Liverwort not mosses not bryophyte Black and White Stock Photos & Images - Page 2

. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. loi PLANT STEUCTUEES ous part of the higher plants. The " fern plant," and the herhs, shrubs, and trees among " flowering plants" correspond to the sporogonium of Bryophytes, and not to the leafy branch (gametophore) or "moss plant." Conse- quently the evolution of the sporogonium through the Bryophytes is traced with a great deal of interest. It may be outlined as follows : In a liverwort called Riccia the simplest sporogonium is found. It is a globular capsule, without seta or foot. Fig. 86, Diagrammatic sections of eporo Stock Photo

RMRDTWBW–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. loi PLANT STEUCTUEES ous part of the higher plants. The " fern plant," and the herhs, shrubs, and trees among " flowering plants" correspond to the sporogonium of Bryophytes, and not to the leafy branch (gametophore) or "moss plant." Conse- quently the evolution of the sporogonium through the Bryophytes is traced with a great deal of interest. It may be outlined as follows : In a liverwort called Riccia the simplest sporogonium is found. It is a globular capsule, without seta or foot. Fig. 86, Diagrammatic sections of eporo

. The ferns of Bombay. Ferns. 14 .-fhttf" ' >j«.<t' longer or shorter periods of unfavourable conditions. In suitable soil the spore germinates, growing out into a filmy, heart-shaped plate scarcely one-third of an inch across. This is known as the pro- tkallus or prothallium (Fig. 2). It very much resembles a liverwort, but can be distinguished from it by its paler green colour. It lies pros- trate on the soil to which it is attached by a number of root-like processes, rhizoids (Rh.) which are given off from the under-surface. Amongst the rhizoids one can distinguish numerous smal Stock Photo

RMRE1H4R–. The ferns of Bombay. Ferns. 14 .-fhttf" ' >j«.<t' longer or shorter periods of unfavourable conditions. In suitable soil the spore germinates, growing out into a filmy, heart-shaped plate scarcely one-third of an inch across. This is known as the pro- tkallus or prothallium (Fig. 2). It very much resembles a liverwort, but can be distinguished from it by its paler green colour. It lies pros- trate on the soil to which it is attached by a number of root-like processes, rhizoids (Rh.) which are given off from the under-surface. Amongst the rhizoids one can distinguish numerous smal

. Senescence and rejuvenescence. Age; Reproduction. 138 ©. 139 © Figs. 132-139.—Stages of gamete formation in the liverwort Riccia: Fig. 132, antheridium in stage at which spermatogenous cells become segregated from cells of wall; Figs. 133-139, formation of archegonium and egg, 0, in Riccia. From Coulter, etc., '10.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Child, Charles Manning, 1869-1954. Chicago, Ill. , The Univ Stock Photo

RMRE0C27–. Senescence and rejuvenescence. Age; Reproduction. 138 ©. 139 © Figs. 132-139.—Stages of gamete formation in the liverwort Riccia: Fig. 132, antheridium in stage at which spermatogenous cells become segregated from cells of wall; Figs. 133-139, formation of archegonium and egg, 0, in Riccia. From Coulter, etc., '10.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Child, Charles Manning, 1869-1954. Chicago, Ill. , The Univ

. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. 520 LIFE-HISTORIES. Fig. 341, III.—Umbrella-liverwort. Top of arehigoniophore (1) cut ver- tically to show the stalked sporophytes of different ages: the two inner ones are still within the enlarged wall of the archegonium; the right- hand one has protruded on its stalk leaving the archegonial wall as a sheath (calyplra) at the base of its stalk; wdiile the left-hand one has burst open and is shedding its spores and elaters. (Atkinson.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may ha Stock Photo

RMRE0TBB–. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. 520 LIFE-HISTORIES. Fig. 341, III.—Umbrella-liverwort. Top of arehigoniophore (1) cut ver- tically to show the stalked sporophytes of different ages: the two inner ones are still within the enlarged wall of the archegonium; the right- hand one has protruded on its stalk leaving the archegonial wall as a sheath (calyplra) at the base of its stalk; wdiile the left-hand one has burst open and is shedding its spores and elaters. (Atkinson.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may ha

. Our native ferns and their allies : with synoptical descriptions of the American Pteridophyta north of Mexico. Ferns. 48 Our Native Ferns produce long-petioled leaves resembling " four leaf clovers," which float on the surface of water. Others like Azolla are little float- ing plants much resembling a liverwort. Marsilia and Pilularia have a circinate vernation and have therefore received the name of " water ferns." Mar- silia quadrifolia (Fig. 40) is found on the shores of Bantam Lake, Litchfield Co., Ct.^ where it literally covers the margin of the lake for two miles or Stock Photo

RMRR22DK–. Our native ferns and their allies : with synoptical descriptions of the American Pteridophyta north of Mexico. Ferns. 48 Our Native Ferns produce long-petioled leaves resembling " four leaf clovers," which float on the surface of water. Others like Azolla are little float- ing plants much resembling a liverwort. Marsilia and Pilularia have a circinate vernation and have therefore received the name of " water ferns." Mar- silia quadrifolia (Fig. 40) is found on the shores of Bantam Lake, Litchfield Co., Ct.^ where it literally covers the margin of the lake for two miles or

. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. BEYOPHYTES lUO is a single layer of sterile cells as a wall about the arche- sporium, which is composed of all the remaining cells of the upper half (Fig. 86, B). It will be noted that the sterile tissue in this sporogonium has encroached upon the arche- sporium, which is restricted to one half of the body. In this case the archesporium has the form of a hemisphere. In another liverwort {Jungermamna) the archesporium is still more restricted (Fig. 87). The sterile tissue is organ-. FlG. R7. Diagrammatic section of spo- Fig. 88. Section through fiporogon Stock Photo

RMRDTWBM–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. BEYOPHYTES lUO is a single layer of sterile cells as a wall about the arche- sporium, which is composed of all the remaining cells of the upper half (Fig. 86, B). It will be noted that the sterile tissue in this sporogonium has encroached upon the arche- sporium, which is restricted to one half of the body. In this case the archesporium has the form of a hemisphere. In another liverwort {Jungermamna) the archesporium is still more restricted (Fig. 87). The sterile tissue is organ-. FlG. R7. Diagrammatic section of spo- Fig. 88. Section through fiporogon

. The essentials of botany. Botany. 186 BOTANY. gonium, or archegone. It bears some resemblance to the corresponding organ in the Stoneworts (p. 181), and, like. Fig. 103.—Archegones of the Common Liverwort in Various stages of develop- ment, J to F; e, germ-cell. FJ, fertilized germ-cell, /, divided once. VII and Vni, further development of germ-cell; %tp, the perianth in various stages. ZX, germ-cell now developed into a spore-fruit, /, filled with spores and elaters; a, the greatly distended wall of the archegone. X, immature and mature elaters and spores. All magnified. it, has an internal Stock Photo

RMRDJGRY–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 186 BOTANY. gonium, or archegone. It bears some resemblance to the corresponding organ in the Stoneworts (p. 181), and, like. Fig. 103.—Archegones of the Common Liverwort in Various stages of develop- ment, J to F; e, germ-cell. FJ, fertilized germ-cell, /, divided once. VII and Vni, further development of germ-cell; %tp, the perianth in various stages. ZX, germ-cell now developed into a spore-fruit, /, filled with spores and elaters; a, the greatly distended wall of the archegone. X, immature and mature elaters and spores. All magnified. it, has an internal

. The elements of structural botany with special reference to the study of Canadian plants ... Plant physiology; Plant anatomy. 194 ELEMENTS OF STBUCTUIIAL BOTANV. special cells in the archegonia, and resulting in the production of spores. 343. Liverworts. Kgs. 244 and 245 are representa- tions of portions of a very common Liverwort, Marcliantia â polymorplia. It may be found growing along the borders of marshes and in wet places generally, often with inter- mingled moss. It is of a deep green colour, and usually spreads over a consid- erable extent of sur- face. There is no ap- pearance of le Stock Photo

RMRE1F15–. The elements of structural botany with special reference to the study of Canadian plants ... Plant physiology; Plant anatomy. 194 ELEMENTS OF STBUCTUIIAL BOTANV. special cells in the archegonia, and resulting in the production of spores. 343. Liverworts. Kgs. 244 and 245 are representa- tions of portions of a very common Liverwort, Marcliantia â polymorplia. It may be found growing along the borders of marshes and in wet places generally, often with inter- mingled moss. It is of a deep green colour, and usually spreads over a consid- erable extent of sur- face. There is no ap- pearance of le

. Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. 126 HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS 101. Evidence from Comparative Ontogeny.—In zool- ogy, evidence of the course of evolution is also seen in the recapitulation of the characters of lower forms in the em- bryogeny of higher forms. This is often referred to as von Baer's law. Evidence of that nature is less striking and less common in plants. It is found, however, in a com- parison of the young or embryonic stage of the sporophyte of the higher liverwort, Marchantia, with the mature. Fig. 64.—The apical cell in the stem apex in various phy Stock Photo

RMRDG152–. Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. 126 HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS 101. Evidence from Comparative Ontogeny.—In zool- ogy, evidence of the course of evolution is also seen in the recapitulation of the characters of lower forms in the em- bryogeny of higher forms. This is often referred to as von Baer's law. Evidence of that nature is less striking and less common in plants. It is found, however, in a com- parison of the young or embryonic stage of the sporophyte of the higher liverwort, Marchantia, with the mature. Fig. 64.—The apical cell in the stem apex in various phy

. Elementary botany. Botany. 72 PHYSIOLOGY. 169. Frullania.—In fig. 60 is shown another liverwort, which differs greatly in form from the ones we have just been studying in that there is a well-defined axis with lateral leaf-like outgrowths. Such liverworts are called foliose liverworts. Besides these two quite prominent rows of leaves there is a third row of poorly developed leaves on the under surface. Also from the under surface of the axis we see here and there slender out- growths, the rh i z o i d s, through which much of the liquid is. Please note that these images are extracted from sc Stock Photo

RMRE0PHT–. Elementary botany. Botany. 72 PHYSIOLOGY. 169. Frullania.—In fig. 60 is shown another liverwort, which differs greatly in form from the ones we have just been studying in that there is a well-defined axis with lateral leaf-like outgrowths. Such liverworts are called foliose liverworts. Besides these two quite prominent rows of leaves there is a third row of poorly developed leaves on the under surface. Also from the under surface of the axis we see here and there slender out- growths, the rh i z o i d s, through which much of the liquid is. Please note that these images are extracted from sc

RMRDWBMM–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 186 BOTANY. gonium, or archegone. It bears some resemblance to the corresponding organ in the Stoneworts (p. 181), and, like. Fio. 108.—Arohegones of the Common Liverwort iti various stages of develop- ment, I to V e, perm-cell. VI^ fertilized germ-cell, /, divided once. VII and F7iT, further development of germ-cell; ^yp, the perianth in various stages. IX, germ-cell now developed into a spore-fruit, /, fllled with spores and elaters; a, the greatly distended wall of the archegone. X, immature and mature elaters and spores. All magnified. it, has an intern

. The essentials of botany. Botany. BRTOPHTTA. S1 The arohegones of the common Liverwort are clustered upon special branches, a few centimetres in height. These branches expand into lohed discs at the top, and beneath these the arohegones appear. They grow out as trichomes, and finally consist of a rounded cell (germ-cell) enclosed in a flask-shaped vessel (Fig. 103). 390. Fertilization takes place in wet weather by the antherozoids swimming to and down the open neck of the archegone. As a consequence, the germ-cell begins divid- ing, and finally develops into a spore-fruit containing many sp Stock Photo

RMRDJGRT–. The essentials of botany. Botany. BRTOPHTTA. S1 The arohegones of the common Liverwort are clustered upon special branches, a few centimetres in height. These branches expand into lohed discs at the top, and beneath these the arohegones appear. They grow out as trichomes, and finally consist of a rounded cell (germ-cell) enclosed in a flask-shaped vessel (Fig. 103). 390. Fertilization takes place in wet weather by the antherozoids swimming to and down the open neck of the archegone. As a consequence, the germ-cell begins divid- ing, and finally develops into a spore-fruit containing many sp

. Familiar flowers of field and garden;. Botany. 8 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OP FIELD AND GARDEN. tant]y reminds one of the buttercup, to which it is related; but it is thick and stocky-looking, and de- serves some interest on its own account. It will be found in early April beside the brooks as they wind through the meadows, and in springy ground. It is common also in Italy, where we would hardly look for it. The calyx is golden yellow in hue, and the dark-green, thickish leaf is like a rounded kidney in shape.. Liverwort. Hepatica triloba is one of the earliest Hepatioa triloba, of our spring flowers Stock Photo

RMRE2MHM–. Familiar flowers of field and garden;. Botany. 8 FAMILIAR FLOWERS OP FIELD AND GARDEN. tant]y reminds one of the buttercup, to which it is related; but it is thick and stocky-looking, and de- serves some interest on its own account. It will be found in early April beside the brooks as they wind through the meadows, and in springy ground. It is common also in Italy, where we would hardly look for it. The calyx is golden yellow in hue, and the dark-green, thickish leaf is like a rounded kidney in shape.. Liverwort. Hepatica triloba is one of the earliest Hepatioa triloba, of our spring flowers

. Plants and their ways in South Africa. Botany; Botany. 22 8 Plants and their Ways in South Africa just detect in the tops of some of the stalks little bodies, sur-. P'lG. 201.—Section o{ Pel I la epiphvUa through an involucre. R, rhizoids ; T, I, involucre ; AA, developing archegonia (magnified). (From Evans' 'Inter- mediate Text Book of Botany",) rounded by a rosette ot leaves. These correspond to the antheridia of the liverwort.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of the Stock Photo

RMRDWD1A–. Plants and their ways in South Africa. Botany; Botany. 22 8 Plants and their Ways in South Africa just detect in the tops of some of the stalks little bodies, sur-. P'lG. 201.—Section o{ Pel I la epiphvUa through an involucre. R, rhizoids ; T, I, involucre ; AA, developing archegonia (magnified). (From Evans' 'Inter- mediate Text Book of Botany",) rounded by a rosette ot leaves. These correspond to the antheridia of the liverwort.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of the

. The essentials of botany. Botany. ^RTOPSYTA. Ig7 The archegones of the common Liverwort are clustered upon special branches, a few centimetres in height. These branches expand into lobed discs at the top, and beneath these the archegones appear. They grow out as trichomes, and finally consist of a rounded cell (germ-cell) enclosed in a flask-shaped vessel (Fig. 103). 390. Fertilization takes place in wet weather by the antherozoids swimming to and down the open neck of the archegone. As a consequence, the germ-cell begins divid- ing, and finally develops into a spore-fruit containing many sp Stock Photo

RMRDWBMG–. The essentials of botany. Botany. ^RTOPSYTA. Ig7 The archegones of the common Liverwort are clustered upon special branches, a few centimetres in height. These branches expand into lobed discs at the top, and beneath these the archegones appear. They grow out as trichomes, and finally consist of a rounded cell (germ-cell) enclosed in a flask-shaped vessel (Fig. 103). 390. Fertilization takes place in wet weather by the antherozoids swimming to and down the open neck of the archegone. As a consequence, the germ-cell begins divid- ing, and finally develops into a spore-fruit containing many sp

. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. LIFE HISTORY OF A LIVERWORT 217 to tide over periods of drought. Tubers in liverworts were first discovered and recognized in a species of Anthoceros. At least two species (Fossomhronia tuberifera and An- thoceros tuherosus) received their specific names from their. Fig. 162.—Anthoceros phytnatodes. Portion of thallus showing develop- ing tubers. X about 15. (After M. A. Howe.) characteristic of forming tubers. In some species the tubers appear as swellings or outgrowths on the under- side of the thallus; in others (Figs. 162 and 163) as en- largements of the Stock Photo

RMRE2FXD–. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. LIFE HISTORY OF A LIVERWORT 217 to tide over periods of drought. Tubers in liverworts were first discovered and recognized in a species of Anthoceros. At least two species (Fossomhronia tuberifera and An- thoceros tuherosus) received their specific names from their. Fig. 162.—Anthoceros phytnatodes. Portion of thallus showing develop- ing tubers. X about 15. (After M. A. Howe.) characteristic of forming tubers. In some species the tubers appear as swellings or outgrowths on the under- side of the thallus; in others (Figs. 162 and 163) as en- largements of the

. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. STRUCTURE OF LIVERWORTS 271 often mainly from the region of the midrib ; these rhizoids also function as organs of attachment. The underside of the thallus, in many Liverworts, also bears one or more rows of fiat overlapping scales (Fig. 149, s.), which are one cell thick, and not uncommonly purphsh in colour. Some forms {e.g. Marchantia) exhibit, m the axils of these scales,. XI5 Fig. 147.—A leafy Liverwort (Cephalozia bicuspidata). A, Portion of a plant. B, Sporogonium showing capsule (c.) before dehiscence Stock Photo

RMRDWPFX–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. STRUCTURE OF LIVERWORTS 271 often mainly from the region of the midrib ; these rhizoids also function as organs of attachment. The underside of the thallus, in many Liverworts, also bears one or more rows of fiat overlapping scales (Fig. 149, s.), which are one cell thick, and not uncommonly purphsh in colour. Some forms {e.g. Marchantia) exhibit, m the axils of these scales,. XI5 Fig. 147.—A leafy Liverwort (Cephalozia bicuspidata). A, Portion of a plant. B, Sporogonium showing capsule (c.) before dehiscence

. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. LIFE HISTORY OF A LIVERWORT 21,3 not from epidermal cells as in ferns, but each one from a single cell just underneath the epidermis (subepidermal),. Fig. 156.—Anthoceros Imis, showing the lobed thallus of the gameto- phyte, bearing several upright sporogonia in various stages of develop- ment.' At the right and left sporogonia dehiscing, and scattering the spores. Note the slender, thread-like columellas, and the lack of differ- entiation of the sporogonium into seta and capsule. The sheath (calyp- tra) at the base of the sporogonium is formed chiefly from th Stock Photo

RMRE2FYY–. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. LIFE HISTORY OF A LIVERWORT 21,3 not from epidermal cells as in ferns, but each one from a single cell just underneath the epidermis (subepidermal),. Fig. 156.—Anthoceros Imis, showing the lobed thallus of the gameto- phyte, bearing several upright sporogonia in various stages of develop- ment.' At the right and left sporogonia dehiscing, and scattering the spores. Note the slender, thread-like columellas, and the lack of differ- entiation of the sporogonium into seta and capsule. The sheath (calyp- tra) at the base of the sporogonium is formed chiefly from th

. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. LIFE HISTORY OF A LIVERWORT 215 ized plant—a blue-green alga, of the genus Nostoc (Fig. i6o). On the ventral surface of the thallus sHts occur in the epidermis. These are- not stomata, and the intercellular spaces into which they open are fitted with a mucilaginous substance produced by a transformation of the adjacent ceU-walls. This mucilage furnishes ideal conditions of food and moisture for the alga, which flourishes there.. Fig. i6o.—Photomicrograph of a cross-section of a liverwort {Antho- ceros jusiformis). The dark, oval area is a colony of a species o Stock Photo

RMRE2FXX–. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. LIFE HISTORY OF A LIVERWORT 215 ized plant—a blue-green alga, of the genus Nostoc (Fig. i6o). On the ventral surface of the thallus sHts occur in the epidermis. These are- not stomata, and the intercellular spaces into which they open are fitted with a mucilaginous substance produced by a transformation of the adjacent ceU-walls. This mucilage furnishes ideal conditions of food and moisture for the alga, which flourishes there.. Fig. i6o.—Photomicrograph of a cross-section of a liverwort {Antho- ceros jusiformis). The dark, oval area is a colony of a species o

$. The essentials of botany. Botany. BRT0PH7TA. 209 385. The asexual reproduction of Liverworts takes place by means of peculiar bodies, the brood-cells or brood-masses ("gemmffi"), so frequently to be seen in the common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha). In the latter plant they are little stalked masses of cells in small cups 4 to 6 millimetres (^ inch) in diameter {B and 0, Fig. 131). They are in reality hairs (trichomes) whose upper cells have repeatedly divided so as to form flattish masses. When these fall ofE, they grow directly into new plants. 386. The antherids of Liverworts Stock Photo$

RMRDYBMG–. The essentials of botany. Botany. BRT0PH7TA. 209 385. The asexual reproduction of Liverworts takes place by means of peculiar bodies, the brood-cells or brood-masses ("gemmffi"), so frequently to be seen in the common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha). In the latter plant they are little stalked masses of cells in small cups 4 to 6 millimetres (^ inch) in diameter {B and 0, Fig. 131). They are in reality hairs (trichomes) whose upper cells have repeatedly divided so as to form flattish masses. When these fall ofE, they grow directly into new plants. 386. The antherids of Liverworts

. Familiar features of the roadside; the flowers, shrubs, birds, and insects. Natural history. EARLY WILD FLOWERS, CATKINS. retreat; in its place the marsh marigold {Caltha palustris) appears, a flower with scarcely less gold in its cup than the dandelion possesses. But the ear- liest wild flower of spring is undoubtedly the hepatica or liverwort {Hepatica triloba); this dainty, purplish white flow â er appears before its new leaves (the large purple-blotched ones are last year's ; the new ones are tiny and fuzzy) sometime in early April, next to a lingering bit of snow, and among the withered Stock Photo

RMRDXM08–. Familiar features of the roadside; the flowers, shrubs, birds, and insects. Natural history. EARLY WILD FLOWERS, CATKINS. retreat; in its place the marsh marigold {Caltha palustris) appears, a flower with scarcely less gold in its cup than the dandelion possesses. But the ear- liest wild flower of spring is undoubtedly the hepatica or liverwort {Hepatica triloba); this dainty, purplish white flow â er appears before its new leaves (the large purple-blotched ones are last year's ; the new ones are tiny and fuzzy) sometime in early April, next to a lingering bit of snow, and among the withered

. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 190. Antheridium of a foliose liverwort (jun- germannia).. Fig. 189. Foliose liverwort, male plant showing anthe- ridia in axils of the leaves (a jungermannia). Fig. 191. Foliose liverwort, female plant with quadrants, the wall forming four valves, which spread apart from the unequal drying of the cells, so that the spores are set free, as shown in fig. 194. Some of the cells inside of the capsule de- velop elaters here also as well as spores. These are illustrated in fig. 196. 332, In this plant we see that the sporophyte remains attached. Please note that th Stock Photo

RMRDWG0H–. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 190. Antheridium of a foliose liverwort (jun- germannia).. Fig. 189. Foliose liverwort, male plant showing anthe- ridia in axils of the leaves (a jungermannia). Fig. 191. Foliose liverwort, female plant with quadrants, the wall forming four valves, which spread apart from the unequal drying of the cells, so that the spores are set free, as shown in fig. 194. Some of the cells inside of the capsule de- velop elaters here also as well as spores. These are illustrated in fig. 196. 332, In this plant we see that the sporophyte remains attached. Please note that th

. A practical course in botany, with especial reference to its bearings on agriculture, economics, and sanitation. Botany. CRYPTOGAMS 335 a true root ? Notice that as the lower end dies, the growing branches go on increasing and reproducing the thallus. Do you find anything like a midrib ? If so, trace it through the branches and body of the thallus; where does it end ? Does it seem to be formed like the midrib of a leaf ? Hold. Figs. 475, 476. — Umbrella liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha): 475, portion of a female thallus about natural size, showing dichotomous branching ; /, /, archegonial or Stock Photo

RMRE2HYJ–. A practical course in botany, with especial reference to its bearings on agriculture, economics, and sanitation. Botany. CRYPTOGAMS 335 a true root ? Notice that as the lower end dies, the growing branches go on increasing and reproducing the thallus. Do you find anything like a midrib ? If so, trace it through the branches and body of the thallus; where does it end ? Does it seem to be formed like the midrib of a leaf ? Hold. Figs. 475, 476. — Umbrella liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha): 475, portion of a female thallus about natural size, showing dichotomous branching ; /, /, archegonial or

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE PTERIDOPHYTES 285 365. Discussion. — The life history of a fern differs in a striking way from that of a liverwort or moss. Ascending ,..-A-n-- "At- Spore. Sporongtuw Fig. 207. Diagram of Life History of a Fern. An, antheridium; Ar, archegoniiun; s, sperm; e, egg-cell; e', egg. from the lower forms of plant life to the higher ones, it is only when the ferns are reached that alternation of genera- tions is shown in its most complete form. Jij this term a. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digi Stock Photo

