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. The standard domestic science cook book. THE modern kitchen should be made as comfortable and convenient asany other part of the house, because now it is generally conceded thatthe health and comfort of the entire family depend largely upon thenature of the food and the manner in which it is prepared and served. MODERN KITCHEN. The chief essentials of a convenient and well kept kitchen:The kitchen should be large, light, airy and properly ventilated;it should be easy of access without passing through other roomsof the house; it should be apart from the living rooms to preventthe noise of rat Stock Photo

RM2CEY1J3–. The standard domestic science cook book. THE modern kitchen should be made as comfortable and convenient asany other part of the house, because now it is generally conceded thatthe health and comfort of the entire family depend largely upon thenature of the food and the manner in which it is prepared and served. MODERN KITCHEN. The chief essentials of a convenient and well kept kitchen:The kitchen should be large, light, airy and properly ventilated;it should be easy of access without passing through other roomsof the house; it should be apart from the living rooms to preventthe noise of rat

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. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. POKEWEED FAMILY 75 the upper ones of staminate flowers in long slender spikes, the axil- lary ones globular, composed of pistillate flowers. Bracts lance-awl-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bergen, Joseph Y. (Joseph Young), 1851-1917. Boston, Ginn Stock Photo

RMPG3TW0–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. POKEWEED FAMILY 75 the upper ones of staminate flowers in long slender spikes, the axil- lary ones globular, composed of pistillate flowers. Bracts lance-awl-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bergen, Joseph Y. (Joseph Young), 1851-1917. Boston, Ginn

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RMRDJJ15–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. POKEWEED FAMILY 75 the upper ones of staminate flowers in long slender spikes, the axil- lary ones globular, composed of pistillate flowers. Bracts lance-awl-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bergen, Joseph Y. (Joseph Young), 1851-1917. Boston, Ginn

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. RUSH FAMILY 29. Fig. 7. Rushes A, plant of Juncus tenuis, one half natural size; B, flower of same, magnified; C, fruit magnified; i>, iiower of wood rush (Luzula), magnified. (B, after Warming). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bergen, Joseph Y. (Joseph Young), 1851-1917. Boston, Ginn Stock Photo

RMPG3TYG–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. RUSH FAMILY 29. Fig. 7. Rushes A, plant of Juncus tenuis, one half natural size; B, flower of same, magnified; C, fruit magnified; i>, iiower of wood rush (Luzula), magnified. (B, after Warming). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bergen, Joseph Y. (Joseph Young), 1851-1917. Boston, Ginn

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. Essentials of biology presented in problems. Biology. 168 PLANTS MODIFIED BY THEIR SURROUNDIXGS single plants have eadently given rise to the members of each little family group, and thus have populated the locality. So we find among plants communal conditions similar to those among some animals. The many individuals of the community live under similar conditions; they need the same substances from the air, the water, the soil. They all need the hght; they use the same food. Therefore there must be competition among them, especially between those near to each other. The plants which are str Stock Photo

RMRE00KN–. Essentials of biology presented in problems. Biology. 168 PLANTS MODIFIED BY THEIR SURROUNDIXGS single plants have eadently given rise to the members of each little family group, and thus have populated the locality. So we find among plants communal conditions similar to those among some animals. The many individuals of the community live under similar conditions; they need the same substances from the air, the water, the soil. They all need the hght; they use the same food. Therefore there must be competition among them, especially between those near to each other. The plants which are str

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 108 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY the sun without cutting off too much light from other leaves underneath. Such a leaf is in much less danger of being torn by severe winds than are broader ones with undivided margins. The same purposes are served by compound leaves with very many small leaflets, such as those of the honey-locust, mimosa acacia (Fig. 77), and. Fig. 74. Opposite Leaves of Deutzia^ (from the same shrub as Fig. 75), as arranged on a Horizontal Branch. other trees and shrubs of the pea family. What kind of shade is produced by a horse-chestnut or a ma Stock Photo

RMPG4257–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 108 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY the sun without cutting off too much light from other leaves underneath. Such a leaf is in much less danger of being torn by severe winds than are broader ones with undivided margins. The same purposes are served by compound leaves with very many small leaflets, such as those of the honey-locust, mimosa acacia (Fig. 77), and. Fig. 74. Opposite Leaves of Deutzia^ (from the same shrub as Fig. 75), as arranged on a Horizontal Branch. other trees and shrubs of the pea family. What kind of shade is produced by a horse-chestnut or a ma

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. The essentials of botany. Botany. CUP FLOWERS 309 gamosepalous and nearly regular. The carpel, which is somewhat fleshy when young, on ripening becomes dry and fibrous. This form of fruit is known as a "legume." 567. It should be noted that the flowers of the plum and the pea are very much alike in plan, the greatest difference being the irregularity of the corolla, and the fewer, united stamens. The pea represents an immense group of plants (Bean Family) of 6,000 to 7,000 species, which appear to have been developed from plum-like ancestors by their corollas becoming irregular. Th Stock Photo

RMRDWBX1–. The essentials of botany. Botany. CUP FLOWERS 309 gamosepalous and nearly regular. The carpel, which is somewhat fleshy when young, on ripening becomes dry and fibrous. This form of fruit is known as a "legume." 567. It should be noted that the flowers of the plum and the pea are very much alike in plan, the greatest difference being the irregularity of the corolla, and the fewer, united stamens. The pea represents an immense group of plants (Bean Family) of 6,000 to 7,000 species, which appear to have been developed from plum-like ancestors by their corollas becoming irregular. Th

. The essentials of botany. Botany. OOPEYTA. 139 a thick integument, which is double—that is, formed of an outer thicker coat (epispore) and an inner thinner one (en- dospore). After a considerable period of repose the rest- ing spores germinate by sending out a tube, as in Green Felt. 289. The Pond-Seum Parasites are minute plants living in the cells of Pond-scums, Desmids, Diatoms, etc. In one family {Ancylisteoe) they are tubular, branching filamentSj while in Ghytridiece they consist of rounded or branching cells. Both zoospores and resting-spores are usually pro- duced, the former escapin Stock Photo

RMPG3RTR–. The essentials of botany. Botany. OOPEYTA. 139 a thick integument, which is double—that is, formed of an outer thicker coat (epispore) and an inner thinner one (en- dospore). After a considerable period of repose the rest- ing spores germinate by sending out a tube, as in Green Felt. 289. The Pond-Seum Parasites are minute plants living in the cells of Pond-scums, Desmids, Diatoms, etc. In one family {Ancylisteoe) they are tubular, branching filamentSj while in Ghytridiece they consist of rounded or branching cells. Both zoospores and resting-spores are usually pro- duced, the former escapin

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$. The essentials of botany. Botany. PINES 279 are represented by but two living genera, Araucaria and Agathis. These and other genera were represented in the Northern Hemisphere in Mesozoic and later periods. 502. Modern Pines (Family Ahietaceae). These may be illustrated by the common Scotch Pine {Pinus silves- tris), in which the microsporophylls are massed into cones 1 centimeter long, and these cones are themselves massed in clus- ters. Each microsporophyll bears two spor- angia on its lower surface. The microspores are spheroidal but the outer layer of the t,.^'°- p^- — ^ ^ Jrinus (micro- Stock Photo$

RMRDWBYR–. The essentials of botany. Botany. PINES 279 are represented by but two living genera, Araucaria and Agathis. These and other genera were represented in the Northern Hemisphere in Mesozoic and later periods. 502. Modern Pines (Family Ahietaceae). These may be illustrated by the common Scotch Pine {Pinus silves- tris), in which the microsporophylls are massed into cones 1 centimeter long, and these cones are themselves massed in clus- ters. Each microsporophyll bears two spor- angia on its lower surface. The microspores are spheroidal but the outer layer of the t,.^'°- p^- — ^ ^ Jrinus (micro-

