Chlorenchyma hi-res stock photography and images

RF2JKPFGK–Sclerenchyma tissue

Cross section of a Camellia leaf, that show their general internal structure (cuticle, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma, vascular bundles). Stock Photo

RM2J2C0GX–Cross section of a Camellia leaf, that show their general internal structure (cuticle, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma, vascular bundles).

Asparagus stem, cross section with epidermis, hypodermis, chlorenchyma, parenchyma, phloem, xylem and vascular bundles. Optical microscope X100. Stock Photo

RF2TBJ5KH–Asparagus stem, cross section with epidermis, hypodermis, chlorenchyma, parenchyma, phloem, xylem and vascular bundles. Optical microscope X100.

Microscopic view of dicotyledon stem -cross section. Detail view of vascular tissue bundle, phloem, cortex, xylem, epidermis. Stock Photo

RF2AXT35P–Microscopic view of dicotyledon stem -cross section. Detail view of vascular tissue bundle, phloem, cortex, xylem, epidermis.

RMHRF6C3–Pine Leaf Mesophyll Cells

Pine needles cross section under light microscope. Microsection of two pine leaves to show their spherical compact design that reduces surface area. Stock Photo

RFHT7BRT–Pine needles cross section under light microscope. Microsection of two pine leaves to show their spherical compact design that reduces surface area.

The induction, development, and heritability of fasciations . mechanical stratum, which for conveniencewill be termed the median band of chlorenchyma. In the younger stems themedian band is practically continuous, but in the older ones it becomesbroken up into distinct masses. From the median band there passes inward,like the spokes of a wheel, the medullary rays of the inner part of the cortex.These rays in the younger branches are well supplied with chlorophyll. Turning now to the woody cyHnder, we find that the medullary rays, aportion of the wood parenchyma, and the pith are chlorophyll-be Stock Photo

RM2AN9G6T–The induction, development, and heritability of fasciations . mechanical stratum, which for conveniencewill be termed the median band of chlorenchyma. In the younger stems themedian band is practically continuous, but in the older ones it becomesbroken up into distinct masses. From the median band there passes inward,like the spokes of a wheel, the medullary rays of the inner part of the cortex.These rays in the younger branches are well supplied with chlorophyll. Turning now to the woody cyHnder, we find that the medullary rays, aportion of the wood parenchyma, and the pith are chlorophyll-be

Close up of a green leaf with variegated edge against a blue sky with white billowing cloud Stock Photo

RFE2HDB3–Close up of a green leaf with variegated edge against a blue sky with white billowing cloud

Vertical Cross-section of a Leaf, magnified, vintage engraved illustration. Trousset encyclopedia (1886 - 1891). Stock Photo

RFC79T76–Vertical Cross-section of a Leaf, magnified, vintage engraved illustration. Trousset encyclopedia (1886 - 1891).

Internal Structure of monocot leaf Stock Photo

RF2RM90GT–Internal Structure of monocot leaf

Vertical Cross-section of a Leaf, magnified, vintage engraved illustration. Trousset encyclopedia (1886 - 1891). Stock Vector

RFEWA1C3–Vertical Cross-section of a Leaf, magnified, vintage engraved illustration. Trousset encyclopedia (1886 - 1891).

RF2GWFWBG–Different leaves

Leaf Fragments as Seen under a Microscope, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque - 1867 Stock Vector

RFEW9FTE–Leaf Fragments as Seen under a Microscope, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque - 1867

RF2GW1RJA–Palm leaves

Close-Up of Leaves [Bandos Island, Kaafu Atoll, Maldives, Asia]. . Stock Photo

RMAY6JEP–Close-Up of Leaves [Bandos Island, Kaafu Atoll, Maldives, Asia]. .

RF2GTT9MC–Different leaves

RMBGXT60–The Grace of Tel aviv

RF2GW8YMD–Topview of leaves

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 53° ECOLOGY and it may be that the red pigments are merely the indices of certain chemical activities that are quite without functional significance. Various annuals {e.g. Chenopodiuni) assume vivid colors just as they are dying, and any advantage in such coloration is most improbable. It is not unreasonable to suppose that plants may have many useless organs and characters, which are mere by-products of their fundamental activities. 2. THE STRUCTURE AND ARRANGEMENT OF CHLORENCHYMA Structural variations in chlorophyll-bearing tis Stock Photo

RMPG2170–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 53° ECOLOGY and it may be that the red pigments are merely the indices of certain chemical activities that are quite without functional significance. Various annuals {e.g. Chenopodiuni) assume vivid colors just as they are dying, and any advantage in such coloration is most improbable. It is not unreasonable to suppose that plants may have many useless organs and characters, which are mere by-products of their fundamental activities. 2. THE STRUCTURE AND ARRANGEMENT OF CHLORENCHYMA Structural variations in chlorophyll-bearing tis

RF2GTD5FJ–Leaves

RF2GRH42B–Green leaves

RF2GWFNGJ–A letter L for leaves

Nature and development of plants . at base with spirally arranged leaves, has elongated,lifting the mature sporophyte into the air. The enlargement of the stem,b, is due to the growth of the foot region of the sporophyte; ca, remainsof the ruptured archegonium or calyptra; 0, lid or operculum of the cap-sule.—After Schimper. The stomata and chlorenchyma which were so conspicuous inAnthoceros are less perfectly represented, but the spore mothercells are still developed in a dome-shaped zone. This ratherminute sporophyte at maturity barely breaks through the arche-gonium, known in this condition Stock Photo

RM2AXH2C6–Nature and development of plants . at base with spirally arranged leaves, has elongated,lifting the mature sporophyte into the air. The enlargement of the stem,b, is due to the growth of the foot region of the sporophyte; ca, remainsof the ruptured archegonium or calyptra; 0, lid or operculum of the cap-sule.—After Schimper. The stomata and chlorenchyma which were so conspicuous inAnthoceros are less perfectly represented, but the spore mothercells are still developed in a dome-shaped zone. This ratherminute sporophyte at maturity barely breaks through the arche-gonium, known in this condition

A symmetrical design composed of a mirror image of a green leaf with variegated edge against a black background Stock Photo

RFE2HD8W–A symmetrical design composed of a mirror image of a green leaf with variegated edge against a black background

RFEW900R–Leaf Fragments as Seen under a Microscope, vintage engraved illustration. Magasin Pittoresque - 1867

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 630 ECOLOGY green cells (as in various thin-leaved succulents), quite as in most leaves except for the evident fleshiness of the organ; or the leaf may be thick with the chlorophyll gradually decreasing toward the center, the cells otherwise being essentially similar in aspect, as in most Crassulaceae (figs. 924, 925); or the leaf may be thick with chlorophyll decreasing toward the center, but with the outermost chlorenchyma cells elongated, representing true palisade cells, while the cells toward the center become more and more Stock Photo

RMPG20X1–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 630 ECOLOGY green cells (as in various thin-leaved succulents), quite as in most leaves except for the evident fleshiness of the organ; or the leaf may be thick with the chlorophyll gradually decreasing toward the center, the cells otherwise being essentially similar in aspect, as in most Crassulaceae (figs. 924, 925); or the leaf may be thick with chlorophyll decreasing toward the center, but with the outermost chlorenchyma cells elongated, representing true palisade cells, while the cells toward the center become more and more

RM2AN9HTY–The induction, development, and heritability of fasciations . mechanical stratum, which for conveniencewill be termed the median band of chlorenchyma. In the younger stems themedian band is practically continuous, but in the older ones it becomesbroken up into distinct masses. From the median band there passes inward,like the spokes of a wheel, the medullary rays of the inner part of the cortex.These rays in the younger branches are well supplied with chlorophyll. Turning now to the woody cyHnder, we find that the medullary rays, aportion of the wood parenchyma, and the pith are chlorophyll-be

Leaf Blade Cross-section, vintage engraved illustration. Dictionary of Words and Things - Larive and Fleury - 1895 Stock Vector

RFEW9KX0–Leaf Blade Cross-section, vintage engraved illustration. Dictionary of Words and Things - Larive and Fleury - 1895

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 194 STEMS ened but elastic walls. Being formed early, they are of much importance in affording strength to the young regions of the stem where bast fibers and woody tissues are. not yet well formed. Most of the cortex is made up of thin-walled parenchyma cells, known as chlorenchyma, since they contain chloroplasts and func- tion like the cells of leaves in the manufacture of food, being sup- plied with air through the stomata of the epidermis. The starch sheath, comparable to the endodermis in roots, is not distinct from the other cells of the cort Stock Photo