RMRDWF9Y–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE PTERIDOPHYTES 285 365. Discussion. — The life history of a fern differs in a striking way from that of a liverwort or moss. Ascending ,..-A-n-- "At- Spore. Sporongtuw Fig. 207. Diagram of Life History of a Fern. An, antheridium; Ar, archegoniiun; s, sperm; e, egg-cell; e', egg. from the lower forms of plant life to the higher ones, it is only when the ferns are reached that alternation of genera- tions is shown in its most complete form. Jij this term a. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digi

. Senescence and rejuvenescence. Age; Reproduction. 338 SENESCENCE AND REJUVENESCENCE (pp. 317-18) show the female gametes in some of the algae and fungi. The development of the female cell in the liverwort Riccia. 167 Figs. 162-167.—Some peculiar forms of spermatozoa from the lower inverte- brates: Fig. 162, Plagiostomum, a turbellarian (from Bohmig, '90); Fig. 163, Castroda, a turbellarian (from Luther, '04); Fig. 164, Mesoslomum, a turbellarian (from Luther, '04); Fig. 165, Ascaris megalocephala, nematode worm (from Scheben, '05); Figs. 166, 167, the two forms of spermatozoa in Paludina, a Stock Photo

RMRE0C14–. Senescence and rejuvenescence. Age; Reproduction. 338 SENESCENCE AND REJUVENESCENCE (pp. 317-18) show the female gametes in some of the algae and fungi. The development of the female cell in the liverwort Riccia. 167 Figs. 162-167.—Some peculiar forms of spermatozoa from the lower inverte- brates: Fig. 162, Plagiostomum, a turbellarian (from Bohmig, '90); Fig. 163, Castroda, a turbellarian (from Luther, '04); Fig. 164, Mesoslomum, a turbellarian (from Luther, '04); Fig. 165, Ascaris megalocephala, nematode worm (from Scheben, '05); Figs. 166, 167, the two forms of spermatozoa in Paludina, a

. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 194. Capsule parted down to the stalk.. tig. 192. Fruiting plant of a foliose liver- p[g IOe wort (jungermannia). Leafy part is the gametophyte ; stalk and cap- Four spores from Elaters, at left showing the two sule is the sporophyte (sporogonium mother cell held in spiral marks, at right a branched in the bryophytes). a group. eJater. Figs. 193-196.—Sporogonium of liverwort (jungermannia) opening by splitting into four parts, showing details of elaters and spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digital Stock Photo

RMRDWG09–. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 194. Capsule parted down to the stalk.. tig. 192. Fruiting plant of a foliose liver- p[g IOe wort (jungermannia). Leafy part is the gametophyte ; stalk and cap- Four spores from Elaters, at left showing the two sule is the sporophyte (sporogonium mother cell held in spiral marks, at right a branched in the bryophytes). a group. eJater. Figs. 193-196.—Sporogonium of liverwort (jungermannia) opening by splitting into four parts, showing details of elaters and spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digital

. Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany," and "Field, forest, and garden botany," bound in one volume. Botany; Botany. 160 CEYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. closely resembles a small Liverwort. This is named a Pkothallus (Fig. 509): from some point of this a bud appears to originate, which produces the first fern-leaf, soon followed by a second and third, and so the stem and leaves of the plant are set up. 490. Investigation of this prothallus under the microscope resulted in the discovaiy of a wholly unsuspected kind of fert Stock Photo

RMRDTX4J–. Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany," and "Field, forest, and garden botany," bound in one volume. Botany; Botany. 160 CEYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. closely resembles a small Liverwort. This is named a Pkothallus (Fig. 509): from some point of this a bud appears to originate, which produces the first fern-leaf, soon followed by a second and third, and so the stem and leaves of the plant are set up. 490. Investigation of this prothallus under the microscope resulted in the discovaiy of a wholly unsuspected kind of fert

. Practical botany. Botany. Fig. 226. A leafy liverwort (Frullania) At ^1 is a plant about natural size as it appears growing upon a piece of maple bark ; at £ is an enlarged piece of the same plant, showing its leaves, rhizoids, and the peculiar stalked spore-capsule. Modified after Kemer 253. Other liverworts. There are many kinds of liver-worts and they are world-wide in distribution. They are usually found in damp and shady places. A few species live in the water. In the moist tropics they may be found upon the trunks or even the leaves of trees. The liverworts may have flat dorsiventral b Stock Photo

RMRE3AT8–. Practical botany. Botany. Fig. 226. A leafy liverwort (Frullania) At ^1 is a plant about natural size as it appears growing upon a piece of maple bark ; at £ is an enlarged piece of the same plant, showing its leaves, rhizoids, and the peculiar stalked spore-capsule. Modified after Kemer 253. Other liverworts. There are many kinds of liver-worts and they are world-wide in distribution. They are usually found in damp and shady places. A few species live in the water. In the moist tropics they may be found upon the trunks or even the leaves of trees. The liverworts may have flat dorsiventral b

. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 194. Capsule parted down to the stalk.. Fruiting plant of a foliose liver- pjg jgg, pig jgg wort (jungermannia). Leafy part is the gametophyte ; stalk and cap- Four spores from Elaters, at left showing the two sule is the sporophyte (sporogonium mother cell held in spiral marks, at right a branched in the bryophytesj, a group. elater. Figs. 193-196.—Sporogonium of liverwort (jungermannia) opening by splitting into four parts, showing details of elaters and spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitall Stock Photo

RMRE0P36–. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 194. Capsule parted down to the stalk.. Fruiting plant of a foliose liver- pjg jgg, pig jgg wort (jungermannia). Leafy part is the gametophyte ; stalk and cap- Four spores from Elaters, at left showing the two sule is the sporophyte (sporogonium mother cell held in spiral marks, at right a branched in the bryophytesj, a group. elater. Figs. 193-196.—Sporogonium of liverwort (jungermannia) opening by splitting into four parts, showing details of elaters and spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitall

. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. 2l6 STRUCTURE AND LIFE HISTORIES many small pieces with a pair of scissors, each piece can regenerate a new plant. In many species the tips of the lobes of the thallus become separated from the plant naturally, by the dying off of portions back from the tip. In such cases each tip develops an entire new individual. A thorough study of these phenomena has led botanists. Fig. i6i.—A liverwort {Lunularia). Below,-portions of the thaUus, showing the lunar-shaped cupules, with brood-buds, or gemmae. Above a single gemma, greatly magnified. to the conclusion that ev Stock Photo

RMRE2FXK–. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. 2l6 STRUCTURE AND LIFE HISTORIES many small pieces with a pair of scissors, each piece can regenerate a new plant. In many species the tips of the lobes of the thallus become separated from the plant naturally, by the dying off of portions back from the tip. In such cases each tip develops an entire new individual. A thorough study of these phenomena has led botanists. Fig. i6i.—A liverwort {Lunularia). Below,-portions of the thaUus, showing the lunar-shaped cupules, with brood-buds, or gemmae. Above a single gemma, greatly magnified. to the conclusion that ev

. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. 348 STRUCTURE AND LIFE HISTORIES noted in Chapter XVI, the thallus of a liverwort, may be chopped fine and every isolated, intact cell will give rise to a new plant. Growing plants of the liverwort, Marchantia, isolated by the dying of older tissue develop new individuals; the tips of the leaves of the walking fern may-strike root. Fig. 255.—Drosera rotundifoUa. Production of a young plant from the leaf of an older plant. (Photo by the author.) and originate new plants (Fig. 122), the tips of stolons or runners (as in ferns, eel-grass, strawberries, etc.) may Stock Photo

RMRE2FCF–. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. 348 STRUCTURE AND LIFE HISTORIES noted in Chapter XVI, the thallus of a liverwort, may be chopped fine and every isolated, intact cell will give rise to a new plant. Growing plants of the liverwort, Marchantia, isolated by the dying of older tissue develop new individuals; the tips of the leaves of the walking fern may-strike root. Fig. 255.—Drosera rotundifoUa. Production of a young plant from the leaf of an older plant. (Photo by the author.) and originate new plants (Fig. 122), the tips of stolons or runners (as in ferns, eel-grass, strawberries, etc.) may

