Root nodules Black and White Stock Photos & Images

201 Faboideae root nodules Taub42 Stock Photo

RMPBYG2X–201 Faboideae root nodules Taub42

Faboideae root nodules Taub42 Stock Photo

RMHKBXMH–Faboideae root nodules Taub42

Peanut, groundnut, goober, monkey nut, very close up food still life Stock Photo

RM2H93DN3–Peanut, groundnut, goober, monkey nut, very close up food still life

Human epiglottis (left) and a vocal abused epiglottis with callus like nodules (right). Shown are the root of the tongue and the vallecula (a ! crevic Stock Photo

RFHGPMD2–Human epiglottis (left) and a vocal abused epiglottis with callus like nodules (right). Shown are the root of the tongue and the vallecula (a ! crevic

. Agriculture for southern schools. ■■> : A ,.^- .^. I Fig. 57. — Tubercles on the Roots of a Young Vetch Plant are at work making the soil rich. These knots are roottubercles or root nodules (Figs. 56, 57). The farmers tiny helpers. — Each tubercle is a busy go AGRICULTURE workshop inhabited by multitudes of germs, so small that2S,cx)0 of them could be placed side by side on a line oneinch long. These germs are actively at work helping thefarmer. The tubercle in which they live serves as a housefor them. It is really a fertilizer factory, and the germsare the workmen, busy making fertiliz Stock Photo

RM2CENWH0–. Agriculture for southern schools. ■■> : A ,.^- .^. I Fig. 57. — Tubercles on the Roots of a Young Vetch Plant are at work making the soil rich. These knots are roottubercles or root nodules (Figs. 56, 57). The farmers tiny helpers. — Each tubercle is a busy go AGRICULTURE workshop inhabited by multitudes of germs, so small that2S,cx)0 of them could be placed side by side on a line oneinch long. These germs are actively at work helping thefarmer. The tubercle in which they live serves as a housefor them. It is really a fertilizer factory, and the germsare the workmen, busy making fertiliz

. Illustration from book . 1891. Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert (1862-1897) 201 Faboideae root nodules Taub42 Stock Photo

RMMWE2E3–. Illustration from book . 1891. Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert (1862-1897) 201 Faboideae root nodules Taub42

RMHX1J27–Faboideae root nodules Taub42

. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. LEGUMINOUS CROPS. 15 that these swellings were the storehouses for nitrogenous compounds—these compounds being subsequently used up in the ripening of the seed. But it has been shown by- subsequent research that Tschirch's idea is erroneous, and that these root-nodules are pathological or disease struc- tures, caused by a microscopic fungus whose spores are, at times, found in cultivated soils. During the seasons of 1886 and 1887, field and garden beans were attacked, more or l Stock Photo

RMRDGXA5–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. LEGUMINOUS CROPS. 15 that these swellings were the storehouses for nitrogenous compounds—these compounds being subsequently used up in the ripening of the seed. But it has been shown by- subsequent research that Tschirch's idea is erroneous, and that these root-nodules are pathological or disease struc- tures, caused by a microscopic fungus whose spores are, at times, found in cultivated soils. During the seasons of 1886 and 1887, field and garden beans were attacked, more or l

. Illustration from book . 1891. Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert (1862-1897) 173 Faboideae root nodules Taub42 Stock Photo

RMMYEFJ0–. Illustration from book . 1891. Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert (1862-1897) 173 Faboideae root nodules Taub42

. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. LEGUMINOUS CROPS. IB ttat these swellings were the storehouses for nitrogenous compounds—these compounds being subsequently used up in the ripening of the seed. But it has been shown by subsequent research that Tschirch's idea is erroneous, and that these root-nodules are pathological or disease struc- tures, caused by a microscopic fungus whose spores are, at times, found in cultivated soils. During the seasons of 1886 and 1887, field and garden beans were attacked, more or le Stock Photo

RMPG43WE–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. LEGUMINOUS CROPS. IB ttat these swellings were the storehouses for nitrogenous compounds—these compounds being subsequently used up in the ripening of the seed. But it has been shown by subsequent research that Tschirch's idea is erroneous, and that these root-nodules are pathological or disease struc- tures, caused by a microscopic fungus whose spores are, at times, found in cultivated soils. During the seasons of 1886 and 1887, field and garden beans were attacked, more or le