RMPG42R6–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 194 STEMS ened but elastic walls. Being formed early, they are of much importance in affording strength to the young regions of the stem where bast fibers and woody tissues are. not yet well formed. Most of the cortex is made up of thin-walled parenchyma cells, known as chlorenchyma, since they contain chloroplasts and func- tion like the cells of leaves in the manufacture of food, being sup- plied with air through the stomata of the epidermis. The starch sheath, comparable to the endodermis in roots, is not distinct from the other cells of the cort

The induction, development, and heritability of fasciations . distal ends of the medullary rays, the latterin older stems become fan-shaped. This condition recalls that observed inCeltis and in Prosopis. The chlorenchyma is increased in amount by the-activity of the cork-cambium also. Periderm is to be seen in stems 9 mm.in diameter. It is formed by the subepidermal phellogen, which also givesrise to phelloderm that contains chlorophyll. In the older stems the chloro-phyll band is about one-half periderm and one-half primary cortex. The chlorophyll early disappears from the woody cylinder. In Stock Photo

RM2AN9KYC–The induction, development, and heritability of fasciations . distal ends of the medullary rays, the latterin older stems become fan-shaped. This condition recalls that observed inCeltis and in Prosopis. The chlorenchyma is increased in amount by the-activity of the cork-cambium also. Periderm is to be seen in stems 9 mm.in diameter. It is formed by the subepidermal phellogen, which also givesrise to phelloderm that contains chlorophyll. In the older stems the chloro-phyll band is about one-half periderm and one-half primary cortex. The chlorophyll early disappears from the woody cylinder. In

RFEW97YF–Leaf Blade Cross-section, vintage engraved illustration. Dictionary of Words and Things - Larive and Fleury - 1895

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. and the shape, size, and compactness of the cells may be modified con- siderably as conditions change. Light and palisade development. — It was discovered long ago that the gemmae of Marchantia develop chlorenchyma on whichever side is exposed to the light, colorless tissue with rhizoids developing on the , f other side; also that the chlorenchyma develops equally on both sides of a Thuja branch if ex- I p posed equally to light, the palisades commonly developed on the upper surface being due to greater light exposure. These expe Stock Photo

RMPG2166–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. and the shape, size, and compactness of the cells may be modified con- siderably as conditions change. Light and palisade development. — It was discovered long ago that the gemmae of Marchantia develop chlorenchyma on whichever side is exposed to the light, colorless tissue with rhizoids developing on the , f other side; also that the chlorenchyma develops equally on both sides of a Thuja branch if ex- I p posed equally to light, the palisades commonly developed on the upper surface being due to greater light exposure. These expe

Nature and development of plants . capsule that has been freed of itscalyptra you will see that the spore-producing tissue is relativelysmall and appears as a hollow cylinder instead of a dome-shapedzone of cells (Figs. 210, 3; 211, 6). This sporogenous tissueis usually surrounded on the outside, and less commonly on theinside, by loose chlorophyll-bearing cells which extend down tothe base of the capsule where chlorenchyma and stomata aredeveloped. This lower region of the capsule, the apophysis,is often enlarged and provided with air spaces and stomata, thusconstituting the chief photosynthe Stock Photo

RM2AXH091–Nature and development of plants . capsule that has been freed of itscalyptra you will see that the spore-producing tissue is relativelysmall and appears as a hollow cylinder instead of a dome-shapedzone of cells (Figs. 210, 3; 211, 6). This sporogenous tissueis usually surrounded on the outside, and less commonly on theinside, by loose chlorophyll-bearing cells which extend down tothe base of the capsule where chlorenchyma and stomata aredeveloped. This lower region of the capsule, the apophysis,is often enlarged and provided with air spaces and stomata, thusconstituting the chief photosynthe

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. SPOROPHYTE 429 {dichotomous branching); and the leaves develop in the spring by unrolling from the base, much like unrolling a bolt of cloth, until their final length is reached [circinate vernation). They have epidermis, stomata, and chlorenchyma or food-making tissue, and through their veins run well developed vascular bundles.. Fig. 380. — A cross section of a Fern stem, showing the epidermis (e), the cortex (c), the vascular cyUnder (v), and the pith (p). The sporangia occur in the rusty looking spots, called sori (singular sorus), which are for Stock Photo

RMPG42AN–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. SPOROPHYTE 429 {dichotomous branching); and the leaves develop in the spring by unrolling from the base, much like unrolling a bolt of cloth, until their final length is reached [circinate vernation). They have epidermis, stomata, and chlorenchyma or food-making tissue, and through their veins run well developed vascular bundles.. Fig. 380. — A cross section of a Fern stem, showing the epidermis (e), the cortex (c), the vascular cyUnder (v), and the pith (p). The sporangia occur in the rusty looking spots, called sori (singular sorus), which are for

Nature and development of plants . ose them cause aremarkable series of transformations in the cells that are cut offfrom the apical cell. The upper cells of the thallus, as soon asthey are formed at the growing point, are exposed directly tothe air and light, and they develop chlorophyll and grow up intovertical rows or plates just as you have already noticed in thepalisade chlorenchyma of the leaf (Fig. 180, A). At an earlyperiod these rows of green cells become separated so that airspaces arise between them, and thus the chlorophyll-bearing cellsare brought into direct contact with the atmo Stock Photo

RM2AXH7H6–Nature and development of plants . ose them cause aremarkable series of transformations in the cells that are cut offfrom the apical cell. The upper cells of the thallus, as soon asthey are formed at the growing point, are exposed directly tothe air and light, and they develop chlorophyll and grow up intovertical rows or plates just as you have already noticed in thepalisade chlorenchyma of the leaf (Fig. 180, A). At an earlyperiod these rows of green cells become separated so that airspaces arise between them, and thus the chlorophyll-bearing cellsare brought into direct contact with the atmo

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. S68 ECOLOGY. on the upper leaf surfaces in mesophytes and in xerophytes, there are no breaks whatever in the epidermis, which thus contrast strikingly with the chlorenchyma. In most dicotyls the cells are nearly isodiametric (figs. 8ii, 812, 911), while in monocotyls they usually are elongated in the same direction as is the leaf (figs. 796, 804). Commonly the epi- dermal cells of air leaves differ from the mesophyll cells in the absence of chlorophyll (except in the guard cells) and in the presence of a cutinized outer layer, th Stock Photo

RMPG213N–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. S68 ECOLOGY. on the upper leaf surfaces in mesophytes and in xerophytes, there are no breaks whatever in the epidermis, which thus contrast strikingly with the chlorenchyma. In most dicotyls the cells are nearly isodiametric (figs. 8ii, 812, 911), while in monocotyls they usually are elongated in the same direction as is the leaf (figs. 796, 804). Commonly the epi- dermal cells of air leaves differ from the mesophyll cells in the absence of chlorophyll (except in the guard cells) and in the presence of a cutinized outer layer, th

$The induction, development, and heritability of fasciations . Fig. I.—Baccharis emoryi: A., segment from transverse section of youngstem to show the character of cortical chlorophyll band {ch. b.); i>, sec-tion of leaf, magnified as in A.^ Chlorophyll of the stem is confined to the cortex in both species and inboth the chlorenchyma is palisade. The palisade in the stems of each alsoclosely resembles that in the rudimentary leaves of the same species. Thissimilarity in the structure of the chlorophyll band* in the stem and of the *In all figures chlorophyll is indicated by stippling. TOPOGRA Stock Photo$

RM2ANA60B–The induction, development, and heritability of fasciations . Fig. I.—Baccharis emoryi: A., segment from transverse section of youngstem to show the character of cortical chlorophyll band {ch. b.); i>, sec-tion of leaf, magnified as in A.^ Chlorophyll of the stem is confined to the cortex in both species and inboth the chlorenchyma is palisade. The palisade in the stems of each alsoclosely resembles that in the rudimentary leaves of the same species. Thissimilarity in the structure of the chlorophyll band* in the stem and of the *In all figures chlorophyll is indicated by stippling. TOPOGRA

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. LEAVES 631 the centrally placed chlorenchyma occupies less space than does the epi- dermal water mantle (figs. 928, 766, 767). Perhaps the commonest sort of water mantle is represented in Tradescantia, where there is a single or double layer of large turgescent colorless cells. The water tissue com- monly is best developed on the upper side of the leaf, sometimes being confined to that side. In most cases the cell sap is highly acid. In the " ice plant" (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) a few of the epidermal cells are mu Stock Photo

RMPG20WY–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. LEAVES 631 the centrally placed chlorenchyma occupies less space than does the epi- dermal water mantle (figs. 928, 766, 767). Perhaps the commonest sort of water mantle is represented in Tradescantia, where there is a single or double layer of large turgescent colorless cells. The water tissue com- monly is best developed on the upper side of the leaf, sometimes being confined to that side. In most cases the cell sap is highly acid. In the " ice plant" (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) a few of the epidermal cells are mu