. The essentials of botany. Botany. Fio. 101.—Z, a thalloid Liverwort; Bimi C, showing bud-cups, natural size; D, enlarged to show breathing-pores. //, a leafy-stemmed Liverwort; a, unripe, and 6, ripened and split, spore-fruit. the leaves, however, have no midrib or other veins, and consist of a single layer of cells. The development of the stem is always from a single apical cell, which repeatedly divides. 387. The asexual reproduction of Liverworts takes place by means of peculiar bodies, the buds (or gemmae) so fre- quently to be seen in the Common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha). In the Stock Photo

RMRDWBN1–. The essentials of botany. Botany. Fio. 101.—Z, a thalloid Liverwort; Bimi C, showing bud-cups, natural size; D, enlarged to show breathing-pores. //, a leafy-stemmed Liverwort; a, unripe, and 6, ripened and split, spore-fruit. the leaves, however, have no midrib or other veins, and consist of a single layer of cells. The development of the stem is always from a single apical cell, which repeatedly divides. 387. The asexual reproduction of Liverworts takes place by means of peculiar bodies, the buds (or gemmae) so fre- quently to be seen in the Common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha). In the

. The essentials of botany. Botany. Fi». 101.—I, a thalloid LiTerwort; Band C, showing bud-cups, natural size; D, enlarged to show breathing-pores. i7, a leafy-stemmed laverwort; a, unnpe, and 6, ripened and split, spore-fruit. the leaves, however, have no midrib or other veins, and consist of a single layer of cells. The development of the stem is always from a single apical cell, which repeatedly divides. 387. The asexual reproduction of Liverworts takes place by means of peculiar bodies, the bads (or gemmae) so fre- quently to be seen in the Common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha). In the Stock Photo

RMRDJGTA–. The essentials of botany. Botany. Fi». 101.—I, a thalloid LiTerwort; Band C, showing bud-cups, natural size; D, enlarged to show breathing-pores. i7, a leafy-stemmed laverwort; a, unnpe, and 6, ripened and split, spore-fruit. the leaves, however, have no midrib or other veins, and consist of a single layer of cells. The development of the stem is always from a single apical cell, which repeatedly divides. 387. The asexual reproduction of Liverworts takes place by means of peculiar bodies, the bads (or gemmae) so fre- quently to be seen in the Common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha). In the

. The essentials of botany. Botany. BBTOPHTTA. 211 rounded by an envelope of protective cells (Fig. 123,1-V). The archegones of the common Liverwort are clustered upon special branches a few centimetres in height. These branches expand into lobed disks at the top, and beneath these the archegones appear. They grow out as trichomes, and finally consist of a rounded cell (germ-cell) enclosed in a flask-shaped vessel (Pig. 133). 388. Fertilization takes place in wet weather by the antherozoids swimming to and down the open neck of the archegone. As a consequence the germ-cell begins divid- ing, a Stock Photo

RMRDXRNK–. The essentials of botany. Botany. BBTOPHTTA. 211 rounded by an envelope of protective cells (Fig. 123,1-V). The archegones of the common Liverwort are clustered upon special branches a few centimetres in height. These branches expand into lobed disks at the top, and beneath these the archegones appear. They grow out as trichomes, and finally consist of a rounded cell (germ-cell) enclosed in a flask-shaped vessel (Pig. 133). 388. Fertilization takes place in wet weather by the antherozoids swimming to and down the open neck of the archegone. As a consequence the germ-cell begins divid- ing, a

. The essentials of botany. Botany. BBTOPHYTA. 185 masses of cells in small cups 4 to 6 millimetres (^ inch) in diameter (Ji and O, Fig. 101). They are in reality hairs (triohomes) whose upper cells have repeatedly divided so as to form flattish masses. When these fall off they grow directly into new plants. 388. The antherids of Liverworts are more or less globu- lar, stalked bodies (Fig. 102, C), usually immersed in little depressions in the plant-body. They are to be regarded as hairs (triohomes) whose end cells have become greatly in-. Fio. 103.—^, a portion of Common Liverwort (Marchantia Stock Photo

RMRDWBMT–. The essentials of botany. Botany. BBTOPHYTA. 185 masses of cells in small cups 4 to 6 millimetres (^ inch) in diameter (Ji and O, Fig. 101). They are in reality hairs (triohomes) whose upper cells have repeatedly divided so as to form flattish masses. When these fall off they grow directly into new plants. 388. The antherids of Liverworts are more or less globu- lar, stalked bodies (Fig. 102, C), usually immersed in little depressions in the plant-body. They are to be regarded as hairs (triohomes) whose end cells have become greatly in-. Fio. 103.—^, a portion of Common Liverwort (Marchantia

. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. 518 LIFE-HISTORIES. Fig. 341, I.—Umbrella-liverwort. Female plant (i), bearing archegonia- earriers (archegoiiiophores). (Atkinson.) tophyte develops from a spore in much the same waj^ as happens with the other liverworts described. P^ven more than in Riccia it is like the thallus of ColeooliKte, notably in possessing but a single chromatophorc in each cell, and in having no trace of pseudo-lea-'es (Fig. 343). The gametangia are completely emljedded in the thallus (Fig. 344). Tlie embryo (E) develops a somewhat expa Stock Photo

RMRE0TBH–. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. 518 LIFE-HISTORIES. Fig. 341, I.—Umbrella-liverwort. Female plant (i), bearing archegonia- earriers (archegoiiiophores). (Atkinson.) tophyte develops from a spore in much the same waj^ as happens with the other liverworts described. P^ven more than in Riccia it is like the thallus of ColeooliKte, notably in possessing but a single chromatophorc in each cell, and in having no trace of pseudo-lea-'es (Fig. 343). The gametangia are completely emljedded in the thallus (Fig. 344). Tlie embryo (E) develops a somewhat expa

. Pastoral days; or, Memories of a New England year. Natural history. SPRING. 35 against the lurid background. No, we cannot stop to see them, for the rain-drops begin to patter thick and fast. Away we scamper to the shel- ter of the overhanging rocks. The lowering sky rolls above us through the branches. The glassy sur- face of the brook takes on a leaden hue as the rain- cloud drags its misty. veil across the "Hi distant mead- ows. The brown leaves jump and spatter at my feet, and the blue liverwort ''-i*T flowers on right and left duck wm* their heads like little living things :i dodgi Stock Photo

RMRDY08N–. Pastoral days; or, Memories of a New England year. Natural history. SPRING. 35 against the lurid background. No, we cannot stop to see them, for the rain-drops begin to patter thick and fast. Away we scamper to the shel- ter of the overhanging rocks. The lowering sky rolls above us through the branches. The glassy sur- face of the brook takes on a leaden hue as the rain- cloud drags its misty. veil across the "Hi distant mead- ows. The brown leaves jump and spatter at my feet, and the blue liverwort ''-i*T flowers on right and left duck wm* their heads like little living things :i dodgi

$. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. EMBRYOPHYTA—BRYOPHYTA c 309. Fig. 116. A. Lichen—Iceland Moss {Ceiraris islandica). p. Paraphyses. a. Asci. b. Ascospores. s.^ Subhymenial layer, g. Gonidia or alga. h. Plyphae. r. "Cortical" portion. B. Lichen. iSynalissa symphorea) sending its hyphae into an alga Gloeocapsa. C. Archegon- ium of fern {Poiypodium vulgare) with egg cell. b. Antheridium with sperm cells, c. Single- coiled sperm cell. D. Liverwort {Marchantia Stock Photo$

RMRDYDKX–. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. EMBRYOPHYTA—BRYOPHYTA c 309. Fig. 116. A. Lichen—Iceland Moss {Ceiraris islandica). p. Paraphyses. a. Asci. b. Ascospores. s.^ Subhymenial layer, g. Gonidia or alga. h. Plyphae. r. "Cortical" portion. B. Lichen. iSynalissa symphorea) sending its hyphae into an alga Gloeocapsa. C. Archegon- ium of fern {Poiypodium vulgare) with egg cell. b. Antheridium with sperm cells, c. Single- coiled sperm cell. D. Liverwort {Marchantia