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 146 KEY AND FLORA or twice as many. Fruit a 3-lobed capsule. Seeds containing fleshy or oily endosperm. Most of the family are natives of hot regions, many of them of peculiar aspect from their adap- tation to life in dry climates. [The family is too difficult for the beginner in botany to determine many of its genera and species with certainty, but a few are described below.J I. JATROPHA L. Shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers monoecious, staminate and pistillate intermixed in the cymes, apetalous. Calyx large, white, 6-lobed, corolla-like. Stamen Stock Photo

RMPG3TPA–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 146 KEY AND FLORA or twice as many. Fruit a 3-lobed capsule. Seeds containing fleshy or oily endosperm. Most of the family are natives of hot regions, many of them of peculiar aspect from their adap- tation to life in dry climates. [The family is too difficult for the beginner in botany to determine many of its genera and species with certainty, but a few are described below.J I. JATROPHA L. Shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers monoecious, staminate and pistillate intermixed in the cymes, apetalous. Calyx large, white, 6-lobed, corolla-like. Stamen

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. The essentials of botany. Botany. GRASSES 297 fleshy in the plum, but eventually becomes fibrous in the coconut. The coconut of the northern markets is the stone of the ovary wall, containing one large seed. This stone shows its tricarpellary structure by the ridges on its surface. 539. Grasses {Graminales). In these plants (includ- ing several families) the stems and leaves have become elongated and markedly fibrous and tough. The flowers are of the Lily type but much reduced, and are clustered uniformly on slender axes into "spikelets." In the Grasses proper (Family Poaceae) each Stock Photo

RMRDWBXT–. The essentials of botany. Botany. GRASSES 297 fleshy in the plum, but eventually becomes fibrous in the coconut. The coconut of the northern markets is the stone of the ovary wall, containing one large seed. This stone shows its tricarpellary structure by the ridges on its surface. 539. Grasses {Graminales). In these plants (includ- ing several families) the stems and leaves have become elongated and markedly fibrous and tough. The flowers are of the Lily type but much reduced, and are clustered uniformly on slender axes into "spikelets." In the Grasses proper (Family Poaceae) each

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 328 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY or more, and when well grown producing from one hun- dred to five hundred pounds of fruit a year. Successful attempts are now under way to introduce date culture into some of the hottest portions of the United States, and it is likely to be an important industry in central Arizona, the Colorado Desert in California, and several other arid or semi-arid areas. The Pineapple family furnishes only one valuable fruit, the pine- apple, grown especially in Florida, the West Indies, the Azores, and Hawaii. The Banana family furnishes, in Stock Photo

RMPG49YB–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 328 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY or more, and when well grown producing from one hun- dred to five hundred pounds of fruit a year. Successful attempts are now under way to introduce date culture into some of the hottest portions of the United States, and it is likely to be an important industry in central Arizona, the Colorado Desert in California, and several other arid or semi-arid areas. The Pineapple family furnishes only one valuable fruit, the pine- apple, grown especially in Florida, the West Indies, the Azores, and Hawaii. The Banana family furnishes, in

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. The essentials of botany. Botany. 172 PHYLUM II. CHLOROPHYCEAE sites (Family Synchytriaceae) in the tissues of other algae, or even land plants, and are known as Gall-fungi. ORDER COENOBIALES 238. The cells or coenocytes in these plants are aggre- gated into colonies, the most common of which are the pretty species of Scenedesmus, in which four spindle-shaped cells lie side by side. Less common is the very regular plate-colony of Pedias- trum with usually a dozen or more regularly arranged coenocytes. Re- „ „„ „ , lated to these is the Water Net tlG. 66.—Scenedesmus, dfot'^on™" *"& Stock Photo

RMRDWC78–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 172 PHYLUM II. CHLOROPHYCEAE sites (Family Synchytriaceae) in the tissues of other algae, or even land plants, and are known as Gall-fungi. ORDER COENOBIALES 238. The cells or coenocytes in these plants are aggre- gated into colonies, the most common of which are the pretty species of Scenedesmus, in which four spindle-shaped cells lie side by side. Less common is the very regular plate-colony of Pedias- trum with usually a dozen or more regularly arranged coenocytes. Re- „ „„ „ , lated to these is the Water Net tlG. 66.—Scenedesmus, dfot'^on™" *"&

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 229. A Twig and Cluster of Roots of Cassava. (Mucli reduced.) soon removed by heating or merely drying the ground roots, which form an extremely valuable food for horses, cattle, and hogs. Arrowroot is a highly digestible kind of starch obtained from the rootstocks of several kinds of tropical plants of the Arrowroot family {Marantacece) and other families. Sugar is manufactured from the juice of the sugar-cane (Fig. 230), a grass growing to the height of ten feet or more, cultivated in Louisiana, the West Indies, Java, and. Please note that these i Stock Photo

RMPG49XJ–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 229. A Twig and Cluster of Roots of Cassava. (Mucli reduced.) soon removed by heating or merely drying the ground roots, which form an extremely valuable food for horses, cattle, and hogs. Arrowroot is a highly digestible kind of starch obtained from the rootstocks of several kinds of tropical plants of the Arrowroot family {Marantacece) and other families. Sugar is manufactured from the juice of the sugar-cane (Fig. 230), a grass growing to the height of ten feet or more, cultivated in Louisiana, the West Indies, Java, and. Please note that these i

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. The essentials of botany. Botany. GROUND PINES 267. walled fibrous tissue. The epidermis is abundantly supplied with stomata. 476. The phylum contains about 700 living species, and consists of two quite distinct classes, viz.: The Lower Lycopods (Class Lycopodineae) mainly dis- tinguished by being isosporous, and the Higher Lycopods (Class Lepidodendrineae) which are heterosporous. 477. In the first we find the Ground Pines (Family Lycopodiaceae), otherwise known as Club-mosses, which are terrestrial, perennial, evergreen plants with many small, generally moss-like leaves cover- ing the stem Stock Photo

RMRDWC0X–. The essentials of botany. Botany. GROUND PINES 267. walled fibrous tissue. The epidermis is abundantly supplied with stomata. 476. The phylum contains about 700 living species, and consists of two quite distinct classes, viz.: The Lower Lycopods (Class Lycopodineae) mainly dis- tinguished by being isosporous, and the Higher Lycopods (Class Lepidodendrineae) which are heterosporous. 477. In the first we find the Ground Pines (Family Lycopodiaceae), otherwise known as Club-mosses, which are terrestrial, perennial, evergreen plants with many small, generally moss-like leaves cover- ing the stem

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE FLOWER OF THE HIGHER SEED-PLANTS 153. really or apparently more or less united to each other. In Fig. 109 the stamens have arisen separately, but finally become joined together by their anthers (as is always the case in the family Compositce). In other cases the stamens appear united when they are not really so because they are borne on a ring or tube of tissue, as already explained in connection with the perianth (Sect. 180). Without regard to whether the union is real or apparent, stamens which occur in a single group (the filaments appear- ing joi Stock Photo

RMPG41XJ–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE FLOWER OF THE HIGHER SEED-PLANTS 153. really or apparently more or less united to each other. In Fig. 109 the stamens have arisen separately, but finally become joined together by their anthers (as is always the case in the family Compositce). In other cases the stamens appear united when they are not really so because they are borne on a ring or tube of tissue, as already explained in connection with the perianth (Sect. 180). Without regard to whether the union is real or apparent, stamens which occur in a single group (the filaments appear- ing joi

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RMRDJHXW–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 146 KEY AND FLORA or twice as many. Fruit a 3-lobed capsule. Seeds containing fleshy or oily endosperm. Most of the family are natives of hot regions, many of them of peculiar aspect from their adap- tation to life in dry climates. [The family is too difficult for the beginner in botany to determine many of its genera and species with certainty, but a few are described below.J I. JATROPHA L. Shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers monoecious, staminate and pistillate intermixed in the cymes, apetalous. Calyx large, white, 6-lobed, corolla-like. Stamen