Nature and development of plants . The basal portion of the sporo-phyte develops into a massive foot, often provided with rhizoidal-like outgrowths, which serve as a very efficient absorbing organ.The upper portions of the sporophyte present a remarkableseries of differentiations. The outer part of it consists of chloro-phyll-bearing cells in which, for the first time, genuine stomataappear (Fig. 199, ch). Within this zone of chlorenchyma is adome-shaped layer of spore mother cells alternating with sterilecells which in some genera develop as elaters. In the center ofthe sporophyte is a mass o Stock Photo

RM2AXH45J–Nature and development of plants . The basal portion of the sporo-phyte develops into a massive foot, often provided with rhizoidal-like outgrowths, which serve as a very efficient absorbing organ.The upper portions of the sporophyte present a remarkableseries of differentiations. The outer part of it consists of chloro-phyll-bearing cells in which, for the first time, genuine stomataappear (Fig. 199, ch). Within this zone of chlorenchyma is adome-shaped layer of spore mother cells alternating with sterilecells which in some genera develop as elaters. In the center ofthe sporophyte is a mass o

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. LEAVES 531 of many mesophytic monocotyls, especially among the grasses and the sedges, have a somewhat compact and uniform chlorenchyma without palisade cells (fig. 762), and some monocotyls have cells elongated par-. FiG. 762. — A cross section of a meso- phytic grass leaf, that of the blue grass {Poa pralensis), showing relatively uni- form chlorenchyma (c), an upper epi- dermis (e) differing considerably from the lower, especially in the large cells (&) which are concerned in leaf movement; note the vascular tracts (v) and Stock Photo

RMPG216W–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. LEAVES 531 of many mesophytic monocotyls, especially among the grasses and the sedges, have a somewhat compact and uniform chlorenchyma without palisade cells (fig. 762), and some monocotyls have cells elongated par-. FiG. 762. — A cross section of a meso- phytic grass leaf, that of the blue grass {Poa pralensis), showing relatively uni- form chlorenchyma (c), an upper epi- dermis (e) differing considerably from the lower, especially in the large cells (&) which are concerned in leaf movement; note the vascular tracts (v) and

American journal of pharmacy . Transverse section of digitalis leaf, through one of the veins: UE, upper epidermis. /.chlorenchyma (meSBphyll), containing chloroplastids; LE. lower epidermis; G, glandular hairs.V, non-glandular hairs; C, collenchyma; T, trachea? or vessels; S, leptome or sieve. acter yet they contain irritating substances. Nothing appears tobe known with regard to the nature of the secretory substances inthe hairs in digitalis yet the fact that in certain specimens we finda preponderance of glandular hairs is suggestive that whether thesesubstances are toxic or not or have any Stock Photo

RM2AN690W–American journal of pharmacy . Transverse section of digitalis leaf, through one of the veins: UE, upper epidermis. /.chlorenchyma (meSBphyll), containing chloroplastids; LE. lower epidermis; G, glandular hairs.V, non-glandular hairs; C, collenchyma; T, trachea? or vessels; S, leptome or sieve. acter yet they contain irritating substances. Nothing appears tobe known with regard to the nature of the secretory substances inthe hairs in digitalis yet the fact that in certain specimens we finda preponderance of glandular hairs is suggestive that whether thesesubstances are toxic or not or have any

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. 766. — A cross section of a succulent leaf, that of Begonia, show- ing centrally placed chlorenchyma (c), consisting of funnel-shaped palisade cells (p) whose chloroplasts are grouped chiefly at the basal end, and loosely arranged sponge cells (/); note the heavy epidermis («), averaging three cells in thickness above and two be- neath, and quite without chloroplasts; such an epidermis represents a peripheral water tissue; considerably magnified.. Fig. 767.—A cross section of the upper part of a succulent xerophytic leaf, th Stock Photo

RMPG216E–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. 766. — A cross section of a succulent leaf, that of Begonia, show- ing centrally placed chlorenchyma (c), consisting of funnel-shaped palisade cells (p) whose chloroplasts are grouped chiefly at the basal end, and loosely arranged sponge cells (/); note the heavy epidermis («), averaging three cells in thickness above and two be- neath, and quite without chloroplasts; such an epidermis represents a peripheral water tissue; considerably magnified.. Fig. 767.—A cross section of the upper part of a succulent xerophytic leaf, th

Pulp and paper magazine of Canada . - Diagram transverse sec- Figuresl5. •tion, barley. brought out clearly in a transverse section (figure 4).in which it is seen that the chlorenchyma strips arepaired with reference to certain groups of cells (vas-cular bundles). Sometimes the neighboring strips ofadjacent pairs run together, making a group of three;in other instances the spaces between the pairs areequal to the spaces between the members of a pair, sothat the fluting is less obviously regular, but more soin some straws e.g., wheat, than in others. The chlorenchyma in the lower internodes is Stock Photo

RM2AWTCM0–Pulp and paper magazine of Canada . - Diagram transverse sec- Figuresl5. •tion, barley. brought out clearly in a transverse section (figure 4).in which it is seen that the chlorenchyma strips arepaired with reference to certain groups of cells (vas-cular bundles). Sometimes the neighboring strips ofadjacent pairs run together, making a group of three;in other instances the spaces between the pairs areequal to the spaces between the members of a pair, sothat the fluting is less obviously regular, but more soin some straws e.g., wheat, than in others. The chlorenchyma in the lower internodes is

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. LEAVES 549 chlorenchyma occurs on whichever side is the more exposed to light. Surface expansion is almost universally characteristic of leaves, and though perhaps not caused by light, it is none the less of prime im- portance in light reception. Vertical leaves. — In most of the leaf forms above considered there is a tendency toward the display of a maximum surface to incident light. In vertical leaves and also in leafless stems the exact reverse occurs. In the latter the chief limiting factor is not insufficient light, but rath Stock Photo

RMPG2153–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. LEAVES 549 chlorenchyma occurs on whichever side is the more exposed to light. Surface expansion is almost universally characteristic of leaves, and though perhaps not caused by light, it is none the less of prime im- portance in light reception. Vertical leaves. — In most of the leaf forms above considered there is a tendency toward the display of a maximum surface to incident light. In vertical leaves and also in leafless stems the exact reverse occurs. In the latter the chief limiting factor is not insufficient light, but rath

Scientific and applied pharmacognosy intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists . Fig. 273.—Transverse section of digitalis leaf, through one of the veins: UE,upper epidermis; P, chlorenchyma (mesophyll), containing chloroplastids;LE, lower epidermis; G, glandular hairs; N, non-glandular hairs; C, collen-chyma; T, tracheae or vessels; S, leptome or sieve. seous, acrid taste; a volatile principle, antirrhinic acid, somewhatresembling valerianic acid; digitalic acid, separating in white need Stock Photo

RM2AJ5AJ7–Scientific and applied pharmacognosy intended for the use of students in pharmacy, as a hand book for pharmacists, and as a reference book for food and drug analysts and pharmacologists . Fig. 273.—Transverse section of digitalis leaf, through one of the veins: UE,upper epidermis; P, chlorenchyma (mesophyll), containing chloroplastids;LE, lower epidermis; G, glandular hairs; N, non-glandular hairs; C, collen-chyma; T, tracheae or vessels; S, leptome or sieve. seous, acrid taste; a volatile principle, antirrhinic acid, somewhatresembling valerianic acid; digitalic acid, separating in white need

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 548 ECOLOGY leaves toward light; in so far as the upper surface, regardless of exposure, has the maximum chlorenchyma development, the advantage is evi-. FlG. 786. —A plant {Nicotiana alata), illustrating a conical habit due to a decrease in the size and in the horizontality of the leaf blades from the base to the apex; note also that the leaves change in shape, being blunt below and pointed above, and that they are arranged in many vertical rows; this plant, like the mullein, illustrates a relative maxi- mum of lighting coupled Stock Photo

RMPG215E–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 548 ECOLOGY leaves toward light; in so far as the upper surface, regardless of exposure, has the maximum chlorenchyma development, the advantage is evi-. FlG. 786. —A plant {Nicotiana alata), illustrating a conical habit due to a decrease in the size and in the horizontality of the leaf blades from the base to the apex; note also that the leaves change in shape, being blunt below and pointed above, and that they are arranged in many vertical rows; this plant, like the mullein, illustrates a relative maxi- mum of lighting coupled