. Pharmaceutical bacteriology, with special reference to disinfection and sterilization. Bacteriology. 98 PHARMACEUTICAL BACTERIOLOG i.. Fig. 48.—R. mutabile as it appears in mature nodules of red and white clover root nodules. This may be considered the extreme form variation due to hyper-nutrition.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Schneider, Albert, 1863-1928. Philadelphia, Blakiston Stock Photo

RMRE22GK–. Pharmaceutical bacteriology, with special reference to disinfection and sterilization. Bacteriology. 98 PHARMACEUTICAL BACTERIOLOG i.. Fig. 48.—R. mutabile as it appears in mature nodules of red and white clover root nodules. This may be considered the extreme form variation due to hyper-nutrition.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Schneider, Albert, 1863-1928. Philadelphia, Blakiston

RMMX8T30–. Illustration from book . 1891. Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert (1862-1897) 201 Faboideae root nodules Taub42

. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. 148 DISEASES OF CROPS. ated by the rotting of the root-nodules. These spores retain their vitality for months/ and are then capable of attacking the new seedlings planted in such soils. The spores are easily disseminated by such agencies as air, soils, and streams. Ustilago cucumeris produces a diseased condition of the whole plant. Prevention.—(1) Avoid growing cucumber plants in the same soil season after season. (2) Sow only good healthy. van. Fig. 50.—Spoek Fokmatiok. X 713 Stock Photo

RMPG43KX–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. 148 DISEASES OF CROPS. ated by the rotting of the root-nodules. These spores retain their vitality for months/ and are then capable of attacking the new seedlings planted in such soils. The spores are easily disseminated by such agencies as air, soils, and streams. Ustilago cucumeris produces a diseased condition of the whole plant. Prevention.—(1) Avoid growing cucumber plants in the same soil season after season. (2) Sow only good healthy. van. Fig. 50.—Spoek Fokmatiok. X 713

RMRDDYM4–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. LEGUMINOUS CROPS. IB ttat these swellings were the storehouses for nitrogenous compounds—these compounds being subsequently used up in the ripening of the seed. But it has been shown by subsequent research that Tschirch's idea is erroneous, and that these root-nodules are pathological or disease struc- tures, caused by a microscopic fungus whose spores are, at times, found in cultivated soils. During the seasons of 1886 and 1887, field and garden beans were attacked, more or le

. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Fig. 99.—The bacteria of such root nodules of the pea family as are shown in Fig. 98. On the left of Vicia sativa (the .spring vetch), on the right of Medicago denti- culata. Very highly magnified. After At- kinson. of bacteria. A great many other phases of bacterial life are of importance in the arts and industries and only a few may be mentioned in this short review. In tan- ning, in diseases of wine and beer, rennet curdling, in the manifold processes of putri- faction of organic matter, in cheese industries, in the deposition of bog iron ore, the Stock Photo

RMPG4F97–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Fig. 99.—The bacteria of such root nodules of the pea family as are shown in Fig. 98. On the left of Vicia sativa (the .spring vetch), on the right of Medicago denti- culata. Very highly magnified. After At- kinson. of bacteria. A great many other phases of bacterial life are of importance in the arts and industries and only a few may be mentioned in this short review. In tan- ning, in diseases of wine and beer, rennet curdling, in the manifold processes of putri- faction of organic matter, in cheese industries, in the deposition of bog iron ore, the

RMRDGX1G–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. 148 DISEASES OF CROPS. ated by the rotting of the root-nodules. These spores retain their vitality for months,^ and are then capable of attacking the new seedlings planted in such soils. The spores are easily disseminated by such agencies as air, soils, and streams. Ustilago cucumeris produces a diseased condition of the whole plant. Prevention.—(1) Avoid growing cucumber plants in the same soil season after season. (2) Sow only good healthy. Fig. 50.- -Spobk Formation. X 713.