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. A B G Fig. 16. Prince's feather (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) A, staminate flower; B, pistillate flower; C, fruit. (All magnified.) (After Schnizlein) shaped about the length of the 5 sepals. In waste ground, fields, and gardens. Naturalized from tropical America. A. retroflexus L. and A. hybridus L., usually known as pigweed, are common autumn-flowering weeds. 28. PHYTOLACCACEjE. Pokeweed Family Plants with alternate entire leaves. Mowers bisexual, 5- parted, with the characters of the Goosefoot Family, but the ovary generally consisting of several carpe Stock Photo

RMPG3TTM–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. A B G Fig. 16. Prince's feather (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) A, staminate flower; B, pistillate flower; C, fruit. (All magnified.) (After Schnizlein) shaped about the length of the 5 sepals. In waste ground, fields, and gardens. Naturalized from tropical America. A. retroflexus L. and A. hybridus L., usually known as pigweed, are common autumn-flowering weeds. 28. PHYTOLACCACEjE. Pokeweed Family Plants with alternate entire leaves. Mowers bisexual, 5- parted, with the characters of the Goosefoot Family, but the ovary generally consisting of several carpe

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RMRDWGE0–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 108 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY the sun without cutting off too much light from other leaves underneath. Such a leaf is in much less danger of being torn by severe winds than are broader ones with undivided margins. The same purposes are served by compound leaves with very many small leaflets, such as those of the honey-locust, mimosa acacia (Fig. 77), and. Fig. 74. Opposite Leaves of Deutzia' (from the same shrub as Fig. 75), as arranged on a Horizontal Branch. other trees and shrubs of the pea family. What kind of shade is produced by a horse-chestnut or a ma

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 24 KEY AND FLORA The flower cluster and the flower of a sedge may be under- stood from an inspection of Fig. 6. The species are even more difficult to determine than those of grasses.. Pig. 5. Inflorescence, flower, and seed, of a sedge (Great Bulrush, Scirpus lacustris) A, magnified flower, surrounded by a perianth of hypogynous bristles; B, the seed; O, section ol the seed, showing the small embryo inclosed in the base of the endosperm. (After Lindley) 6. ARACE.^;. Arum Family Perennial herbs, with pungent or acrid juice. Leaves often netted-veined. Sm Stock Photo

RMPG3W0F–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 24 KEY AND FLORA The flower cluster and the flower of a sedge may be under- stood from an inspection of Fig. 6. The species are even more difficult to determine than those of grasses.. Pig. 5. Inflorescence, flower, and seed, of a sedge (Great Bulrush, Scirpus lacustris) A, magnified flower, surrounded by a perianth of hypogynous bristles; B, the seed; O, section ol the seed, showing the small embryo inclosed in the base of the endosperm. (After Lindley) 6. ARACE.^;. Arum Family Perennial herbs, with pungent or acrid juice. Leaves often netted-veined. Sm

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. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE FLOWER OF THE HIGPIER SEED-PLANTS 158. really or apparently more or less united to each other. In Fig. 109 the stamens have arisen separately, but finally become joined together by their anthers (as is always the case in the family Compositce). In other cases the stamens appear united when they are not really so because they are borne on a ring or tube of tissue, as already explained in connection with the perianth (Sect. 180). Without regard to whether the union is real or apparent, stamens which occur in a single group (the filaments appear- ing jo Stock Photo

RMRDWG6E–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE FLOWER OF THE HIGPIER SEED-PLANTS 158. really or apparently more or less united to each other. In Fig. 109 the stamens have arisen separately, but finally become joined together by their anthers (as is always the case in the family Compositce). In other cases the stamens appear united when they are not really so because they are borne on a ring or tube of tissue, as already explained in connection with the perianth (Sect. 180). Without regard to whether the union is real or apparent, stamens which occur in a single group (the filaments appear- ing jo

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. BIRCH FAMILY 57 Bark scaling off in white strips and layers, but not in nearly as large sheets as that of the rarer canoe birch (-B. papyri/era). The commonest birch of New England. 5. B. alba L. European White Birch, Cut-Leaved Birch. A tree 50-60 ft. high, often with drooping branches. Leaves triangular-ovate, truncate, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resembl Stock Photo

RMPG3TXK–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. BIRCH FAMILY 57 Bark scaling off in white strips and layers, but not in nearly as large sheets as that of the rarer canoe birch (-B. papyri/era). The commonest birch of New England. 5. B. alba L. European White Birch, Cut-Leaved Birch. A tree 50-60 ft. high, often with drooping branches. Leaves triangular-ovate, truncate, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resembl

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RMRDJX04–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 229. A Twig and Cluster of Roots of Cassava. (Mucli reduced.) soon removed by heating or merely drying the ground roots, which form an extremely valuable food for horses, cattle, and hogs. Arrowroot is a highly digestible kind of starch obtained from the rootstocks of several kinds of tropical plants of the Arrowroot family {Marantacece) and other families. Sugar is manufactured from the juice of the sugar-cane (Fig. 230), a grass growing to the height of ten feet or more, cultivated in Louisiana, the West Indies, Java, and. Please note that these i

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 20. Pulse Family A, actinomorphic corolla {Acada cinerascens); B, zygomorphic corolla {Cassia manlandica). (After Schnizlein) often papilionaceous (Fig. 21) or somewhat actinomorphic, in No. XVI much reduced. Stamens diadelphous (Fig. 22), mon- adelphous, or distinct. Ovary simple, superior. Fruit usually a 1-celled pod (Fig. 22). Seeds one or several, without endo- sperm. A large and very important family, containing about 8000 species.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for r Stock Photo

RMPG3TR4–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 20. Pulse Family A, actinomorphic corolla {Acada cinerascens); B, zygomorphic corolla {Cassia manlandica). (After Schnizlein) often papilionaceous (Fig. 21) or somewhat actinomorphic, in No. XVI much reduced. Stamens diadelphous (Fig. 22), mon- adelphous, or distinct. Ovary simple, superior. Fruit usually a 1-celled pod (Fig. 22). Seeds one or several, without endo- sperm. A large and very important family, containing about 8000 species.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for r

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. How to attract the birds, and other talks about bird neighbours [microform]. Birds, Attracting of; Oiseaux, Attraction des; Oiseaux; Birds. -cv. HOW^ TO ATTRACT THE BIRDS CHAPTER I HOW TO INVITE UIKD N HIGH HOURS Thf birds' point of view differs scarcely at all from our own in the essentials in life : Protection from enemies, the preservation of the family, a sheltered home, congenial environment, abundant fo(^d, and pure water—these natural rights the birds, like men, are ever seekin<£. Kach spring day bringing as it does hosts of feathered travellers from the IVopics and the Southern St Stock Photo

RMREN2NR–. How to attract the birds, and other talks about bird neighbours [microform]. Birds, Attracting of; Oiseaux, Attraction des; Oiseaux; Birds. -cv. HOW^ TO ATTRACT THE BIRDS CHAPTER I HOW TO INVITE UIKD N HIGH HOURS Thf birds' point of view differs scarcely at all from our own in the essentials in life : Protection from enemies, the preservation of the family, a sheltered home, congenial environment, abundant fo(^d, and pure water—these natural rights the birds, like men, are ever seekin<£. Kach spring day bringing as it does hosts of feathered travellers from the IVopics and the Southern St

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 6. Acorus Calamus A, spadix; B, a single flower, enlarged; C, diagram of flower, enlarged. (After Schimper) 1. A. Calamus. L. Sweet Flag. Scape with a long, leaf-like pro- longation (spathe) beyond the green, yery closely flowered spadix. Along borders of brooks and swamps. The rootstocks furnish the well-known calamus or " sweet flag root" sold everywhere by druggists. 7. COMMELINACE.^. Spideewort Family Herbs, with slimy or mucilaginous juice; stems somewhat succulent, jointed, leafy, simple or branched. Leaves simple, succulent, narrow, Stock Photo