Pulp and paper magazine of Canada . 50 21 11 8 4 5? 2123 1112 7 8 9 58 4 50 17 9 6 2. Figure 2. — Sector of a transverse section of a wheat stemfallen just above a node, where the fistula is not developeiland the stem therefore solid. X 65. Figure 3. — Transverse section through an internode of bar-ley, showing the fistula, and the bundle.*; in the parenchvma.X 6.8. Figure 4. — Sector of a transverse section through theupper part of the terminal internode of wheat. The fiberlayer is interrupted by the chlorenchyma spaces (Ch) whichunderlay the stomatal zones in the epidermis. X 97. Figure 5. — Stock Photo

RM2AWTHP9–Pulp and paper magazine of Canada . 50 21 11 8 4 5? 2123 1112 7 8 9 58 4 50 17 9 6 2. Figure 2. — Sector of a transverse section of a wheat stemfallen just above a node, where the fistula is not developeiland the stem therefore solid. X 65. Figure 3. — Transverse section through an internode of bar-ley, showing the fistula, and the bundle.*; in the parenchvma.X 6.8. Figure 4. — Sector of a transverse section through theupper part of the terminal internode of wheat. The fiberlayer is interrupted by the chlorenchyma spaces (Ch) whichunderlay the stomatal zones in the epidermis. X 97. Figure 5. —

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 220 MYCOLOGY are Dacryomyces, Guepinia, Calocera. Dacryomyces deliquescens forms gelatinous, or gristly, lumps on tree stumps. Guepinia peziza is sapro- phytic on oak stumps. Calocera viscosa is a branched upright form suggesting the true coral fungi. Family 2. ExOBASiDiACEiE.âThe mycelium of the fungi of this famUy lives parasitically in the chlorenchyma of many shrubs. The fruit body is a thin basidial layer, which breaks out of the tissues of the host. Each basidium develops four bas Stock Photo

RMPG44XF–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 220 MYCOLOGY are Dacryomyces, Guepinia, Calocera. Dacryomyces deliquescens forms gelatinous, or gristly, lumps on tree stumps. Guepinia peziza is sapro- phytic on oak stumps. Calocera viscosa is a branched upright form suggesting the true coral fungi. Family 2. ExOBASiDiACEiE.âThe mycelium of the fungi of this famUy lives parasitically in the chlorenchyma of many shrubs. The fruit body is a thin basidial layer, which breaks out of the tissues of the host. Each basidium develops four bas

. Nature and development of plants . rtion contracts andforces out some of the fluid. The burning sensation or stingthat immediately follows the puncture of the skin is caused bythe injection of formic acid while a variety of other poisons pro-duce the subsequent irritations. These poisons are so powerful in some of the East Indian nettles as to produce serious results. even tetanus or lock-jaw. 17. Significance of Certain Internal Leaf Structures. -Thechanges or modifications produced in the chlorenchyma by vari-ous stimuli are quite as striking as in the case of the epidermis.The palisade ce Stock Photo

RM2CDCHKM–. Nature and development of plants . rtion contracts andforces out some of the fluid. The burning sensation or stingthat immediately follows the puncture of the skin is caused bythe injection of formic acid while a variety of other poisons pro-duce the subsequent irritations. These poisons are so powerful in some of the East Indian nettles as to produce serious results. even tetanus or lock-jaw. 17. Significance of Certain Internal Leaf Structures. -Thechanges or modifications produced in the chlorenchyma by vari-ous stimuli are quite as striking as in the case of the epidermis.The palisade ce

$. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. 760. — A cross section of a mesophytic leaf, that of a peppergrass (Lepidium), showing the upper epidermis (e), the lower epidermis (e'), stomata (5), the chlorenchyma (c) consisting of closely placed palisade cells (p) and more loosely placed sponge tissue (/), and a vascular or conductive tract (v) with bundle sheath (6), hadrome or xylem (A), and leptome or phloem (/); considerably magnified. Fig. 761.—A cross section of a mesophytic leaf, that of a blue violet {Viola cucullata)^ showing a single row of greatly elongated Stock Photo$

RMPG216X–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. 760. — A cross section of a mesophytic leaf, that of a peppergrass (Lepidium), showing the upper epidermis (e), the lower epidermis (e'), stomata (5), the chlorenchyma (c) consisting of closely placed palisade cells (p) and more loosely placed sponge tissue (/), and a vascular or conductive tract (v) with bundle sheath (6), hadrome or xylem (A), and leptome or phloem (/); considerably magnified. Fig. 761.—A cross section of a mesophytic leaf, that of a blue violet {Viola cucullata)^ showing a single row of greatly elongated

. Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute . running ^-w/ cut /, through the wax; no sto-mata. Under - surface : sto-mata numerous, prominentarranged in all directionsguard - cells with numerous-chloroplasts ; epidermal cellsirregular, no cuticle, a densecovering of thickly mattedunicellular hairs that seemto exude oily drops. Chlorenchyma differenti- » ijte<%$*^,ated. About four layers offairly compact palisade cellson upper side, loose roundcells forming a spongy meso-phyll on lower side; air-spacesabove stomata. Fibro-vascular bundles :About five seen in transversesectio Stock Photo

RM2CDYJ13–. Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute . running ^-w/ cut /, through the wax; no sto-mata. Under - surface : sto-mata numerous, prominentarranged in all directionsguard - cells with numerous-chloroplasts ; epidermal cellsirregular, no cuticle, a densecovering of thickly mattedunicellular hairs that seemto exude oily drops. Chlorenchyma differenti- » ijte<%$*^,ated. About four layers offairly compact palisade cellson upper side, loose roundcells forming a spongy meso-phyll on lower side; air-spacesabove stomata. Fibro-vascular bundles :About five seen in transversesectio

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. FiG. 762. — A cross section of a meso- phytic grass leaf, that of the blue grass {Poa pralensis), showing relatively uni- form chlorenchyma (c), an upper epi- dermis (e) differing considerably from the lower, especially in the large cells (&) which are concerned in leaf movement; note the vascular tracts (v) and observe that the stomata {s) are confined to the upper surface; considerably magnified.. Fig. 763. — A cross section of a submersed hydrophytic leaf, that of a pondweed {Potamogelon lucens), show- ing the few cell lay Stock Photo

RMPG216T–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. FiG. 762. — A cross section of a meso- phytic grass leaf, that of the blue grass {Poa pralensis), showing relatively uni- form chlorenchyma (c), an upper epi- dermis (e) differing considerably from the lower, especially in the large cells (&) which are concerned in leaf movement; note the vascular tracts (v) and observe that the stomata {s) are confined to the upper surface; considerably magnified.. Fig. 763. — A cross section of a submersed hydrophytic leaf, that of a pondweed {Potamogelon lucens), show- ing the few cell lay

. Nature and development of plants. Botany. NATURE OF PLANTS 17 is transferred to special parts of the plant, such as buds, roots, seeds. Here it is stored as a reserve food to meet the needs of the plant at such times as it is not able to manufacture food. This transfer of foods is slow and consequently the rapidly con- structed sugars gradually accumulate in the chlorenchyma during the day. This would result in the saturation of the cells with sugar and so stop the work of photosynthesis were it not for the fact that the chloroplasts quickly change the sugar to insoluble starch, thus leaving Stock Photo

RMRDTHTD–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. NATURE OF PLANTS 17 is transferred to special parts of the plant, such as buds, roots, seeds. Here it is stored as a reserve food to meet the needs of the plant at such times as it is not able to manufacture food. This transfer of foods is slow and consequently the rapidly con- structed sugars gradually accumulate in the chlorenchyma during the day. This would result in the saturation of the cells with sugar and so stop the work of photosynthesis were it not for the fact that the chloroplasts quickly change the sugar to insoluble starch, thus leaving

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. STRUCTURE OF HERBACEOUS DICOTVi.EDONOUS STEMS 193. Fig. 172. â Diagrams of highly magnified sections of an Alfalfa stem. A, both cross sectional and lengthwise views of the tissues near the tip of the stem, a, epidermis; I, collenchyma; e, chlorenchyma of the cortex; s, starch sheath; i, pericycle; 6, bast fibers; I, conductive portion of the phloem containing the sieve tubes and companion cells; c, cambium; x, xylem; and â p, pith; V, vascular bimdle. B, section farther from the tip, showing cambium ring and the closing together of the bundles. Let Stock Photo

RMPG42R7–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. STRUCTURE OF HERBACEOUS DICOTVi.EDONOUS STEMS 193. Fig. 172. â Diagrams of highly magnified sections of an Alfalfa stem. A, both cross sectional and lengthwise views of the tissues near the tip of the stem, a, epidermis; I, collenchyma; e, chlorenchyma of the cortex; s, starch sheath; i, pericycle; 6, bast fibers; I, conductive portion of the phloem containing the sieve tubes and companion cells; c, cambium; x, xylem; and â p, pith; V, vascular bimdle. B, section farther from the tip, showing cambium ring and the closing together of the bundles. Let