. Field crop production; a text-book for elementary courses in schools and brief courses in colleges. Agriculture. THE CLOVERS 255 above the ground. To protect it from the sickle or from grazing animals, the tap root as if possessed with fore- thought contracts or shortens up, thus drawing the crown down into the soil. Like other legumes, red clover forms a partnership with a certain species of bacteria and they work together in harmony. The nodules produced by the bacteria are at first almost spherical, but a ^f later they become pear- ^^^ ^-^Wy.i-» shaped. They are not so large as the nodule Stock Photo

RMPG24MD–. Field crop production; a text-book for elementary courses in schools and brief courses in colleges. Agriculture. THE CLOVERS 255 above the ground. To protect it from the sickle or from grazing animals, the tap root as if possessed with fore- thought contracts or shortens up, thus drawing the crown down into the soil. Like other legumes, red clover forms a partnership with a certain species of bacteria and they work together in harmony. The nodules produced by the bacteria are at first almost spherical, but a ^f later they become pear- ^^^ ^-^Wy.i-» shaped. They are not so large as the nodule

. Bacteria in relation to plant diseases. Bacteriology; Plant diseases. REACTION OF THE PLANT. 93 an enlargement of the nucleus, often to double the normal size, and often a change of shape to spindle form. In such tissues the nuclei stand out very prominently in the small cells, being the most conspicuous objects in the section. This size, however, may be a character- istic of extreme youth rather than of disease, since the writer has also seen large nuclei in the tissues of the growing point of healthy daisy-plants. The disorganization of the nucleus in root-nodules of Leguminosac seems to b Stock Photo

RMRDR88A–. Bacteria in relation to plant diseases. Bacteriology; Plant diseases. REACTION OF THE PLANT. 93 an enlargement of the nucleus, often to double the normal size, and often a change of shape to spindle form. In such tissues the nuclei stand out very prominently in the small cells, being the most conspicuous objects in the section. This size, however, may be a character- istic of extreme youth rather than of disease, since the writer has also seen large nuclei in the tissues of the growing point of healthy daisy-plants. The disorganization of the nucleus in root-nodules of Leguminosac seems to b

. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. MISCELLAirmVS CROPS. 147 group of which the " smnts " are important members. Fig. 49 represents a transverse section of a root with nodule. In very thin sections under high.power, the nodules are seen to be filled with hyphse and spores. The spores of this fungus are more or less v-shaped, and are formed by division of the protoplasmic contents of the hyphal filaments which ramify in the root-tissues of the host-plant. Unlike most of the members of the Ustila- ginece, Stock Photo

RMPG43M5–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. MISCELLAirmVS CROPS. 147 group of which the " smnts " are important members. Fig. 49 represents a transverse section of a root with nodule. In very thin sections under high.power, the nodules are seen to be filled with hyphse and spores. The spores of this fungus are more or less v-shaped, and are formed by division of the protoplasmic contents of the hyphal filaments which ramify in the root-tissues of the host-plant. Unlike most of the members of the Ustila- ginece,

. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. SAPKOPHYTISJI AND SYMBIOSIS 333 the epidermis is ruptured, thus affording entrance to another nitrogen-fixer, A zotobacter, and also under favor- able conditions, to a blue-green alga (Nostoc). This is the only known case in which four organisms are associated. Fig. 241.—Root-nodules of Cycas revoluta. n, one of several cross- sectional views, showing the zone of the syinbiont alga, Nostoc. together symbiotically. The alga has never been found in the nodules of Bowenia, Ceratozamia, Macrozamia, nor Zamia (all genera of c}-cads). 309. Grafting.—One of the oldes Stock Photo

RMRE2FE5–. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. SAPKOPHYTISJI AND SYMBIOSIS 333 the epidermis is ruptured, thus affording entrance to another nitrogen-fixer, A zotobacter, and also under favor- able conditions, to a blue-green alga (Nostoc). This is the only known case in which four organisms are associated. Fig. 241.—Root-nodules of Cycas revoluta. n, one of several cross- sectional views, showing the zone of the syinbiont alga, Nostoc. together symbiotically. The alga has never been found in the nodules of Bowenia, Ceratozamia, Macrozamia, nor Zamia (all genera of c}-cads). 309. Grafting.—One of the oldes

$. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. 146 DISEASES OF CEOPS. Tscliirch, applying to the outgrowths on the roots of Cucumis. Tschirch {Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, Heft 2,1887), in describing the root-tuber- cles found in the Leguminosce, stated that most probably they were storehouses for nitrogenous compounds—these compounds being subsequently used up in the ripening of the seed. On submitting the nodules, roots, etc., of ,^i^M.. Fig. 48.—Boot of Chodmbek Infested with one of the Ustilagmese. Stock Photo$

RMPG43M9–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. 146 DISEASES OF CEOPS. Tscliirch, applying to the outgrowths on the roots of Cucumis. Tschirch {Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, Heft 2,1887), in describing the root-tuber- cles found in the Leguminosce, stated that most probably they were storehouses for nitrogenous compounds—these compounds being subsequently used up in the ripening of the seed. On submitting the nodules, roots, etc., of ,^i^M.. Fig. 48.—Boot of Chodmbek Infested with one of the Ustilagmese.

. Bacteria in relation to plant diseases. Bacteriology; Plant diseases. ROOT-NODULES OF LKGUMINOSAE. 105 ^ Bej'erinck found svvarmers in minute nodules which were still inclosed in the mother root. He divides the root-nodule organisms into groups and varieties as follows: Gro2ip I.—This contains the larger more hyaline colonies. Growth absent or difficult on meat peptone gelatin. Growth is favored by cane-sugar or grape-sugar. Swarmers are very minute. The bacteroids are two-armed, globose, or pear-shaped. Meristem is always present in the nodules. The primary bark of the nodule is closed. vSl Stock Photo

RMRDR86J–. Bacteria in relation to plant diseases. Bacteriology; Plant diseases. ROOT-NODULES OF LKGUMINOSAE. 105 ^ Bej'erinck found svvarmers in minute nodules which were still inclosed in the mother root. He divides the root-nodule organisms into groups and varieties as follows: Gro2ip I.—This contains the larger more hyaline colonies. Growth absent or difficult on meat peptone gelatin. Growth is favored by cane-sugar or grape-sugar. Swarmers are very minute. The bacteroids are two-armed, globose, or pear-shaped. Meristem is always present in the nodules. The primary bark of the nodule is closed. vSl

. Handbook of nature-study for teachers and parents, based on the Cornell nature-study leaflets. Nature study. Cultivated-Plant Study 6S3 upon their roots the Uttle swelhngs, or nodules, which are the houses in which the beneficent bacteria grow. > If we pull up or dig out the roots of alfalfa, or of the true clovers or vetches, we find upon the rootlets little swellings which are called nodules, or root-tubercles. Although these tubercles look so uninteresting, no fairy story was ever more wonderful than is theirs. They are, in fact, the home of the clover brownies, which help the plants t Stock Photo

RMPFYRM9–. Handbook of nature-study for teachers and parents, based on the Cornell nature-study leaflets. Nature study. Cultivated-Plant Study 6S3 upon their roots the Uttle swelhngs, or nodules, which are the houses in which the beneficent bacteria grow. > If we pull up or dig out the roots of alfalfa, or of the true clovers or vetches, we find upon the rootlets little swellings which are called nodules, or root-tubercles. Although these tubercles look so uninteresting, no fairy story was ever more wonderful than is theirs. They are, in fact, the home of the clover brownies, which help the plants t

. Cyclopedia of farm crops, a popular survey of crops and crop-making methods in the United States and Canada;. Farm produce; Agriculture. Fig. 589. Root nodules of alfalfa (clustered on smaU side root- lets in this case). Two-thirds natural size. teria, which enter through root-hairs and stimulate the tissues of the root to the production of an abnormal rootlet, which is called the tubercle or nodule. The organism enters near the tip of the root- hair and stimulates the latter to curl into the form of a shepherd's crook. It travels down the interior of the root-hair in the form of a homogeneo Stock Photo