RMPG3TYP–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 6. Acorus Calamus A, spadix; B, a single flower, enlarged; C, diagram of flower, enlarged. (After Schimper) 1. A. Calamus. L. Sweet Flag. Scape with a long, leaf-like pro- longation (spathe) beyond the green, yery closely flowered spadix. Along borders of brooks and swamps. The rootstocks furnish the well-known calamus or " sweet flag root" sold everywhere by druggists. 7. COMMELINACE.^. Spideewort Family Herbs, with slimy or mucilaginous juice; stems somewhat succulent, jointed, leafy, simple or branched. Leaves simple, succulent, narrow,

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RF2Y154XF–Wicker picnic basket with a checkered pattern, ready to be filled with food and drinks for a delightful outdoor dining experience

. Our garden flowers; a popular study of their native lands, their life histories, and their structural affiliations. Flowers. AMARYLLIS FAMILY The variant forms fluctuate about the type; the corona en- larges or contracts, the gold deepens or pales, in a few varieties , the flower becomes bicolored, in others it fades into pure white. Thus varying in detail, but true in essentials, the daffodils pass, a procession of loveliness, through the changing days of May. Our best double form of the daffodil is named in- thie-'cata- logues Van Sion. Curiously enough, it seems to be the strongest member Stock Photo

RMRDKFCD–. Our garden flowers; a popular study of their native lands, their life histories, and their structural affiliations. Flowers. AMARYLLIS FAMILY The variant forms fluctuate about the type; the corona en- larges or contracts, the gold deepens or pales, in a few varieties , the flower becomes bicolored, in others it fades into pure white. Thus varying in detail, but true in essentials, the daffodils pass, a procession of loveliness, through the changing days of May. Our best double form of the daffodil is named in- thie-'cata- logues Van Sion. Curiously enough, it seems to be the strongest member

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. ELM FAMILY 63 serrate, 3-4 in. long. Flowers in close clusters with very short pedi- cels. Fruit obovate-elliptical, with a fissure extending almost to the seed, nearly smooth and not ciliate. Considerably planted as a shade tree and rarely escaped from cultivation. Very variable, one variety with thick ridges of cork on the twigs. 3. U. americana L. White Elm. A large tree with gray bark, drooping branches, and smooth or slightly downy twigs. Leaves oval or obovate, abruptly taper-pointed at the apex, obtuse and oblique at the base, slightly rough above Stock Photo

RMPG3TX4–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. ELM FAMILY 63 serrate, 3-4 in. long. Flowers in close clusters with very short pedi- cels. Fruit obovate-elliptical, with a fissure extending almost to the seed, nearly smooth and not ciliate. Considerably planted as a shade tree and rarely escaped from cultivation. Very variable, one variety with thick ridges of cork on the twigs. 3. U. americana L. White Elm. A large tree with gray bark, drooping branches, and smooth or slightly downy twigs. Leaves oval or obovate, abruptly taper-pointed at the apex, obtuse and oblique at the base, slightly rough above

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$. The essentials of botany. Botany. DESMIDS 179 family (Closteriaceae) the elongated cylindrical cells sepa- rate early and become more or less attenuated, as in Closterium. In a third family {Cosma- riaceae) the flattened, more or less con- stricted cells separate very early, and in many cases become terminally much lobed or otherwise modified. Of the less modified desmids the species of Fia.7i.—Desmids: ^^ . , 1 1 •! Closterium, Cosma- Cosmarmm are good examples, while rium, and Micra- those of Euastrum and Micrasterias are greatly modified, the cells of the latter being divided into many po Stock Photo$

RMRDWC6J–. The essentials of botany. Botany. DESMIDS 179 family (Closteriaceae) the elongated cylindrical cells sepa- rate early and become more or less attenuated, as in Closterium. In a third family {Cosma- riaceae) the flattened, more or less con- stricted cells separate very early, and in many cases become terminally much lobed or otherwise modified. Of the less modified desmids the species of Fia.7i.—Desmids: ^^ . , 1 1 •! Closterium, Cosma- Cosmarmm are good examples, while rium, and Micra- those of Euastrum and Micrasterias are greatly modified, the cells of the latter being divided into many po

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 21. Pulse Family. Papilionaceous 1:1 corolla of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) I A, side view. B, front view: s, standard; ^ w, w, wings; A;, keel. Trees. Flowers somewhat or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes almost actinomorphic. The upper petal inside the others in the bud. Stamens 10 or less, usually not united to each other, borne on the calyx. Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous. Leaves simple. Cercis, V Flowers not papilionaceous. Thornless. Gymnocladus, III Flowers not papilionaceous. Thorny. Gleditsia, IV. Please note that these images are Stock Photo

RMPG3TPP–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 21. Pulse Family. Papilionaceous 1:1 corolla of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) I A, side view. B, front view: s, standard; ^ w, w, wings; A;, keel. Trees. Flowers somewhat or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes almost actinomorphic. The upper petal inside the others in the bud. Stamens 10 or less, usually not united to each other, borne on the calyx. Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous. Leaves simple. Cercis, V Flowers not papilionaceous. Thornless. Gymnocladus, III Flowers not papilionaceous. Thorny. Gleditsia, IV. Please note that these images are

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RMRDJH4W–. The essentials of botany. Botany. OOPEYTA. 139 a thick integument, which is double—that is, formed of an outer thicker coat (epispore) and an inner thinner one (en- dospore). After a considerable period of repose the rest- ing spores germinate by sending out a tube, as in Green Felt. 289. The Pond-Seum Parasites are minute plants living in the cells of Pond-scums, Desmids, Diatoms, etc. In one family {Ancylisteoe) they are tubular, branching filamentSj while in Ghytridiece they consist of rounded or branching cells. Both zoospores and resting-spores are usually pro- duced, the former escapin

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. BEGONIA FAMILY 165 1. B. Rex Putz. Herb, apparently stemless or nearly so, from a fleshy rootstock. Leaves large, taper-pointed, very unequally heart- shaped; the margin sinuous, often bristly-fringed; upper surface wholly silvery, or mottled silvery and dark green; lower surface green or reddish, or of both colors. Flowers few, large (IJ-lf in. in diam- eter) , varying from yellow to pinkish. Cultivated from the Himalayas. Many varieties. 2. B. manicata Brongn. Herb, with a short and fleshy stem. Leaves very unevenly heart-shaped, taper-pointed; the mar Stock Photo

RMPG3TNJ–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. BEGONIA FAMILY 165 1. B. Rex Putz. Herb, apparently stemless or nearly so, from a fleshy rootstock. Leaves large, taper-pointed, very unequally heart- shaped; the margin sinuous, often bristly-fringed; upper surface wholly silvery, or mottled silvery and dark green; lower surface green or reddish, or of both colors. Flowers few, large (IJ-lf in. in diam- eter) , varying from yellow to pinkish. Cultivated from the Himalayas. Many varieties. 2. B. manicata Brongn. Herb, with a short and fleshy stem. Leaves very unevenly heart-shaped, taper-pointed; the mar

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Tig. 229. A Twig and Cluster of Roots of Cassava. (Muoli reduced.) soon removed by heating or merely drying the ground roots, which form an extremely valuable food for horses, cattle, and hogs. Arrowroot is a highly digestible kind of starch obtained from the rootstocks of several kinds of tropical plants of the Arrowroot family [Marantacca) and other families. Sugar is manufactured from the juice of the sugar-cane (Fig. 230), a grass growing to the height of ten feet or more, cultivated in Louisiana, the West Indies, Java, and. Please note that these im Stock Photo