RMRE1T1D–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. NATURE OF PLANTS 17 is transferred to special parts of the plant; such as buds, roots, seeds. Here it is stored as a reserve food to meet the needs of the plant at such times as it is not able to manufacture food. This transfer of foods is slow and consequently the rapidly con- structed sugars gradually accumulate in the chlorenchyma during the day. This would result in the saturation of the cells with sugar and so stop the work of photosynthesis were it not for the fact that the chloroplasts quickly change the sugar to insoluble starch, thus leaving

RMRDH0T8–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 53° ECOLOGY and it may be that the red pigments are merely the indices of certain chemical activities that are quite without functional significance. Various annuals {e.g. Chenopodiuni) assume vivid colors just as they are dying, and any advantage in such coloration is most improbable. It is not unreasonable to suppose that plants may have many useless organs and characters, which are mere by-products of their fundamental activities. 2. THE STRUCTURE AND ARRANGEMENT OF CHLORENCHYMA Structural variations in chlorophyll-bearing tis

. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. CONCLUSIONS. 127 Verbena and ocotillo prolonged darkness results in the opening and possibly the repeated opening and closing of small amplitude, of stomata (see fig. 40). Further, the accumulation of starch in moribund cells has been observed (Dandeno) in the cells of ripe apples when affected by disease. The same result may frequently be seen in leaves (Verbena) in which, through one cause or another, portions of the chlorenchyma have been damaged and killed. When the epidermis is removed many of the cells of such dead areas are removed and s Stock Photo

RMRFRT82–. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. CONCLUSIONS. 127 Verbena and ocotillo prolonged darkness results in the opening and possibly the repeated opening and closing of small amplitude, of stomata (see fig. 40). Further, the accumulation of starch in moribund cells has been observed (Dandeno) in the cells of ripe apples when affected by disease. The same result may frequently be seen in leaves (Verbena) in which, through one cause or another, portions of the chlorenchyma have been damaged and killed. When the epidermis is removed many of the cells of such dead areas are removed and s

. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. 332 FORM AND POSITION OF THE TRANSPIRING LEAVES AND BRANCHES. In the Casuarinese and in Cytisus radiatus (see fig. 69), the green tissue is distri- buted in the cortex of the branches exactly as in the case just described; but the strips of green tissue traversing the stem are deeply cut into by longitudinal furrows. In some other leafless switch-shrubs, such as species of the genus Ephedra, the chlorenchyma forms a continuous and uniform mantle round the stem, uninterrupted by strips of bast. But in Stock Photo

RMRDNEDC–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. 332 FORM AND POSITION OF THE TRANSPIRING LEAVES AND BRANCHES. In the Casuarinese and in Cytisus radiatus (see fig. 69), the green tissue is distri- buted in the cortex of the branches exactly as in the case just described; but the strips of green tissue traversing the stem are deeply cut into by longitudinal furrows. In some other leafless switch-shrubs, such as species of the genus Ephedra, the chlorenchyma forms a continuous and uniform mantle round the stem, uninterrupted by strips of bast. But in

. Bulletin - Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Agriculture -- Massachusetts. 26 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 183. chyma. Except under the stomates, where it is thicker, the chlorenchyma is composed of three or four layers of cells containing around the inside of the walls the green chloroplasts which give the color to the bark. Next in order are the large thin-walled cells of the inner cortex, the lowermost. healthy rose stem. of which contain abundant starch grains in storage. Next there are areas of angular, very thick-walled cells, the bast fibers. The walls are so thick t Stock Photo

RMRGMMPH–. Bulletin - Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station. Agriculture -- Massachusetts. 26 MASS. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 183. chyma. Except under the stomates, where it is thicker, the chlorenchyma is composed of three or four layers of cells containing around the inside of the walls the green chloroplasts which give the color to the bark. Next in order are the large thin-walled cells of the inner cortex, the lowermost. healthy rose stem. of which contain abundant starch grains in storage. Next there are areas of angular, very thick-walled cells, the bast fibers. The walls are so thick t

. Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 188. Section through the center of the thallus of Marchantia, show- ing one of the air chambers and chimney-like pores in the epidermis—ch, palisade-like chlorenchyma arising from bottom of air chamber. The lower cells of the thallus are nearly colorless and filled with watery solutions or mucilage, r, rhizoids; /, leaf-like plates of cells. and the distribution of the rhizoids and ventral plates are essen- tially as in Ricciocarpus. Marchantia, as in many of the liverworts and some mosses, multiplies extensively by means of buds or gemmae. They Stock Photo

RMRDWFFY–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 188. Section through the center of the thallus of Marchantia, show- ing one of the air chambers and chimney-like pores in the epidermis—ch, palisade-like chlorenchyma arising from bottom of air chamber. The lower cells of the thallus are nearly colorless and filled with watery solutions or mucilage, r, rhizoids; /, leaf-like plates of cells. and the distribution of the rhizoids and ventral plates are essen- tially as in Ricciocarpus. Marchantia, as in many of the liverworts and some mosses, multiplies extensively by means of buds or gemmae. They

. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 283 like pore over the center of each cavity. From the bottom of the chamber numerous delicate chlorophyll-bearing cells arise. This arrangement of the tissues is again suggestive of the chlor- enchyma of the leaf and it is manifestly protective and adapted to photosynthesis. The structure of the lower cells of the thallus. Fig. 188. Section through the center of the thallus of Marckantia, show- ing one of the air chambers and chimney-like pores in the epidermis—ch, palisade-like chlorenchyma arising from bottom of air chamber. Stock Photo

RMRE1PTP–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 283 like pore over the center of each cavity. From the bottom of the chamber numerous delicate chlorophyll-bearing cells arise. This arrangement of the tissues is again suggestive of the chlor- enchyma of the leaf and it is manifestly protective and adapted to photosynthesis. The structure of the lower cells of the thallus. Fig. 188. Section through the center of the thallus of Marckantia, show- ing one of the air chambers and chimney-like pores in the epidermis—ch, palisade-like chlorenchyma arising from bottom of air chamber.

. Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 188. Section through the center of the thallus of Marckantia, show- ing one of the air chambers and chimney-like pores in the epidermis—ch, palisade-like chlorenchyma arising from bottom of air chamber. The lower cells of the thallus are nearly colorless and filled with watery solutions or mucilage, r, rhizoids; /, leaf-like plates of cells. and the distribution of the rhizoids and ventral plates are essen- tially as in Ricciocarpus. Marchantia, as in many of the liverworts and some mosses, multiplies extensively by means of buds or gemmae. They Stock Photo

RMRE1PTK–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 188. Section through the center of the thallus of Marckantia, show- ing one of the air chambers and chimney-like pores in the epidermis—ch, palisade-like chlorenchyma arising from bottom of air chamber. The lower cells of the thallus are nearly colorless and filled with watery solutions or mucilage, r, rhizoids; /, leaf-like plates of cells. and the distribution of the rhizoids and ventral plates are essen- tially as in Ricciocarpus. Marchantia, as in many of the liverworts and some mosses, multiplies extensively by means of buds or gemmae. They

RMRDH00E–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 630 ECOLOGY green cells (as in various thin-leaved succulents), quite as in most leaves except for the evident fleshiness of the organ; or the leaf may be thick with the chlorophyll gradually decreasing toward the center, the cells otherwise being essentially similar in aspect, as in most Crassulaceae (figs. 924, 925); or the leaf may be thick with chlorophyll decreasing toward the center, but with the outermost chlorenchyma cells elongated, representing true palisade cells, while the cells toward the center become more and more

RMRDWFG4–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 283 like pore over the center of each cavity. From the bottom of the chamber numerous delicate chlorophyll-bearing cells arise. This arrangement of the tissues is again suggestive of the chlor- enchyma of the leaf and it is manifestly protective and adapted to photos3mthesis. The structure of the lower cells of the thallus. Fig. 188. Section through the center of the thallus of Marchantia, show- ing one of the air chambers and chimney-like pores in the epidermis—ch, palisade-like chlorenchyma arising from bottom of air chamber.