RMRDR40F–. Cyclopedia of farm crops, a popular survey of crops and crop-making methods in the United States and Canada;. Farm produce; Agriculture. Fig. 589. Root nodules of alfalfa (clustered on smaU side root- lets in this case). Two-thirds natural size. teria, which enter through root-hairs and stimulate the tissues of the root to the production of an abnormal rootlet, which is called the tubercle or nodule. The organism enters near the tip of the root- hair and stimulates the latter to curl into the form of a shepherd's crook. It travels down the interior of the root-hair in the form of a homogeneo

. The nature and properties of soils; a college text of edaphology. Soils. ALKALI SOILS 335 solving the parts of tlie plant witli which they come into con- tact. Such action is not as important as plasmolysis and when it does occur is most noticeable at the root crown. (See Fig. 55.) Indirectly, alkali may influence plants by its effect on soil tilth, soil organisms, and fungous and bacterial growths. Mar- chal,^ for example, found that the formation of nodules, con- taining the nitrogen-fixing organisms, did not develop well. Fig, 55.—/(I) Cross-seetion diagram of a normal plant cell. (2) Cel Stock Photo

RMPFXP53–. The nature and properties of soils; a college text of edaphology. Soils. ALKALI SOILS 335 solving the parts of tlie plant witli which they come into con- tact. Such action is not as important as plasmolysis and when it does occur is most noticeable at the root crown. (See Fig. 55.) Indirectly, alkali may influence plants by its effect on soil tilth, soil organisms, and fungous and bacterial growths. Mar- chal,^ for example, found that the formation of nodules, con- taining the nitrogen-fixing organisms, did not develop well. Fig, 55.—/(I) Cross-seetion diagram of a normal plant cell. (2) Cel

. Cyclopedia of farm crops, a popular survey of crops and crop-making methods in the United States and Canada;. Farm produce; Agriculture. Root nodules. Black medic {Medieago lupulina). Two and one-half times natural size. form, Moore has recently changed the name to Pseudomonas radicicola, though the relation of the cilia to the organism is not very clearly known, in consequence of which there may be some uncer- tainty as to the appropriateness of this name. The larger rod-like form is 1.5 /u to 5 /» long by 0.6 /* to 2.5 yn in width. These are the " bacteroids." They are usually ro Stock Photo

RMRDR40D–. Cyclopedia of farm crops, a popular survey of crops and crop-making methods in the United States and Canada;. Farm produce; Agriculture. Root nodules. Black medic {Medieago lupulina). Two and one-half times natural size. form, Moore has recently changed the name to Pseudomonas radicicola, though the relation of the cilia to the organism is not very clearly known, in consequence of which there may be some uncer- tainty as to the appropriateness of this name. The larger rod-like form is 1.5 /u to 5 /» long by 0.6 /* to 2.5 yn in width. These are the " bacteroids." They are usually ro

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 3Â° MYCOLOGY (Fig. 9). The presence of these bacteria causes the formation of swell- ings, tubercles, or nodules on the roots of the leguminous plants. Here Bacillus radicicola remains, utilizing free atmospheric nitrogen until about the time of flowering of the host, when it begins to assume in- volution forms, enlarging considerably and assuming S-shaped or Y-shaped forms (Fig. 10). Then they are gradually absorbed by the . â "'vwr^. Fig. 9.âCells of root tubercle of Lupinus angu Stock Photo

RMPG4E77–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 3Â° MYCOLOGY (Fig. 9). The presence of these bacteria causes the formation of swell- ings, tubercles, or nodules on the roots of the leguminous plants. Here Bacillus radicicola remains, utilizing free atmospheric nitrogen until about the time of flowering of the host, when it begins to assume in- volution forms, enlarging considerably and assuming S-shaped or Y-shaped forms (Fig. 10). Then they are gradually absorbed by the . â "'vwr^. Fig. 9.âCells of root tubercle of Lupinus angu

RMRDDY9J–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. 148 DISEASES OF CROPS. ated by the rotting of the root-nodules. These spores retain their vitality for months/ and are then capable of attacking the new seedlings planted in such soils. The spores are easily disseminated by such agencies as air, soils, and streams. Ustilago cucumeris produces a diseased condition of the whole plant. Prevention.—(1) Avoid growing cucumber plants in the same soil season after season. (2) Sow only good healthy. van. Fig. 50.—Spoek Fokmatiok. X 713