RMRDWF2W–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Tig. 229. A Twig and Cluster of Roots of Cassava. (Muoli reduced.) soon removed by heating or merely drying the ground roots, which form an extremely valuable food for horses, cattle, and hogs. Arrowroot is a highly digestible kind of starch obtained from the rootstocks of several kinds of tropical plants of the Arrowroot family [Marantacca) and other families. Sugar is manufactured from the juice of the sugar-cane (Fig. 230), a grass growing to the height of ten feet or more, cultivated in Louisiana, the West Indies, Java, and. Please note that these im

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. VIOLET FAMILY 161 67. VIOLACE^. Violet Family Herbs, with simple, alternate leaves, with stipules. Calyx of 6 persistent sepals. Corolla of 6 petals, somewhat zygo- morphic; one petal with a spur. Stamens 5, short, the fila- ments often united around the pistil (Fig. 24). Style generally club-shaped, with a one-sided stigma, with an opening leading to its interior. Pod 1-celled, splitting into 3 valves, each bear- ing a placenta. The seeds are often dispersed by the splitting of the elastic valves (Fig. 24).. na-- Fig. 24. Viola tricolor. Please note tha Stock Photo

RMPG3TP3–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. VIOLET FAMILY 161 67. VIOLACE^. Violet Family Herbs, with simple, alternate leaves, with stipules. Calyx of 6 persistent sepals. Corolla of 6 petals, somewhat zygo- morphic; one petal with a spur. Stamens 5, short, the fila- ments often united around the pistil (Fig. 24). Style generally club-shaped, with a one-sided stigma, with an opening leading to its interior. Pod 1-celled, splitting into 3 valves, each bear- ing a placenta. The seeds are often dispersed by the splitting of the elastic valves (Fig. 24).. na-- Fig. 24. Viola tricolor. Please note tha

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 338 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY Seaweeds are considerably employed for fertilizing pur- poses along some parts of the New England coast. It has long been known that poor soils may be bene- fited by plowing under certain crops grown upon them. ]Iost of the plants employed in this way belong to the Pea family, and clovers and alfalfa are among the species. Fig. 231. Eoots of Red Clover with Tubercles. I, sections of ascending branches; 6, enlarged base of stem; t, root- tubercles containing bacteria. commonly plowed under. It has only recently been ascer- tained Stock Photo

RMRDWF25–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 338 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY Seaweeds are considerably employed for fertilizing pur- poses along some parts of the New England coast. It has long been known that poor soils may be bene- fited by plowing under certain crops grown upon them. ]Iost of the plants employed in this way belong to the Pea family, and clovers and alfalfa are among the species. Fig. 231. Eoots of Red Clover with Tubercles. I, sections of ascending branches; 6, enlarged base of stem; t, root- tubercles containing bacteria. commonly plowed under. It has only recently been ascer- tained

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. PULSE FAMILY 127 Flower actinomorphic, small. Stamens hypogynous. Leaves twice pinnate. Petals not united to each other. Stamens 5 or 10: Pod smooth. Desmanthus, I Corolla gamopetalous, 5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod minutely prickly or rough. Schrankia, II. Fig. 21. Pulse Family. Papilionaceous 1:1 corolla of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) I A, side view. B, front view: s, standard; ^ w, w, wings; A;, keel. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance Stock Photo

RMPG3TR0–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. PULSE FAMILY 127 Flower actinomorphic, small. Stamens hypogynous. Leaves twice pinnate. Petals not united to each other. Stamens 5 or 10: Pod smooth. Desmanthus, I Corolla gamopetalous, 5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod minutely prickly or rough. Schrankia, II. Fig. 21. Pulse Family. Papilionaceous 1:1 corolla of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) I A, side view. B, front view: s, standard; ^ w, w, wings; A;, keel. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance

RMRDJJ0Y–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. A B G Fig. 16. Prince's feather (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) A, staminate flower; B, pistillate flower; C, fruit. (All magnified.) (After Schnizlein) shaped about the length of the 5 sepals. In waste ground, fields, and gardens. Naturalized from tropical America. A. retroflexus L. and A. hybridus L., usually known as pigweed, are common autumn-flowering weeds. 28. PHYTOLACCACEjE. Pokeweed Family Plants with alternate entire leaves. Mowers bisexual, 5- parted, with the characters of the Goosefoot Family, but the ovary generally consisting of several carpe

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. MULBERRY FAMILY 65 thickened calyxes of many flowers; ovary sessile; stigmas 2, linear, spreading; the fleshy perianth inclosing the ovary at maturity.* 1. M. rubra L. Red Mulberry. A small tree. Leaves cordate- ovate, often 3-5-lobed on vigorous shoots, taper-pointed at the apex, serrate, rough above, white, densely woolly beneath. Mature fruiting spikes oblong, drooping, dark red or purple, edible. On rich soil. Wood very durable, bearing exposure to the weather. 2. M. alba L. White Mulberry. A small tree. Leaves ovate, heart-shaped, acute at the apex, Stock Photo

RMPG3TWR–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. MULBERRY FAMILY 65 thickened calyxes of many flowers; ovary sessile; stigmas 2, linear, spreading; the fleshy perianth inclosing the ovary at maturity.* 1. M. rubra L. Red Mulberry. A small tree. Leaves cordate- ovate, often 3-5-lobed on vigorous shoots, taper-pointed at the apex, serrate, rough above, white, densely woolly beneath. Mature fruiting spikes oblong, drooping, dark red or purple, edible. On rich soil. Wood very durable, bearing exposure to the weather. 2. M. alba L. White Mulberry. A small tree. Leaves ovate, heart-shaped, acute at the apex,

. The essentials of botany. Botany. 126 BOTANT. Order 1. CYSTIPHOR^. Thb Blub-grben Slimes. 221. These are the lowest and simplest of plants; they live as single cells in the water, or they may be aggregated into slimy films on sticks and stones. There is but one family, Chroococcacem, represented by minute species of Chroococcus, Gloeocapsa (Fig. 60), and other genera. Each cell divides into two, and these soon divide again, and so on. In Gloeocapsa the cell-wall is much swollen into a jelly-like mass. Order 2. NEMATOGENE.ffi. The Nostocs, etc. 222. In the Nostocs and their near relatives (Os Stock Photo

RMRDYCCX–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 126 BOTANT. Order 1. CYSTIPHOR^. Thb Blub-grben Slimes. 221. These are the lowest and simplest of plants; they live as single cells in the water, or they may be aggregated into slimy films on sticks and stones. There is but one family, Chroococcacem, represented by minute species of Chroococcus, Gloeocapsa (Fig. 60), and other genera. Each cell divides into two, and these soon divide again, and so on. In Gloeocapsa the cell-wall is much swollen into a jelly-like mass. Order 2. NEMATOGENE.ffi. The Nostocs, etc. 222. In the Nostocs and their near relatives (Os

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. WILLOW FAMILY 49 1. S. nigra Marsh. Black Willow. A small tree with very- brittle branches. Leaves elliptical or narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, serrate, short-petioled, downy when young and becoming smooth with age, 2-3 in. long; stipules persistent or deciduous. Staminate catkins 1-2 in. long; the pistillate 2-4 in. long. Stamens 3-7, distinct; filaments soft-hairy below. Capsule twice the length of the pedicel, ovate, taper-pointed, pointed by the prominent style. Along streams and borders of marshes.* 2. S. lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. A larg Stock Photo

RMPG3TY0–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. WILLOW FAMILY 49 1. S. nigra Marsh. Black Willow. A small tree with very- brittle branches. Leaves elliptical or narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, serrate, short-petioled, downy when young and becoming smooth with age, 2-3 in. long; stipules persistent or deciduous. Staminate catkins 1-2 in. long; the pistillate 2-4 in. long. Stamens 3-7, distinct; filaments soft-hairy below. Capsule twice the length of the pedicel, ovate, taper-pointed, pointed by the prominent style. Along streams and borders of marshes.* 2. S. lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. A larg