. Principles of modern biology. Biology. 240 - Multicellular Plants Also the upper surface is equipped with clearly defined openings, the pores, each flanked by specialized pore cells (Fig. 13-5). The pore cells control the size of the numer- ous openings, tending to close them when the quantity of escaping water vapor be- comes excessive. The pores lead into air spaces, inside the thallus, and these spaces permit carbon dioxide to diffuse from the outside air to the delicate green cells, or chlorenchyma, which border the air spaces. The remaining thickness of the thallus is composed mainly of Stock Photo

RMRDYW40–. Principles of modern biology. Biology. 240 - Multicellular Plants Also the upper surface is equipped with clearly defined openings, the pores, each flanked by specialized pore cells (Fig. 13-5). The pore cells control the size of the numer- ous openings, tending to close them when the quantity of escaping water vapor be- comes excessive. The pores lead into air spaces, inside the thallus, and these spaces permit carbon dioxide to diffuse from the outside air to the delicate green cells, or chlorenchyma, which border the air spaces. The remaining thickness of the thallus is composed mainly of

RMRDC2DM–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 194 STEMS ened but elastic walls. Being formed early, they are of much importance in affording strength to the young regions of the stem where bast fibers and woody tissues are. not yet well formed. Most of the cortex is made up of thin-walled parenchyma cells, known as chlorenchyma, since they contain chloroplasts and func- tion like the cells of leaves in the manufacture of food, being sup- plied with air through the stomata of the epidermis. The starch sheath, comparable to the endodermis in roots, is not distinct from the other cells of the cort

. Nature and development of plants. Botany. FlG. 223. Section of a leaf of Woodwardia, showing two sori: i, indusiura; sp, sporangia arising from the epidermis and in various stages of develop- ment. Note the epidermis, stoma, s, palisade and spongy chlorenchyma and vascular bundles, as in higher plants. phyta, and it is evident that ample provision is made for the maintenance of the race notwithstanding the postponement and specialization in spore production. The sporangia vary considerably in structure in the various. Fig. 224. Character of sporangia: A, simple type of sporangium of Osmunda Stock Photo

RMRE1PHX–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. FlG. 223. Section of a leaf of Woodwardia, showing two sori: i, indusiura; sp, sporangia arising from the epidermis and in various stages of develop- ment. Note the epidermis, stoma, s, palisade and spongy chlorenchyma and vascular bundles, as in higher plants. phyta, and it is evident that ample provision is made for the maintenance of the race notwithstanding the postponement and specialization in spore production. The sporangia vary considerably in structure in the various. Fig. 224. Character of sporangia: A, simple type of sporangium of Osmunda

. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 307 rounded on the outside, and less commonly on the inside, by loose chlorophyll-bearing cells which extend down to the base of the capsule where chlorenchyma and stomata are developed. This lower region of the capsule, the apophysis, is often enlarged and provided with air spaces and stomata, thus constituting the chief photosynthetic apparatus of the sporophyte (Fig. 210, 3A).. Fig. 211. Structure of capsule of Funaria: 5, capsule with calyptra, 5^, removed. 6, section of nearly mature capsule—sp, spore-forming cells sur- rou Stock Photo

RMRDWFA1–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 307 rounded on the outside, and less commonly on the inside, by loose chlorophyll-bearing cells which extend down to the base of the capsule where chlorenchyma and stomata are developed. This lower region of the capsule, the apophysis, is often enlarged and provided with air spaces and stomata, thus constituting the chief photosynthetic apparatus of the sporophyte (Fig. 210, 3A).. Fig. 211. Structure of capsule of Funaria: 5, capsule with calyptra, 5^, removed. 6, section of nearly mature capsule—sp, spore-forming cells sur- rou

RMRDC0XR–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. SPOROPHYTE 429 {dichotomous branching); and the leaves develop in the spring by unrolling from the base, much like unrolling a bolt of cloth, until their final length is reached [circinate vernation). They have epidermis, stomata, and chlorenchyma or food-making tissue, and through their veins run well developed vascular bundles.. Fig. 380. — A cross section of a Fern stem, showing the epidermis (e), the cortex (c), the vascular cyUnder (v), and the pith (p). The sporangia occur in the rusty looking spots, called sori (singular sorus), which are for

. Nature and development of plants. Botany. NATURE OF PLANTS 19 forms than the products constructed in the chlorenchyma which were designed for immediate use or translocation to other parts. If we examine a potato the cells will seem to be filled with very regularly constructed starch grains (Fig. 10, A). In the pea seed and in wheat and other grains proteid granules are associated with the starch grains (Fig. 10, B). These starch grains are formed by rather colorless plastids called leucoplasts (Fig. 3, E) that closely resemble the chloroplasts. The starch grain first appears in the leucoplas Stock Photo

RMRDTHRK–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. NATURE OF PLANTS 19 forms than the products constructed in the chlorenchyma which were designed for immediate use or translocation to other parts. If we examine a potato the cells will seem to be filled with very regularly constructed starch grains (Fig. 10, A). In the pea seed and in wheat and other grains proteid granules are associated with the starch grains (Fig. 10, B). These starch grains are formed by rather colorless plastids called leucoplasts (Fig. 3, E) that closely resemble the chloroplasts. The starch grain first appears in the leucoplas

. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. 194 STEMS ened but elastic walls. Being formed early, they are of much importance in affording strength to the young regions of the stem where bast fibers and woody tissues are not yet well formed. Most of the cortex is made up of thin-walled parenchyma cells, known as chlorenchyma, since they contain chloroplasts and func- tion hke the cells of leaves in the manufacture of food, being sup- plied with air through the stomata of the epidermis. The starch sheath, comparable to the endodermis in roots, is not distinct from the other cells of the c Stock Photo

RMRDTGA7–. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. 194 STEMS ened but elastic walls. Being formed early, they are of much importance in affording strength to the young regions of the stem where bast fibers and woody tissues are not yet well formed. Most of the cortex is made up of thin-walled parenchyma cells, known as chlorenchyma, since they contain chloroplasts and func- tion hke the cells of leaves in the manufacture of food, being sup- plied with air through the stomata of the epidermis. The starch sheath, comparable to the endodermis in roots, is not distinct from the other cells of the c

RMRE1T15–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. NATURE OF PLANTS 19 forms than the products constructed in the chlorenchyma which were designed for immediate use or translocation to other parts. If we examine a potato the cells will seem to be filled with very regularly constructed starch grains (Fig. 10, A). In the pea seed and in wheat and other grains proteid granules are associated with the starch grains (Fig. 10, B). These starch grains are formed by rather colorless plastids called Irnrnplnntn (Fig. 3, E) that closely resemble the chloroplasts. The starch grain first appears in the leucoplas

RMRDH0PN–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. and the shape, size, and compactness of the cells may be modified con- siderably as conditions change. Light and palisade development. — It was discovered long ago that the gemmae of Marchantia develop chlorenchyma on whichever side is exposed to the light, colorless tissue with rhizoids developing on the , f other side; also that the chlorenchyma develops equally on both sides of a Thuja branch if ex- I p posed equally to light, the palisades commonly developed on the upper surface being due to greater light exposure. These expe

. Botany for agricultural students. Plants. 194 STEMS ened but elastic walls. Being fonued early, they are of much importance in affording strength to the young regions of the stem where bast fibers and woody tissues are not yet well formed. Most of the cortex is made up of thin-walled parenchyma cells, known as chlorenchyma, since they contain chloroplasts and func- tion like the cells of leaves in the manufacture of food, being sup- plied with air through the stomata of the epidermis. The starch sheath, comparable to the endodermis in roots, is not distinct from the other cells of the cortex Stock Photo

RMRH94DH–. Botany for agricultural students. Plants. 194 STEMS ened but elastic walls. Being fonued early, they are of much importance in affording strength to the young regions of the stem where bast fibers and woody tissues are not yet well formed. Most of the cortex is made up of thin-walled parenchyma cells, known as chlorenchyma, since they contain chloroplasts and func- tion like the cells of leaves in the manufacture of food, being sup- plied with air through the stomata of the epidermis. The starch sheath, comparable to the endodermis in roots, is not distinct from the other cells of the cortex

. Nature and development of plants. Botany. FlG. 223. Section of a leaf of Woodwardia, showing two sori: i, indusium; sp, sporangia arising from the epidermis and in various stages of develop- ment. Note the epidermis, stoma, j, palisade and spongy chlorenchyma. and vascular bundles, as in higher plants. phyta, and it is evident that ample provision is made for the maintenance of the race notwithstanding the postponement and specialization in spore production. The sporangia vary considerably in structure in the various. Fig. 224. Character of sporangia: A, simple type of sporangium of Osmunda Stock Photo

RMRDWF6A–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. FlG. 223. Section of a leaf of Woodwardia, showing two sori: i, indusium; sp, sporangia arising from the epidermis and in various stages of develop- ment. Note the epidermis, stoma, j, palisade and spongy chlorenchyma. and vascular bundles, as in higher plants. phyta, and it is evident that ample provision is made for the maintenance of the race notwithstanding the postponement and specialization in spore production. The sporangia vary considerably in structure in the various. Fig. 224. Character of sporangia: A, simple type of sporangium of Osmunda