. Wayside flowers [microform] : Series I. Being a description of American wild flowers that bloom in April, May, and early June. Wild flowers; Fleurs sauvages. Liverwort, Hepatlca. Hepd tic a triloba. Kamiiy . RANUNCULACE/E, Crowfoot. Color . . Lilac-white, or pale purple. Blooms . April, early May. Environment, Woods, anil woody pasture-land. Height . 3 ins. to 4 ins. Habitat . Common. Mc. to Minn, and Mo.,and northward. Character: Leaves thin, hairy, leathery, almost evergreen, appearing later than the flowers i one of the earliest spring flowers. Mayflower, Trailing Arbutus. Efii^iea trpnis Stock Photo

RMRJ01JT–. Wayside flowers [microform] : Series I. Being a description of American wild flowers that bloom in April, May, and early June. Wild flowers; Fleurs sauvages. Liverwort, Hepatlca. Hepd tic a triloba. Kamiiy . RANUNCULACE/E, Crowfoot. Color . . Lilac-white, or pale purple. Blooms . April, early May. Environment, Woods, anil woody pasture-land. Height . 3 ins. to 4 ins. Habitat . Common. Mc. to Minn, and Mo.,and northward. Character: Leaves thin, hairy, leathery, almost evergreen, appearing later than the flowers i one of the earliest spring flowers. Mayflower, Trailing Arbutus. Efii^iea trpnis

. Plants and their ways in South Africa. Botany; Botany. P'lG. 201.—Section o{ Pel I la epiphvUa through an involucre. R, rhizoids ; T, I, involucre ; AA, developing archegonia (magnified). (From Evans' 'Inter- mediate Text Book of Botany",) rounded by a rosette ot leaves. These correspond to the antheridia of the liverwort.. Fig. lobe ; R, layer; C spores. (Evans' " Intermediate Botany".) 202./V///(7 cpiphylla. A liverwort with iiiipergate sporangia. T, rhizoids ; F, fruits enclosed in calyptra ; C, central slightlv thicker C, capsules ; V, capsule open ; CK, collapse of seta Stock Photo

RMRDWD13–. Plants and their ways in South Africa. Botany; Botany. P'lG. 201.—Section o{ Pel I la epiphvUa through an involucre. R, rhizoids ; T, I, involucre ; AA, developing archegonia (magnified). (From Evans' 'Inter- mediate Text Book of Botany",) rounded by a rosette ot leaves. These correspond to the antheridia of the liverwort.. Fig. lobe ; R, layer; C spores. (Evans' " Intermediate Botany".) 202./V///(7 cpiphylla. A liverwort with iiiipergate sporangia. T, rhizoids ; F, fruits enclosed in calyptra ; C, central slightlv thicker C, capsules ; V, capsule open ; CK, collapse of seta

. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. 132 PLANT STKDCTUKES Under certain other conditions prothallia are observed to sprout directly from the leafy sporophyte instead of from a spore. This is called apospory, meaning " without a spore." 78. The gametophyte.—The prothallium, like a simple liverwort, is a dorsiventral body, and puts out numerous. Fig. 112. Stag-horn fern {Platycerium grande), an epiphytic tropical form, showing the two forme of leaves : a and 6, young sterile leaves ; c, leaves bearing spo- rangia ; d, an old sterile leaf.—Caldwell. rhizoids from its ventral surface Stock Photo

RMRDPRCY–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. 132 PLANT STKDCTUKES Under certain other conditions prothallia are observed to sprout directly from the leafy sporophyte instead of from a spore. This is called apospory, meaning " without a spore." 78. The gametophyte.—The prothallium, like a simple liverwort, is a dorsiventral body, and puts out numerous. Fig. 112. Stag-horn fern {Platycerium grande), an epiphytic tropical form, showing the two forme of leaves : a and 6, young sterile leaves ; c, leaves bearing spo- rangia ; d, an old sterile leaf.—Caldwell. rhizoids from its ventral surface

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE PTERIDOPHYTES 285 365. Discussion. â The life history of a fern differs in a striking way from that of a liverwort or moss. Ascending ...â An â Sporangi'"". "'â oph JeT"^ "â ^te or Fig. 207. Diagram of Life History of a Fern. An, antheridium; Ar, archegonium; s, sperm" e, egg-cell; e', egg. from the lower forms of plant life to the higher ones, it is only when the ferns are reached that alternation of genera- tions is shown in its most complete form. By this term a. Please note that these images are extracted from scanne Stock Photo

RMRDG4TY–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE PTERIDOPHYTES 285 365. Discussion. â The life history of a fern differs in a striking way from that of a liverwort or moss. Ascending ...â An â Sporangi'"". "'â oph JeT"^ "â ^te or Fig. 207. Diagram of Life History of a Fern. An, antheridium; Ar, archegonium; s, sperm" e, egg-cell; e', egg. from the lower forms of plant life to the higher ones, it is only when the ferns are reached that alternation of genera- tions is shown in its most complete form. By this term a. Please note that these images are extracted from scanne

. The essentials of botany. Botany. -^S'^n ^"T^' ^ 5i?-lloiJ Liverwort; B and C, showing brood-cups, natural SJ.t; Px ^'I'^Pged to show breathing-pores. I/, a leafy-stemmed Liver- wort ; a, unripe, and ft, ripened and split, spore-fruit. 384. The leaves, when present, are usually in two rows (sometimes three), and are either opposite or alternate. The tissues of the plant-body show a little differentiation ; the leaves, however, have no midrib or other veins, and consist of a single layer of cells. The development of the stem is always from a single apical cell, which repeatedly divides.. Stock Photo

RMRDYBMN–. The essentials of botany. Botany. -^S'^n ^"T^' ^ 5i?-lloiJ Liverwort; B and C, showing brood-cups, natural SJ.t; Px ^'I'^Pged to show breathing-pores. I/, a leafy-stemmed Liver- wort ; a, unripe, and ft, ripened and split, spore-fruit. 384. The leaves, when present, are usually in two rows (sometimes three), and are either opposite or alternate. The tissues of the plant-body show a little differentiation ; the leaves, however, have no midrib or other veins, and consist of a single layer of cells. The development of the stem is always from a single apical cell, which repeatedly divides..

. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. 312 PLANT STUDIES cells more or less modified for conduction. Above these the dorsal region is organized into a series of large air cham- bers, into which project chlorophyll-containing cells in the. Fig. 386. MarcJiantia polymorpha, a common liverwort: i, thallus. with rhizoide, bearing a mature archegonial branch (/) and several younger ones {a, b, c, d, e) 2 and 3, dorsal and ventral views of archegonial disk; k and 5, young sporophyte (sporogonium) embryos; G, more mature sporogonium still within enlarged venter of archegonium; 7, mature spor Stock Photo

RMRE1J9A–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. 312 PLANT STUDIES cells more or less modified for conduction. Above these the dorsal region is organized into a series of large air cham- bers, into which project chlorophyll-containing cells in the. Fig. 386. MarcJiantia polymorpha, a common liverwort: i, thallus. with rhizoide, bearing a mature archegonial branch (/) and several younger ones {a, b, c, d, e) 2 and 3, dorsal and ventral views of archegonial disk; k and 5, young sporophyte (sporogonium) embryos; G, more mature sporogonium still within enlarged venter of archegonium; 7, mature spor

. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 272. Antlieridiuni of a fnlinse liverwort (jun-. Fig 271. Fig, 273. Foliose liverwrirt, mali^ ]->laiit slmwing antlie- Folinse li'erw<:irt, temalc plant wilii ridia in axils of tin; leaes la juiiU'-iniannla) rhizoids, (juadraiits, llic wiill forming Idur vales, which spread apart from the une(|iia] dr)iiiL; of tlie cells, so that the spores are set free, as shown in fig. 276. Stnne of the cells inside of the capsule de- velo]) elaters here also as well as spores. These are illustrated in fig. 278. 500. In this plant we see that the sjiorophytc remains Stock Photo

RMRE2MR4–. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 272. Antlieridiuni of a fnlinse liverwort (jun-. Fig 271. Fig, 273. Foliose liverwrirt, mali^ ]->laiit slmwing antlie- Folinse li'erw<:irt, temalc plant wilii ridia in axils of tin; leaes la juiiU'-iniannla) rhizoids, (juadraiits, llic wiill forming Idur vales, which spread apart from the une(|iia] dr)iiiL; of tlie cells, so that the spores are set free, as shown in fig. 276. Stnne of the cells inside of the capsule de- velo]) elaters here also as well as spores. These are illustrated in fig. 278. 500. In this plant we see that the sjiorophytc remains