RMRDWF4C–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 328 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY or more, and when well grown producing from one hun- dred to five hundred pounds of fruit a year. Successful attempts are now under way to introduce date culture into some of the hottest portions of the United States, and it is likely to be an important industry in central Arizona, the Colorado Desert in California, and several other arid or semi-arid areas. The Pineapple family furnishes only one valuable fruit, the pine- apple, grown especially in Florida, the West Indies, the Azores, and Hawaii. The Banana family furnishes, in

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. SEDGE FAMILY 23 overlapping each other on - l-many-flowered spikelets; these are variously grouped in spikes, panicles, and so on. Fruit. Pig. 4. Vernal grass (Anthoxanihum) A, a one-flowered spikelet: a, 6, the outer empty glumes. B, a spikelet with the outer glumes removed: c, c^the inner empty glumes (neuter flowers) with long, bristle-shaped appendages; d, e, palets; anth., anthers; stig., stigmas. C, diagram of cross section of a spikelet: a, glume; d, palet. D, a fruit. (All magnified.) (After Cosson and t>e Saint-Pierre) a grain. (The family is Stock Photo

RMPG3W0Y–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. SEDGE FAMILY 23 overlapping each other on - l-many-flowered spikelets; these are variously grouped in spikes, panicles, and so on. Fruit. Pig. 4. Vernal grass (Anthoxanihum) A, a one-flowered spikelet: a, 6, the outer empty glumes. B, a spikelet with the outer glumes removed: c, c^the inner empty glumes (neuter flowers) with long, bristle-shaped appendages; d, e, palets; anth., anthers; stig., stigmas. C, diagram of cross section of a spikelet: a, glume; d, palet. D, a fruit. (All magnified.) (After Cosson and t>e Saint-Pierre) a grain. (The family is

. Essentials of biology presented in problems. Biology. PLANTS MODIFIED BY THEIR SURROUNDINGS 165 with an average temperature of over 80° Fahrenheit, causes ex- tremely rapid growth. One of the bamboo family, the growth of which was measured daily, was found to increase in length on the average nearly three inches in the daytime and over five inches during each night. The moisture present in the atmosphere allows the growth of many air plants (epiphytes), which take the moisture directly from the air by means of aerial roots.. Conditions in a moist, semitropical forest. The so-called "Flo Stock Photo

RMRE00M4–. Essentials of biology presented in problems. Biology. PLANTS MODIFIED BY THEIR SURROUNDINGS 165 with an average temperature of over 80° Fahrenheit, causes ex- tremely rapid growth. One of the bamboo family, the growth of which was measured daily, was found to increase in length on the average nearly three inches in the daytime and over five inches during each night. The moisture present in the atmosphere allows the growth of many air plants (epiphytes), which take the moisture directly from the air by means of aerial roots.. Conditions in a moist, semitropical forest. The so-called "Flo

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 126 KEY AND FLORA C. Stone deeply furrowed and pitied; fruit downy when ripe. Branches not spiny. (Peaches and almonds.) 8. P. persica Stokes. Peach. A tree with a rounded top; bark nearly smooth. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, finely serrate, smooth on both sides; petioles usually bearing 2 or 4 crescent-shaped or cup- shaped glands. Flowers pink, scaly-bracted. Fruit ovoid, with a seam along one side. Often escaped from cultivation.* 47. lEGUMIWOSiE. Pulse Family Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, usually com- pound (either pinnately or palm Stock Photo

RMPG3TR8–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 126 KEY AND FLORA C. Stone deeply furrowed and pitied; fruit downy when ripe. Branches not spiny. (Peaches and almonds.) 8. P. persica Stokes. Peach. A tree with a rounded top; bark nearly smooth. Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, finely serrate, smooth on both sides; petioles usually bearing 2 or 4 crescent-shaped or cup- shaped glands. Flowers pink, scaly-bracted. Fruit ovoid, with a seam along one side. Often escaped from cultivation.* 47. lEGUMIWOSiE. Pulse Family Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, usually com- pound (either pinnately or palm

RMRDH9TE–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 108 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY the sun without cutting off too much light from other leaves underneath. Such a leaf is in much less danger of being torn by severe winds than are broader ones with undivided margins. The same purposes are served by compound leaves with very many small leaflets, such as those of the honey-locust, mimosa acacia (Fig. 77), and. Fig. 74. Opposite Leaves of Deutzia^ (from the same shrub as Fig. 75), as arranged on a Horizontal Branch. other trees and shrubs of the pea family. What kind of shade is produced by a horse-chestnut or a ma

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. COMPOSITE FAMILY 239 100. COMPOSIT.S;. Composite Family Flowers epigynous, in a dense head, on a common recepta- cle, surrounded by an involucre composed of many bracts (Fig. 29), with usually 5 stamens inserted on the corolla, the anthers united into a tube which surrounds the style.. Fig. 29. Flower cluster and flowers of yarrow A, flower cluster; B, section of flower cluster; C, a ray flower; D, a disk flower, a, anthers; ch, chaff of disk; d, disk flowers; o, ovary; re, corollas of ray flowers; «, stigmas; 4, S, (7, 7 times natural size; D, 18 times Stock Photo

RMPG3TMH–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. COMPOSITE FAMILY 239 100. COMPOSIT.S;. Composite Family Flowers epigynous, in a dense head, on a common recepta- cle, surrounded by an involucre composed of many bracts (Fig. 29), with usually 5 stamens inserted on the corolla, the anthers united into a tube which surrounds the style.. Fig. 29. Flower cluster and flowers of yarrow A, flower cluster; B, section of flower cluster; C, a ray flower; D, a disk flower, a, anthers; ch, chaff of disk; d, disk flowers; o, ovary; re, corollas of ray flowers; «, stigmas; 4, S, (7, 7 times natural size; D, 18 times

RMRDHGBX–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE FLOWER OF THE HIGHER SEED-PLANTS 153. really or apparently more or less united to each other. In Fig. 109 the stamens have arisen separately, but finally become joined together by their anthers (as is always the case in the family Compositce). In other cases the stamens appear united when they are not really so because they are borne on a ring or tube of tissue, as already explained in connection with the perianth (Sect. 180). Without regard to whether the union is real or apparent, stamens which occur in a single group (the filaments appear- ing joi

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 226 KEY AND FLORA. spiked, regular and bisexual (Fig. 28). Sepals 4, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, salver-shaped, thin and dry; lobes 4, spreading. Stamens 4, usually inserted on the corolla tube; filaments thread-like; anthers large and versatile. Ovary free, usually 2-4-celled; style thread- like. Eruit a 1-4-celled, 1 or more seeded membranous cap- sule, which splits open trans- versely, the top coming off like a lid. PLANTAGO L. Characteristics of the genus as given above for the family. 1. P. major L. Plantain. Per- ennial, from a very short roots Stock Photo

RMPG3TN1–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 226 KEY AND FLORA. spiked, regular and bisexual (Fig. 28). Sepals 4, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, salver-shaped, thin and dry; lobes 4, spreading. Stamens 4, usually inserted on the corolla tube; filaments thread-like; anthers large and versatile. Ovary free, usually 2-4-celled; style thread- like. Eruit a 1-4-celled, 1 or more seeded membranous cap- sule, which splits open trans- versely, the top coming off like a lid. PLANTAGO L. Characteristics of the genus as given above for the family. 1. P. major L. Plantain. Per- ennial, from a very short roots

RMRDJX14–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 328 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY or more, and when well grown producing from one hun- dred to five hundred pounds of fruit a year. Successful attempts are now under way to introduce date culture into some of the hottest portions of the United States, and it is likely to be an important industry in central Arizona, the Colorado Desert in California, and several other arid or semi-arid areas. The Pineapple family furnishes only one valuable fruit, the pine- apple, grown especially in Florida, the West Indies, the Azores, and Hawaii. The Banana family furnishes, in

