaL . ,* * ffitfgS 15 7rf- 10 Scale Nautical Mile 80,000 2»> ^^%^. 75 «« 73Quarn. lleadqx 11 J-v/Xpperboard.Sta. r* i^8v 5 %$=; 9% /i?ta»«^^^ ;54 73 ^ i 101 «* ^ i ?» JL 98 g&DTOWfR ,> 73 107 . «tfe.li ? * ; •ja 40 82 X1G 51 4 Scale 40,000Nautical Mile 0 1 FIG. 26. NEW YORK HARBOR, PORTIONS OF CHARTS
Nautical charts . inted to the States-General of Holland, and it was his duty to correct thecharts from the ships logs. The Dutch at an earlydate made important progress in publishing charts.In 1720 there was established in Paris by order of theking, a central chart office (depot des cartes et plans,journaux et memoires concernant la navigation ), andin 1737 the first charts were published by this office.Detailed surveys of the coast of France were com-menced in 1816. In 1740 the commissioners for the discovery oflongitude at sea were authorized by Parliament toexpend money on the survey of th Stock Photohttps://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/nautical-charts-inted-to-the-states-general-of-holland-and-it-was-his-duty-to-correct-thecharts-from-the-ships-logs-the-dutch-at-an-earlydate-made-important-progress-in-publishing-chartsin-1720-there-was-established-in-paris-by-order-of-theking-a-central-chart-office-depot-des-cartes-et-plansjournaux-et-memoires-concernant-la-navigation-andin-1737-the-first-charts-were-published-by-this-officedetailed-surveys-of-the-coast-of-france-were-com-menced-in-1816-in-1740-the-commissioners-for-the-discovery-oflongitude-at-sea-were-authorized-by-parliament-toexpend-money-on-the-survey-of-th-image340229788.htmlRM2ANEPFT–Nautical charts . inted to the States-General of Holland, and it was his duty to correct thecharts from the ships logs. The Dutch at an earlydate made important progress in publishing charts.In 1720 there was established in Paris by order of theking, a central chart office (depot des cartes et plans,journaux et memoires concernant la navigation ), andin 1737 the first charts were published by this office.Detailed surveys of the coast of France were com-menced in 1816. In 1740 the commissioners for the discovery oflongitude at sea were authorized by Parliament toexpend money on the survey of th
Search Results for Booksubjectnauticalcharts Stock Photos and Images (53)
Page 1 of 1