RMRE1PNN–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 307 rounded on the outside, and less commonly on the inside, by loose chlorophyll-bearing cells which extend down to the base of the capsule where chlorenchyma and stomata are developed. This lower region of the capsule, the apophysis, is often enlarged and provided with air spaces and stomata, thus constituting the chief photosynthetic apparatus of the sporophyte (Fig. 210, 3^).. Fig. 211. Structure of capsule of Funaria: 5, capsule with calyptra, 5^4, removed. 6, section of nearly mature capsule—sp, spore-forming cells sur- ro

. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. SPOROPHYTE 429 {dichotomous branching); and the leaves develop in the spring by unroUing from the base, much hke unrolling a bolt of cloth, untU their final length is reached {circinate vernation). They have epidermis, stomata, and chlorenchyma or food-making tissue, and through their veins run well developed vascular bundles.. Fig. 380. — A cross section of a Fern stem, showing the epidermis (e), the cortex (c), the vascular cylinder (v), and the pith (p). The sporangia occur in the rusty looking spots, called sori (singular sorus), which are Stock Photo

RMRDWCP5–. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. SPOROPHYTE 429 {dichotomous branching); and the leaves develop in the spring by unroUing from the base, much hke unrolling a bolt of cloth, untU their final length is reached {circinate vernation). They have epidermis, stomata, and chlorenchyma or food-making tissue, and through their veins run well developed vascular bundles.. Fig. 380. — A cross section of a Fern stem, showing the epidermis (e), the cortex (c), the vascular cylinder (v), and the pith (p). The sporangia occur in the rusty looking spots, called sori (singular sorus), which are

. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. STRUCTURE OF HERBACEOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS STEMS 193. Fig. 172. — Diagrams of highly magnified sections of an Alfalfa stem. A, both cross sectional and lengthwise views of the tissues near the tip of the stem, a, .epidermis; I, coUenchyma; e, chlorenchyma of the cortex; s, starch sheath; i, pericycle; 5, bast fibers; t, conductive portion of the phloem containing the sieve tubes and companion cells; c, cambium; x, xylem; and p, pith; V, vascular bundle. B, section farther from the tip, showing cambium rhig and the closing together of the bundles. L Stock Photo

RMRDTGAC–. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. STRUCTURE OF HERBACEOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS STEMS 193. Fig. 172. — Diagrams of highly magnified sections of an Alfalfa stem. A, both cross sectional and lengthwise views of the tissues near the tip of the stem, a, .epidermis; I, coUenchyma; e, chlorenchyma of the cortex; s, starch sheath; i, pericycle; 5, bast fibers; t, conductive portion of the phloem containing the sieve tubes and companion cells; c, cambium; x, xylem; and p, pith; V, vascular bundle. B, section farther from the tip, showing cambium rhig and the closing together of the bundles. L

. The topography of the chlorophyll apparatus in desert plants. Chlorophyll; Desert plants; Plants. C^' â 6^-' chlorenchyma of the leaf was observed also in Krameria canescens, where the cortical chlorophyll band is likewise palisade. Celtis pallida. (Plate 2, b, and figs. 2 and 3.) The specimen of Celtis which was chosen for study is growing- in the arroyo below and to the east of the Laboratory building. A branch about 2 m. in length was selected and sections made at the following distances from the tip: 6, 21, 34, 49, 64, 79, 144, and 178 cm. The parts of the branch where the sec- tions wfe Stock Photo

RMRE36KK–. The topography of the chlorophyll apparatus in desert plants. Chlorophyll; Desert plants; Plants. C^' â 6^-' chlorenchyma of the leaf was observed also in Krameria canescens, where the cortical chlorophyll band is likewise palisade. Celtis pallida. (Plate 2, b, and figs. 2 and 3.) The specimen of Celtis which was chosen for study is growing- in the arroyo below and to the east of the Laboratory building. A branch about 2 m. in length was selected and sections made at the following distances from the tip: 6, 21, 34, 49, 64, 79, 144, and 178 cm. The parts of the branch where the sec- tions wfe

. The topography of the chlorophyll apparatus in desert plants. Chlorophyll; Desert plants; Plants. 8 TOPOGRAPHY OF CHLOROPHYLL APPARATUS IN DESERT PLANTS.. C^' â 6^-' chlorenchyma of the leaf was observed also in Krameria canescens, where the cortical chlorophyll band is likewise palisade. Celtis pallida. (Plate 2, b, and figs. 2 and 3.) The specimen of Celtis which was chosen for study is growing- in the arroyo below and to the east of the Laboratory building. A branch about 2 m. in length was selected and sections made at the following distances from the tip: 6, 21, 34, 49, 64, 79, 144, and Stock Photo

RMRE36KP–. The topography of the chlorophyll apparatus in desert plants. Chlorophyll; Desert plants; Plants. 8 TOPOGRAPHY OF CHLOROPHYLL APPARATUS IN DESERT PLANTS.. C^' â 6^-' chlorenchyma of the leaf was observed also in Krameria canescens, where the cortical chlorophyll band is likewise palisade. Celtis pallida. (Plate 2, b, and figs. 2 and 3.) The specimen of Celtis which was chosen for study is growing- in the arroyo below and to the east of the Laboratory building. A branch about 2 m. in length was selected and sections made at the following distances from the tip: 6, 21, 34, 49, 64, 79, 144, and

RMRDH0JT–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. S68 ECOLOGY. on the upper leaf surfaces in mesophytes and in xerophytes, there are no breaks whatever in the epidermis, which thus contrast strikingly with the chlorenchyma. In most dicotyls the cells are nearly isodiametric (figs. 8ii, 812, 911), while in monocotyls they usually are elongated in the same direction as is the leaf (figs. 796, 804). Commonly the epi- dermal cells of air leaves differ from the mesophyll cells in the absence of chlorophyll (except in the guard cells) and in the presence of a cutinized outer layer, th

. Principles of modern biology. Biology. Nutrition of Multicellular Plants - 251 ing water from the surface of the thin-walled chlorenchyma cells inside the leaf, and the resulting vapor passes out of the leaf by way of the stomatal openings. In most leaves the stomata occur chiefly or entirely on the lower surface; and the num- ber of stomata varies between 50 and 500 per square millimeter of the surface (Fig. 13-7). The average size at maximal opening is about 6X 18 microns, so that about l/.,() of the leaf surface may be occupied by sto- mata. The transmission of gases through such a perfor Stock Photo

RMRDYW26–. Principles of modern biology. Biology. Nutrition of Multicellular Plants - 251 ing water from the surface of the thin-walled chlorenchyma cells inside the leaf, and the resulting vapor passes out of the leaf by way of the stomatal openings. In most leaves the stomata occur chiefly or entirely on the lower surface; and the num- ber of stomata varies between 50 and 500 per square millimeter of the surface (Fig. 13-7). The average size at maximal opening is about 6X 18 microns, so that about l/.,() of the leaf surface may be occupied by sto- mata. The transmission of gases through such a perfor

RMRDH0MW–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. LEAVES 549 chlorenchyma occurs on whichever side is the more exposed to light. Surface expansion is almost universally characteristic of leaves, and though perhaps not caused by light, it is none the less of prime im- portance in light reception. Vertical leaves. — In most of the leaf forms above considered there is a tendency toward the display of a maximum surface to incident light. In vertical leaves and also in leafless stems the exact reverse occurs. In the latter the chief limiting factor is not insufficient light, but rath

RMRDH0RW–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. LEAVES 531 of many mesophytic monocotyls, especially among the grasses and the sedges, have a somewhat compact and uniform chlorenchyma without palisade cells (fig. 762), and some monocotyls have cells elongated par-. FiG. 762. — A cross section of a meso- phytic grass leaf, that of the blue grass {Poa pralensis), showing relatively uni- form chlorenchyma (c), an upper epi- dermis (e) differing considerably from the lower, especially in the large cells (&) which are concerned in leaf movement; note the vascular tracts (v) and

. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 326 SPORANGIA OF FILICALES leaves. Therefore, Bower estimates that the shield fern produces annually upwards of 50 million spores. This makes a striking comparison when we consider the spore production in the Bryo-. FlG. 223. Section of a leaf of Woodwardia, showing two sori: i, indusiura; sp, sporangia arising from the epidermis and in various stages of develop- ment. Note the epidermis, stoma, s, palisade and spongy chlorenchyma and vascular bundles, as in higher plants. phyta, and it is evident that ample provision is made for the maintenance of t Stock Photo