. The essentials of botany. Botany. BBTOPHTTA. 185 masses of cells in small cups 4 to 6 millimetres (i inch) in diameter {S and O, Fig. 101). They are in reality hairs (trichomes) whose upper cells have repeatedly divided so as to form flattish masses. When these fall off they grow directly into new plants. 388. The antherids of Liverworts are more or less globu- lar, stalked bodies (Fig. 102, C), usually immersed in little depressions in the plant-body. They are to be regarded as hairs (trichomes) whose end cells have become greatly in-. Fio. 102.—A, a portion of Common Liverwort (Marchantia Stock Photo

RMRDJGT4–. The essentials of botany. Botany. BBTOPHTTA. 185 masses of cells in small cups 4 to 6 millimetres (i inch) in diameter {S and O, Fig. 101). They are in reality hairs (trichomes) whose upper cells have repeatedly divided so as to form flattish masses. When these fall off they grow directly into new plants. 388. The antherids of Liverworts are more or less globu- lar, stalked bodies (Fig. 102, C), usually immersed in little depressions in the plant-body. They are to be regarded as hairs (trichomes) whose end cells have become greatly in-. Fio. 102.—A, a portion of Common Liverwort (Marchantia

. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. Fig. 3. a Apinagia pusilla, Tulasne. b Mniopsis Hookeriana, Tul. c Involucre of the same. From Tulasne's Monograpliia Podostemacearum, Tab. 7, ii., and Tab. 8, v.. Fig. 4. Sarconiitrium eriocaidum, Mitten. From Hook. Muse. Ex., Tab. 72. * Modern observers have not always been free from this danger. Witness the illustration by Corda as a Liverwort in Sturm's Deutsch- land's Flora, Tab. xxxiii., Nos. 26, 27, of Blandovia striata, Cda. Dicrcea Wallichii, Tul. was described by Taylor under the name of Polypleurum orientale, Tayl. MSS. in Trans. Eoy Stock Photo

RMRE3N2Y–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. Fig. 3. a Apinagia pusilla, Tulasne. b Mniopsis Hookeriana, Tul. c Involucre of the same. From Tulasne's Monograpliia Podostemacearum, Tab. 7, ii., and Tab. 8, v.. Fig. 4. Sarconiitrium eriocaidum, Mitten. From Hook. Muse. Ex., Tab. 72. * Modern observers have not always been free from this danger. Witness the illustration by Corda as a Liverwort in Sturm's Deutsch- land's Flora, Tab. xxxiii., Nos. 26, 27, of Blandovia striata, Cda. Dicrcea Wallichii, Tul. was described by Taylor under the name of Polypleurum orientale, Tayl. MSS. in Trans. Eoy

. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. THE GEEAT GKOUl'S (iF BKYOPIIYTES 113 cells more or less modified for conduction. Above these the dorsal region is organized into a series of large air cham- bers, into which project chlorophyll-containing cells in the. Fig. 97. Jfrtrchantia polymorpha, a common liverwort: i, tliallus, witli rhizoids, bearing a mature arcbegonial branch if) and 6eeral younger ones (a, b, c, d, e) 2 and J, dorsal and VL'iitral views of archegonial disk; U and 5, young sporophyte (sporogonium) embryos; 6. more mature sporogonium still within enlarged venter of archegoni Stock Photo

RMRDTWA2–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. THE GEEAT GKOUl'S (iF BKYOPIIYTES 113 cells more or less modified for conduction. Above these the dorsal region is organized into a series of large air cham- bers, into which project chlorophyll-containing cells in the. Fig. 97. Jfrtrchantia polymorpha, a common liverwort: i, tliallus, witli rhizoids, bearing a mature arcbegonial branch if) and 6eeral younger ones (a, b, c, d, e) 2 and J, dorsal and VL'iitral views of archegonial disk; U and 5, young sporophyte (sporogonium) embryos; 6. more mature sporogonium still within enlarged venter of archegoni

. Lessons in botany. Botany. LIVERWORTS. 141 for, and will serve for successive years' study. Mounts may also be made from material preserved in formalin. Tease out a few of the spores and elaters from the capsule with needles, in a drop of alcohol on the glass slip. Melt a bit of glycerine jelly on a cover glass and just as the alcohol is evap- orating from the slide lower the glycerine with the cover over them. See figure 126. Spores and elaters from some other liverwort may be used if more convenient. 236. Antheridial plants.—One of the male plants is figured at 118. It bears curious struct Stock Photo

RMRDDA8C–. Lessons in botany. Botany. LIVERWORTS. 141 for, and will serve for successive years' study. Mounts may also be made from material preserved in formalin. Tease out a few of the spores and elaters from the capsule with needles, in a drop of alcohol on the glass slip. Melt a bit of glycerine jelly on a cover glass and just as the alcohol is evap- orating from the slide lower the glycerine with the cover over them. See figure 126. Spores and elaters from some other liverwort may be used if more convenient. 236. Antheridial plants.—One of the male plants is figured at 118. It bears curious struct

RMRDTHGN–. Elementary botany. Botany. 72 PHYSIOLOG Y. 169. Frullania.—In fig. 60 is shown another liverwort, which differs greatly in form from the ones we have just been studying in that there is a well-defined axis with lateral leaf-like outgrowths. Such liverworts are called foliose liverworts. Besides these two quite prominent rows of leaves there is a third row of poorly developed leaves on the under surface. Also from the under surface of the axis we see here and there slender out- growths, the rh iz o i d s, t h r o u g .h which much of the liquid. Please note that these images are extracted fro

$. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. 9:? LIFE-HISTORIES whether it be a seaweed, a lichen, a liverwort, or one of the higher i)lants. In strictest botanical use it belongs onl}' to about 5,000 species of small green plants which have pseudo- leaves usually arranged spiralis' on a j^seudo-stem, and pro- duce spores in urn-like cases opening mostly by a lid.. Fig. 343. — Honied-liverwut {Aulhurrr't^ hrris, Horncd-livrTwort Family, Aiitlwceroliic-ccc). Plant (ij with three "fruits" (sporophj'tes). (.Luers- sen.)—Rather common in moist soil. Fig. Stock Photo$

RMRE0TAK–. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. 9:? LIFE-HISTORIES whether it be a seaweed, a lichen, a liverwort, or one of the higher i)lants. In strictest botanical use it belongs onl}' to about 5,000 species of small green plants which have pseudo- leaves usually arranged spiralis' on a j^seudo-stem, and pro- duce spores in urn-like cases opening mostly by a lid.. Fig. 343. — Honied-liverwut {Aulhurrr't^ hrris, Horncd-livrTwort Family, Aiitlwceroliic-ccc). Plant (ij with three "fruits" (sporophj'tes). (.Luers- sen.)—Rather common in moist soil. Fig.

. Leaves and flowers : or, Object lessons in botany with a flora : prepared for beginners in academies and public schools . Botany. Ordkr 1.âthe crowfoots. 147. 8. HEPAT'IOA. Noble Liverwort. Calyx (generally called an involucre) of 3 entire, ovate, green sepals (or bracts), situated a very little below tbe corolla. Corolla of 5-9 petals, arranged in 2 or three rows. Achenia without tails.âU Pretty little plants blossoming , in early spring. Leaves all radical, thick, 3-lobed, green through the winter. Flowers numerous, one on each scape, blue, roseate, or white. Mff. Sn. Flower and leaf of H. Stock Photo

RMRDTTHT–. Leaves and flowers : or, Object lessons in botany with a flora : prepared for beginners in academies and public schools . Botany. Ordkr 1.âthe crowfoots. 147. 8. HEPAT'IOA. Noble Liverwort. Calyx (generally called an involucre) of 3 entire, ovate, green sepals (or bracts), situated a very little below tbe corolla. Corolla of 5-9 petals, arranged in 2 or three rows. Achenia without tails.âU Pretty little plants blossoming , in early spring. Leaves all radical, thick, 3-lobed, green through the winter. Flowers numerous, one on each scape, blue, roseate, or white. Mff. Sn. Flower and leaf of H.