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. MILKWEED FAMILY 195 hood-like appendages, each with an incurved horn borne on the stamen tube and forming a crown around the stigma (Fig. 27, A); anthers pressing against the lobes of the stigma; the pollen -clinging together in tough, waxy or fine-grained hn. Fig. 27. Flower of Asdepias syriaca A, entire-flower; B, vertical section; 0, diagram; D, details of pollen-masses and glands, ca, calyx; c, corolla; hd, hood; hn, horn; a, anther; s, stig- ma; 0, ovary; g, gland; p, pollen-mass. (All considerably enlarged.) masses. Ovary free from the calyx tube, Stock Photo

RMPG3TN4–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. MILKWEED FAMILY 195 hood-like appendages, each with an incurved horn borne on the stamen tube and forming a crown around the stigma (Fig. 27, A); anthers pressing against the lobes of the stigma; the pollen -clinging together in tough, waxy or fine-grained hn. Fig. 27. Flower of Asdepias syriaca A, entire-flower; B, vertical section; 0, diagram; D, details of pollen-masses and glands, ca, calyx; c, corolla; hd, hood; hn, horn; a, anther; s, stig- ma; 0, ovary; g, gland; p, pollen-mass. (All considerably enlarged.) masses. Ovary free from the calyx tube,

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 24 KEY AND FLORA The flower cluster and the flower of a sedge may be under- stood from an inspection of Fig. 5. The species are even more difficult to determine than those of grasses.. Fig. 5. Inflorescence, flower, and seed, of a sedge (Great Bulrush, Scirpus lacustris) A, magnified flower, surrounded by a perianth of hypogynous bristles; B, the seed; C, section of the seed, showing the small embryo inclosed in the base of the endosperm. (After Llndley) 6. ARACE.^;. AiiOJi Family Perennial herbs, with pungent or acrid juice. Leaves often netted-veined. Stock Photo

RMRDWEN0–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 24 KEY AND FLORA The flower cluster and the flower of a sedge may be under- stood from an inspection of Fig. 5. The species are even more difficult to determine than those of grasses.. Fig. 5. Inflorescence, flower, and seed, of a sedge (Great Bulrush, Scirpus lacustris) A, magnified flower, surrounded by a perianth of hypogynous bristles; B, the seed; C, section of the seed, showing the small embryo inclosed in the base of the endosperm. (After Llndley) 6. ARACE.^;. AiiOJi Family Perennial herbs, with pungent or acrid juice. Leaves often netted-veined.

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. A B Fig. 19. Pistils in the Rose Family A, Prujiiis-type; B, Potentilla-tjpe; C, jBosa-type. c, calyx; o, ovary Ripe carpels inclosed within the calyx tube. 1. Fruit a pome. (a) Carpels more than 2-seeded; seeds covered with a muci- laginous pulp. Fruit 5-celled. Cydonia, III (6) Carpels 2-seeded (except in some cultivated varieties); seeds without pulp. Fruit 5-celled. Pyrus, IV (c) Carpels 2-seeded; fruit 10-celled. Amelanchier, V. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability Stock Photo

RMPG3TRF–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. A B Fig. 19. Pistils in the Rose Family A, Prujiiis-type; B, Potentilla-tjpe; C, jBosa-type. c, calyx; o, ovary Ripe carpels inclosed within the calyx tube. 1. Fruit a pome. (a) Carpels more than 2-seeded; seeds covered with a muci- laginous pulp. Fruit 5-celled. Cydonia, III (6) Carpels 2-seeded (except in some cultivated varieties); seeds without pulp. Fruit 5-celled. Pyrus, IV (c) Carpels 2-seeded; fruit 10-celled. Amelanchier, V. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability

RMRDTGMN–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 146 KEY AND FLORA or twice as many. Fruit a 3-lobed capsule. Seeds containing fleshy or oily endosperm. Most of the family are natives of hot regions, many of them of peculiar aspect fi-om their adap- tation to life in dry climates. [The family is too difficult for the beginner in botany to determine many of its genera and species with certainty, but a few are described below.j I. JATROPHA L. Shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers monoecious, staminate and pistillate intermixed in the cymes, apetalous. Calyx large, white, 5-lobed, corolla-like. Stame

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. PINE FAMILY 15 4. p. virginiana Mill. Scrub Pine. A small tree, usually 20-30 ft. high, but sometimes much taller; bark of the trunk rough, nearly black; twigs smooth and with a bloom. Leaves in twos, 1-2 in. ^4,. Fig. 1. Scotch pine (Finns sylvestris) 1, a twig showing: a, staminate catkins; b, pistillate catkins; c, a cone; d, needles. 2, an anther: a, side view; 6, outer surface. 3, a carpel scale: a, inner surface; b, outer surface. 4, a a cone scale, 6 a seed wing, and c a seed. 5, section of a seed, showing the embryo. 1 is natural size; parts 2, 3 Stock Photo

RMPG3W1E–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. PINE FAMILY 15 4. p. virginiana Mill. Scrub Pine. A small tree, usually 20-30 ft. high, but sometimes much taller; bark of the trunk rough, nearly black; twigs smooth and with a bloom. Leaves in twos, 1-2 in. ^4,. Fig. 1. Scotch pine (Finns sylvestris) 1, a twig showing: a, staminate catkins; b, pistillate catkins; c, a cone; d, needles. 2, an anther: a, side view; 6, outer surface. 3, a carpel scale: a, inner surface; b, outer surface. 4, a a cone scale, 6 a seed wing, and c a seed. 5, section of a seed, showing the embryo. 1 is natural size; parts 2, 3

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 20. Pulse Family A, actinomori:)hic corolla {Acacia ciiierascens); B, zygomorphic corolla {Cassia marilandica). (After Schnizlein) often papilionaceous (Fig. 21) or somewhat actinomorphic, in No. XVI much reduced. Stamens diadelphous (Fig. 22), mon- adelphous, or distinct. Ovary simple, superior. Fruit usually a 1-celled pod (Fig. 22). Seeds one or several, -without endo- sperm. A large and very important family, containing about 8000 species.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced Stock Photo

RMRDTGP1–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 20. Pulse Family A, actinomori:)hic corolla {Acacia ciiierascens); B, zygomorphic corolla {Cassia marilandica). (After Schnizlein) often papilionaceous (Fig. 21) or somewhat actinomorphic, in No. XVI much reduced. Stamens diadelphous (Fig. 22), mon- adelphous, or distinct. Ovary simple, superior. Fruit usually a 1-celled pod (Fig. 22). Seeds one or several, -without endo- sperm. A large and very important family, containing about 8000 species.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced

. Essentials of biology presented in problems. Biology. V. FRUITS AND THEIR USES Problem Vllf. ,1 stiidij of fruits to discover â Uc) Tlieir uses to a plant. ib) TJie mvaus of scattering. {(â ) Their /irotcction. from auinuils and other enemies. {Laboratory Aidni((d, Proh. Mil.) A Typical Fruit, â the Pea or Bean Pod. â If a withered flower of any one of the pea or bean family is examined carefully, it will be found that the pistil of the flower continues to grow after the rest of the flower withers. If we remove the pistil from such a flower and examine it carefullj', we find that it is the o Stock Photo

RMRE017R–. Essentials of biology presented in problems. Biology. V. FRUITS AND THEIR USES Problem Vllf. ,1 stiidij of fruits to discover â Uc) Tlieir uses to a plant. ib) TJie mvaus of scattering. {(â ) Their /irotcction. from auinuils and other enemies. {Laboratory Aidni((d, Proh. Mil.) A Typical Fruit, â the Pea or Bean Pod. â If a withered flower of any one of the pea or bean family is examined carefully, it will be found that the pistil of the flower continues to grow after the rest of the flower withers. If we remove the pistil from such a flower and examine it carefullj', we find that it is the o