RMRE1PJ5–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 326 SPORANGIA OF FILICALES leaves. Therefore, Bower estimates that the shield fern produces annually upwards of 50 million spores. This makes a striking comparison when we consider the spore production in the Bryo-. FlG. 223. Section of a leaf of Woodwardia, showing two sori: i, indusiura; sp, sporangia arising from the epidermis and in various stages of develop- ment. Note the epidermis, stoma, s, palisade and spongy chlorenchyma and vascular bundles, as in higher plants. phyta, and it is evident that ample provision is made for the maintenance of t

RMRDWF6E–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 326 SPORANGIA OF FILICALES leaves. Therefore, Bower estimates that the shield fern produces annually upwards of 50 million spores. This makes a striking comparison when we consider the spore production in the Bryo-. FlG. 223. Section of a leaf of Woodwardia, showing two sori: i, indusium; sp, sporangia arising from the epidermis and in various stages of develop- ment. Note the epidermis, stoma, j, palisade and spongy chlorenchyma. and vascular bundles, as in higher plants. phyta, and it is evident that ample provision is made for the maintenance of t

RMRDH0N0–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. 548 ECOLOGY leaves toward light; in so far as the upper surface, regardless of exposure, has the maximum chlorenchyma development, the advantage is evi-. FlG. 786. —A plant {Nicotiana alata), illustrating a conical habit due to a decrease in the size and in the horizontality of the leaf blades from the base to the apex; note also that the leaves change in shape, being blunt below and pointed above, and that they are arranged in many vertical rows; this plant, like the mullein, illustrates a relative maxi- mum of lighting coupled

. Botany for agricultural students. Plants. SPOROPHYTE 429 {dichotomous branching); aiul the leaves develop in the spring by unrolling from the base, much like unrolling a bolt of cloth, until their final length is reached {circinate vernation). They have epidermis, stomata, and chlorenchyma or food-making tissue, and through their veins run well developed vascular bundles.. Fig. 380. — A cross section of a Fern stem, showing the epidermis (e), the cortex (c), the vascular cyHnder {v), and the pith (/j). The s-porangia occur in the rusty looking spots, called sori (singular sorus), which are f Stock Photo

RMRH4W2D–. Botany for agricultural students. Plants. SPOROPHYTE 429 {dichotomous branching); aiul the leaves develop in the spring by unrolling from the base, much like unrolling a bolt of cloth, until their final length is reached {circinate vernation). They have epidermis, stomata, and chlorenchyma or food-making tissue, and through their veins run well developed vascular bundles.. Fig. 380. — A cross section of a Fern stem, showing the epidermis (e), the cortex (c), the vascular cyHnder {v), and the pith (/j). The s-porangia occur in the rusty looking spots, called sori (singular sorus), which are f

RMRDH00B–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. LEAVES 631 the centrally placed chlorenchyma occupies less space than does the epi- dermal water mantle (figs. 928, 766, 767). Perhaps the commonest sort of water mantle is represented in Tradescantia, where there is a single or double layer of large turgescent colorless cells. The water tissue com- monly is best developed on the upper side of the leaf, sometimes being confined to that side. In most cases the cell sap is highly acid. In the " ice plant" (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) a few of the epidermal cells are mu

RMRDH0R3–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. 766. — A cross section of a succulent leaf, that of Begonia, show- ing centrally placed chlorenchyma (c), consisting of funnel-shaped palisade cells (p) whose chloroplasts are grouped chiefly at the basal end, and loosely arranged sponge cells (/); note the heavy epidermis («), averaging three cells in thickness above and two be- neath, and quite without chloroplasts; such an epidermis represents a peripheral water tissue; considerably magnified.. Fig. 767.—A cross section of the upper part of a succulent xerophytic leaf, th

RMRDH0RP–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. FiG. 762. — A cross section of a meso- phytic grass leaf, that of the blue grass {Poa pralensis), showing relatively uni- form chlorenchyma (c), an upper epi- dermis (e) differing considerably from the lower, especially in the large cells (&) which are concerned in leaf movement; note the vascular tracts (v) and observe that the stomata {s) are confined to the upper surface; considerably magnified.. Fig. 763. — A cross section of a submersed hydrophytic leaf, that of a pondweed {Potamogelon lucens), show- ing the few cell lay

$. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. 760. — A cross section of a mesophytic leaf, that of a peppergrass (Lepidium), showing the upper epidermis (e), the lower epidermis (e'), stomata (5), the chlorenchyma (c) consisting of closely placed palisade cells (p) and more loosely placed sponge tissue (/), and a vascular or conductive tract (v) with bundle sheath (6), hadrome or xylem (A), and leptome or phloem (/); considerably magnified. Fig. 761.—A cross section of a mesophytic leaf, that of a blue violet {Viola cucullata)^ showing a single row of greatly elongated Stock Photo$

RMRDH0T1–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. 760. — A cross section of a mesophytic leaf, that of a peppergrass (Lepidium), showing the upper epidermis (e), the lower epidermis (e'), stomata (5), the chlorenchyma (c) consisting of closely placed palisade cells (p) and more loosely placed sponge tissue (/), and a vascular or conductive tract (v) with bundle sheath (6), hadrome or xylem (A), and leptome or phloem (/); considerably magnified. Fig. 761.—A cross section of a mesophytic leaf, that of a blue violet {Viola cucullata)^ showing a single row of greatly elongated

RMRDE28G–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 220 MYCOLOGY are Dacryomyces, Guepinia, Calocera. Dacryomyces deliquescens forms gelatinous, or gristly, lumps on tree stumps. Guepinia peziza is sapro- phytic on oak stumps. Calocera viscosa is a branched upright form suggesting the true coral fungi. Family 2. ExOBASiDiACEiE.âThe mycelium of the fungi of this famUy lives parasitically in the chlorenchyma of many shrubs. The fruit body is a thin basidial layer, which breaks out of the tissues of the host. Each basidium develops four bas

RMRDC2E4–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. STRUCTURE OF HERBACEOUS DICOTVi.EDONOUS STEMS 193. Fig. 172. â Diagrams of highly magnified sections of an Alfalfa stem. A, both cross sectional and lengthwise views of the tissues near the tip of the stem, a, epidermis; I, collenchyma; e, chlorenchyma of the cortex; s, starch sheath; i, pericycle; 6, bast fibers; I, conductive portion of the phloem containing the sieve tubes and companion cells; c, cambium; x, xylem; and â p, pith; V, vascular bimdle. B, section farther from the tip, showing cambium ring and the closing together of the bundles. Let

. Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 199. Fig. 200. Fig. 199. Section of a young sporophyte of Anthoceros emerging from the involucre-like outgrowth of the thallus—.?^, dome-shaped spore form- ing layer of cells; ch, chlorenchyma with stomata; b, foot or absorbing region; c, region of growth. At right, surface view of stoma. Fig. 200. A common moss, Funaria: A, two plants with root-like rhi- zoids at base and radially arranged leaves. Rising above the leaves are the stalks or setae and capsules of two sporophytes. B, magnified view of a plant, showing the early appearance of the sp Stock Photo

RMRDWFD4–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 199. Fig. 200. Fig. 199. Section of a young sporophyte of Anthoceros emerging from the involucre-like outgrowth of the thallus—.?^, dome-shaped spore form- ing layer of cells; ch, chlorenchyma with stomata; b, foot or absorbing region; c, region of growth. At right, surface view of stoma. Fig. 200. A common moss, Funaria: A, two plants with root-like rhi- zoids at base and radially arranged leaves. Rising above the leaves are the stalks or setae and capsules of two sporophytes. B, magnified view of a plant, showing the early appearance of the sp

. Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 199. Fig. 200. Fig. 199. Section of a young sporophyte of Anlhoceros emerging from the involucre-like outgrowth of the thallus—sp, dome-shaped spore form- ing layer of cells; ch, chlorenchyma with stomata; b, foot or absorbing region; c, region of growth. At right, surface view of stoma. Fig. 200. A common moss, Funaria: A, two plants with root-like rhi- zoids at base and radially arranged leaves. Rising above the leaves are the stalks or setae and capsules of two sporophytes. 5, magnified view of a plant, showing the early appearance of the spo Stock Photo

RMRE1PR6–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 199. Fig. 200. Fig. 199. Section of a young sporophyte of Anlhoceros emerging from the involucre-like outgrowth of the thallus—sp, dome-shaped spore form- ing layer of cells; ch, chlorenchyma with stomata; b, foot or absorbing region; c, region of growth. At right, surface view of stoma. Fig. 200. A common moss, Funaria: A, two plants with root-like rhi- zoids at base and radially arranged leaves. Rising above the leaves are the stalks or setae and capsules of two sporophytes. 5, magnified view of a plant, showing the early appearance of the spo

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