. Elementary botany. Botany. HOW PLANTS OBTAIN WATER. 25 48. Frullania.—In fig, 32 is shown another liverwort, which dififers greatly in form from the ones we have just been studying in that there is a well-defined axis with lateral leaf-Uke outgrowths. Such liver- worts are called foliose li-erworts. Besides these two quite jjrominent rows of leaves there is a third row of poorly de'eloped leaves on the under surface. Also from the unrlcr surface of the a.xis we see here and there slender out- Fig- 34. growths, the Under s i d c . ° showing forked r h 1 Z O i d S , under row of leaves and l Stock Photo

RMRE3CH0–. Elementary botany. Botany. HOW PLANTS OBTAIN WATER. 25 48. Frullania.—In fig, 32 is shown another liverwort, which dififers greatly in form from the ones we have just been studying in that there is a well-defined axis with lateral leaf-Uke outgrowths. Such liver- worts are called foliose li-erworts. Besides these two quite jjrominent rows of leaves there is a third row of poorly de'eloped leaves on the under surface. Also from the unrlcr surface of the a.xis we see here and there slender out- Fig- 34. growths, the Under s i d c . ° showing forked r h 1 Z O i d S , under row of leaves and l

. Pastoral days; or, Memories of a New England year. Natural history. veil across the "Hi distant mead- ows. The brown leaves jump and spatter at my feet, and the blue liverwort ''-i*T flowers on right and left duck wm* their heads like little living things :i dodging the pelting rain-drops. Oh, the lovely fickleness of j>f£*' an April day ! Even now. THE FAIRY FROND. the distant hill is lit up by the bursting sun. Nearer and nearer the gleam creeps across the landscape, chasing the shower away, and in a moment more the meadows glow with a freshened green, and the trees. Please note th Stock Photo

RMRDY08G–. Pastoral days; or, Memories of a New England year. Natural history. veil across the "Hi distant mead- ows. The brown leaves jump and spatter at my feet, and the blue liverwort ''-i*T flowers on right and left duck wm* their heads like little living things :i dodging the pelting rain-drops. Oh, the lovely fickleness of j>f£*' an April day ! Even now. THE FAIRY FROND. the distant hill is lit up by the bursting sun. Nearer and nearer the gleam creeps across the landscape, chasing the shower away, and in a moment more the meadows glow with a freshened green, and the trees. Please note th

$. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. 28o PLAXr LIFE. l)Ut the seed piaiits was desrribed in Part I. 'I'he forms of the spermaries are as iolhiws : 383. Chara.â'I'he compound siiermary of Chara (fig. 313) consists of a splierical case comijosed of fmr triangular, plate-Uke cells ; from the inner face of eacli projects a handledike cell to whose end are attached 24 filaments, each composed of 100-200 disk-shaped cells. I'^ach of these con-. Fig. 312.âDevelopment of a sperm of a liverwort {PcIUa e/>i/'hyila. n, mother cell with nucleus, the Stock Photo$

RMRDXPC4–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. 28o PLAXr LIFE. l)Ut the seed piaiits was desrribed in Part I. 'I'he forms of the spermaries are as iolhiws : 383. Chara.â'I'he compound siiermary of Chara (fig. 313) consists of a splierical case comijosed of fmr triangular, plate-Uke cells ; from the inner face of eacli projects a handledike cell to whose end are attached 24 filaments, each composed of 100-200 disk-shaped cells. I'^ach of these con-. Fig. 312.âDevelopment of a sperm of a liverwort {PcIUa e/>i/'hyila. n, mother cell with nucleus, the

$. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. Fig. 345.—Horned-liverwort. Younj; sporophyte {.^ij, i<ij) showing the be- ginnings of a columella (c, c) and spores (s). L, L, caij-ptra, -iJQ. (Hofmeister.) Fig. 346.—Peat moss (Sphagnum- ncutifolium, Peat moss Family, Sphagna- cecp). A, spore, highly magnified. C, spore (s) germinating in water producing a green branched thread or protonema (n, n') from whi^h buds (pr, pr) arise and produce gametophytes. (Schimper.)—-Plant common in bogs. Fig. 347. — Peat moss. Flat pro- tonema {pr, pr) produced on moist earth, Stock Photo$

RMRE0TAB–. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. Fig. 345.—Horned-liverwort. Younj; sporophyte {.^ij, i<ij) showing the be- ginnings of a columella (c, c) and spores (s). L, L, caij-ptra, -iJQ. (Hofmeister.) Fig. 346.—Peat moss (Sphagnum- ncutifolium, Peat moss Family, Sphagna- cecp). A, spore, highly magnified. C, spore (s) germinating in water producing a green branched thread or protonema (n, n') from whi^h buds (pr, pr) arise and produce gametophytes. (Schimper.)—-Plant common in bogs. Fig. 347. — Peat moss. Flat pro- tonema {pr, pr) produced on moist earth,

. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 272. Antlieridiuni of a fnlinse liverwort (jun-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Atkinson, George Francis, 1854-1918. New York : H. Holt Stock Photo

RMRE2MR8–. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 272. Antlieridiuni of a fnlinse liverwort (jun-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Atkinson, George Francis, 1854-1918. New York : H. Holt

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE BRYOPHYTES 267 mr. Fig. 190. Part of Male Thallus of a Liverwort (Marchantia disjuncta). (Enlarged.) mr, male receptacle.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bergen, Joseph Y. (Joseph Young), 1851-1917. Boston, Ginn Stock Photo

RMRDGEAT–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE BRYOPHYTES 267 mr. Fig. 190. Part of Male Thallus of a Liverwort (Marchantia disjuncta). (Enlarged.) mr, male receptacle.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bergen, Joseph Y. (Joseph Young), 1851-1917. Boston, Ginn

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE BRYOPPIYTES 267 mr. Fig. 190. Part of Male Thallus of a Liverwort (Marchantia disjuncta). (Enlarged.) mr, male receptacle.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bergen, Joseph Y. (Joseph Young), 1851-1917. Boston, Ginn Stock Photo

RMRDWFE8–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE BRYOPPIYTES 267 mr. Fig. 190. Part of Male Thallus of a Liverwort (Marchantia disjuncta). (Enlarged.) mr, male receptacle.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bergen, Joseph Y. (Joseph Young), 1851-1917. Boston, Ginn

. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 190. Part of Male Thallus of a Liverwort (Marchantia disjuncta). (Enlarged.) mr, male receptacle.. Fig. 191. Part of Female Thallus of M. disjuncta. (Enlarged.) fr, female receptacle; c, cups with buds.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bergen, Joseph Y. (Joseph Young), 1851-1917. Boston, Ginn Stock Photo

RMRDWFDX–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 190. Part of Male Thallus of a Liverwort (Marchantia disjuncta). (Enlarged.) mr, male receptacle.. Fig. 191. Part of Female Thallus of M. disjuncta. (Enlarged.) fr, female receptacle; c, cups with buds.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bergen, Joseph Y. (Joseph Young), 1851-1917. Boston, Ginn

. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. EMBRYOPHYTA—BRYOPHYTA a. Fig. 116a. A. Common Polypody (Polypodium vulgare). rh. Rhizome. s. Stipe. /. Frond, r. Rachis. a. Part of frond' with sori. c. Sporangium, d. Spores. B. Moss (Mnium hormum). a. Inner peristome, b. Outer peristome, two teeth. C. Juniper Moss {Polytrichum commune), rh. Rhizoid. s. Seta or stalk, c. Calyptra or cap. o. Operculum. D. Common liverwort {Marchantia polymorphd). s. Spores, e. Elater. E. Same as D— t Stock Photo

RMRDYDK3–. A manual of poisonous plants, chiefly of eastern North America, with brief notes on economic and medicinal plants, and numerous illustrations. Poisonous plants. EMBRYOPHYTA—BRYOPHYTA a. Fig. 116a. A. Common Polypody (Polypodium vulgare). rh. Rhizome. s. Stipe. /. Frond, r. Rachis. a. Part of frond' with sori. c. Sporangium, d. Spores. B. Moss (Mnium hormum). a. Inner peristome, b. Outer peristome, two teeth. C. Juniper Moss {Polytrichum commune), rh. Rhizoid. s. Seta or stalk, c. Calyptra or cap. o. Operculum. D. Common liverwort {Marchantia polymorphd). s. Spores, e. Elater. E. Same as D— t

Liverwort not mosses not bryophyte Black & White Stock Photos

Liverwort not mosses not bryophyte Black & White Stock Photos

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