. The war garden victorious. Vegetable gardening; World War, 1914-1918. FlG. 2. Potatoes prepared by use of meat chopper. venient center. This latter is especially rec- ommended as giving the use of the most im- proved outfits at slight cost to the individual family. See "Community Work," page 3. Best results are obtained by rapid drying, but care must be taken not to let the tem- perature rise above the limit specified in the directions and table. One of the chief essentials in Drying is free circulation of air, in order that the moist air may escape and dry air take its place. METH Stock Photo

RMRDX32G–. The war garden victorious. Vegetable gardening; World War, 1914-1918. FlG. 2. Potatoes prepared by use of meat chopper. venient center. This latter is especially rec- ommended as giving the use of the most im- proved outfits at slight cost to the individual family. See "Community Work," page 3. Best results are obtained by rapid drying, but care must be taken not to let the tem- perature rise above the limit specified in the directions and table. One of the chief essentials in Drying is free circulation of air, in order that the moist air may escape and dry air take its place. METH

RMRDJHYK–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 20. Pulse Family A, actinomorphic corolla {Acada cinerascens); B, zygomorphic corolla {Cassia manlandica). (After Schnizlein) often papilionaceous (Fig. 21) or somewhat actinomorphic, in No. XVI much reduced. Stamens diadelphous (Fig. 22), mon- adelphous, or distinct. Ovary simple, superior. Fruit usually a 1-celled pod (Fig. 22). Seeds one or several, without endo- sperm. A large and very important family, containing about 8000 species.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for r

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. A B C Fig. 16. Prince's feather {Amaranthus hypochondriacus) A, staminate flower; B, pistillate flower; C, fruit. (All magnified.) (Alter Schnizleln) shaped about the length of the 5 sepals. In waste ground, fields, and gardens. Naturalized from tropical America. A. retroflexus L. and A. hybridus L., usually known as pigweed, are common autumn-flowering weeds. 28. PHYTOLACCACE.a;. Pokeweed Family Plants with alternate entire leaves. Flowers bisexual, 5- parted, with tlie characters of the Goosefoot Family, but the ovary generally consisting of several ca Stock Photo

RMRDTGR0–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. A B C Fig. 16. Prince's feather {Amaranthus hypochondriacus) A, staminate flower; B, pistillate flower; C, fruit. (All magnified.) (Alter Schnizleln) shaped about the length of the 5 sepals. In waste ground, fields, and gardens. Naturalized from tropical America. A. retroflexus L. and A. hybridus L., usually known as pigweed, are common autumn-flowering weeds. 28. PHYTOLACCACE.a;. Pokeweed Family Plants with alternate entire leaves. Flowers bisexual, 5- parted, with tlie characters of the Goosefoot Family, but the ovary generally consisting of several ca

. The essentials of botany. Botany. 162 BOTANY. There are three orders of Brown Algae, as follows : Gametes alike and motile (ciliated zoospores). Order 7, PHiEOSPOHE^ Gametes unlike and non-motile (antlierozoids and obspheres). Order 8, Dicttote^ Antberozoids motile, the oOsplieres non-motile Order 9, FucoiDE^ Ordbk 7. FELSOSFOBE^. The Kelps. 286. Kelp.—The large, flat, leaf-like kelps (Laminaria, " Devil's Apron," Costaria, etc.) may be taken to illustrate the larger forms (family LaminariaccB). The " leaf" portion is sometimes from one to six metres long and nearly a met Stock Photo

RMRDYC2E–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 162 BOTANY. There are three orders of Brown Algae, as follows : Gametes alike and motile (ciliated zoospores). Order 7, PHiEOSPOHE^ Gametes unlike and non-motile (antlierozoids and obspheres). Order 8, Dicttote^ Antberozoids motile, the oOsplieres non-motile Order 9, FucoiDE^ Ordbk 7. FELSOSFOBE^. The Kelps. 286. Kelp.—The large, flat, leaf-like kelps (Laminaria, " Devil's Apron," Costaria, etc.) may be taken to illustrate the larger forms (family LaminariaccB). The " leaf" portion is sometimes from one to six metres long and nearly a met

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 21. Pulse Family. Papilionaceous corolla of sweet pea {Lathyrus odoratus) A, side view. B, front view: s, standard; w, w, wings; k, keel. Trees. Flmrers somewhat or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes almost actinomorphic. The upper petal inside the others in the bud. Stamens 10 or less, usually not united to each other, borne on the calyx. Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous. Leaves simple. C'ercis, V Flowers not papilionaceous. Thornless. Gymnocladus, III Flowers not papilionaceous. Thorny. Gleditsia, IV. Please note that these images are extracte Stock Photo

RMRDTGNK–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 21. Pulse Family. Papilionaceous corolla of sweet pea {Lathyrus odoratus) A, side view. B, front view: s, standard; w, w, wings; k, keel. Trees. Flmrers somewhat or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes almost actinomorphic. The upper petal inside the others in the bud. Stamens 10 or less, usually not united to each other, borne on the calyx. Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous. Leaves simple. C'ercis, V Flowers not papilionaceous. Thornless. Gymnocladus, III Flowers not papilionaceous. Thorny. Gleditsia, IV. Please note that these images are extracte

RMRDWEKC–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. BIRCH FAMILY 57 Bark scaling off in white strips and layers, but not in nearly as large sheets as that of the rarer canoe birch (Ji. papyrifera). The commonest birch of New England. 5. B. alba L. European ^VHITE Birch, Cut-Leaved Birch. A tree 50-60 ft. high, often with drooping branches. Leaves triangular-ovate, truncate, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemb

RMRDHFBT–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 24 KEY AND FLORA The flower cluster and the flower of a sedge may be under- stood from an inspection of Fig. 6. The species are even more difficult to determine than those of grasses.. Pig. 5. Inflorescence, flower, and seed, of a sedge (Great Bulrush, Scirpus lacustris) A, magnified flower, surrounded by a perianth of hypogynous bristles; B, the seed; O, section ol the seed, showing the small embryo inclosed in the base of the endosperm. (After Lindley) 6. ARACE.^;. Arum Family Perennial herbs, with pungent or acrid juice. Leaves often netted-veined. Sm

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Acorns Calamus A, spadix; £, a single flower, enlarged; C, diagram of flower, enlarged. (After Scliimper) 1. A. Calamus L. Sweet Flag. Scape with a long, leaf-like pro- longation (spathe) beyond the green, very closely flowered spadix. Along borders of brooks and swamps. The rootstooks furnish the well-known calamus or " sweet flag, root" sold everywhere by druggists. 7. COMMELINACE^. Spiderwort Family Herbs, with slimy or mucilaginous juice; stems somewhat succulent, jointed, leafy, simple or branched. Leaves simple,, succulent, narrow, entire Stock Photo

RMRDWEMB–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Acorns Calamus A, spadix; £, a single flower, enlarged; C, diagram of flower, enlarged. (After Scliimper) 1. A. Calamus L. Sweet Flag. Scape with a long, leaf-like pro- longation (spathe) beyond the green, very closely flowered spadix. Along borders of brooks and swamps. The rootstooks furnish the well-known calamus or " sweet flag, root" sold everywhere by druggists. 7. COMMELINACE^. Spiderwort Family Herbs, with slimy or mucilaginous juice; stems somewhat succulent, jointed, leafy, simple or branched. Leaves simple,, succulent, narrow, entire

RMRDJJ2G–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. BIRCH FAMILY 57 Bark scaling off in white strips and layers, but not in nearly as large sheets as that of the rarer canoe birch (-B. papyri/era). The commonest birch of New England. 5. B. alba L. European White Birch, Cut-Leaved Birch. A tree 50-60 ft. high, often with drooping branches. Leaves triangular-ovate, truncate, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resembl

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