. A manual of zoology. Zoology. Fig. 482.. Fig. Fig. 482.—Phylloxera vastatrix (from Ludwig-Leunis). i, winged generation; 2, grape root, with nodules (a) caused by Phyllo.xera; 3, wingless root-generation. Fig. 483.—Phthirms inguinalis, crab louse (after Leuckart).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hertwig, Richard, 1850-1937; Kingsley, J. S. (John Sterling), 1854-1929, ed. and tr. New York, H. Holt Stock Photo

RMPG3NN5–. A manual of zoology. Zoology. Fig. 482.. Fig. Fig. 482.—Phylloxera vastatrix (from Ludwig-Leunis). i, winged generation; 2, grape root, with nodules (a) caused by Phyllo.xera; 3, wingless root-generation. Fig. 483.—Phthirms inguinalis, crab louse (after Leuckart).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hertwig, Richard, 1850-1937; Kingsley, J. S. (John Sterling), 1854-1929, ed. and tr. New York, H. Holt

. Cyclopedia of farm crops, a popular survey of crops and crop-making methods in the United States and Canada;. Farm produce; Agriculture. LEGUMES LEGUMES 393 form. These two forms of the organism are now generally recognized. The minute motile form is about 1 M long by 0.2 n in width (/i is a micron or -nnnr of a millimeter). This is the form which enters the root-hairs, multiplies and travels in the strand-like zoogloea into the root where the gall or nodule is stimulated. Because of this motile. Root nodules. Black medic {Medieago lupulina). Two and one-half times natural size. form, Moore Stock Photo

RMRDR40E–. Cyclopedia of farm crops, a popular survey of crops and crop-making methods in the United States and Canada;. Farm produce; Agriculture. LEGUMES LEGUMES 393 form. These two forms of the organism are now generally recognized. The minute motile form is about 1 M long by 0.2 n in width (/i is a micron or -nnnr of a millimeter). This is the form which enters the root-hairs, multiplies and travels in the strand-like zoogloea into the root where the gall or nodule is stimulated. Because of this motile. Root nodules. Black medic {Medieago lupulina). Two and one-half times natural size. form, Moore

. Fungoid and insect pests of the farm. Agricultural pests. Ill] Finger aM Toe, ami Wart Disease 37 become yellowish and the plant makes very little growth. A diseased plant possesses, instead of the normal development of fibrous root, a swollen nodular mass. The fancied resemblance of this mass to fingers and toes gives the disease its popular name. Exami- nation of a thin section of one of these nodules mounted in water shows large cells scattered amongst cells of. —6 o. Spores. 6, Plasmodium. Fig. 13. A section of a turnip root very highly magnified showing the giant cells caused by Plasmod Stock Photo

RMPG0RFJ–. Fungoid and insect pests of the farm. Agricultural pests. Ill] Finger aM Toe, ami Wart Disease 37 become yellowish and the plant makes very little growth. A diseased plant possesses, instead of the normal development of fibrous root, a swollen nodular mass. The fancied resemblance of this mass to fingers and toes gives the disease its popular name. Exami- nation of a thin section of one of these nodules mounted in water shows large cells scattered amongst cells of. —6 o. Spores. 6, Plasmodium. Fig. 13. A section of a turnip root very highly magnified showing the giant cells caused by Plasmod

. Pharmaceutical bacteriology, with special reference to disinfection and sterilization. Bacteriology. Fig. 48.—R. mutabile as it appears in mature nodules of red and white clover root nodules. This may be considered the extreme form variation due to hyper-nutrition.. >^ Fig. 49.—R. mutabile from the root nodules of Trifolium heterodon, showing the ex- treme form variation due to hyper-growth. The forms shown in Figs. 7, 8 and 9 are simply natural involution forms of the same species due to differences in environment and host relationship. The chromatin bodies found in the hyper-nourished f Stock Photo

RMRE22GD–. Pharmaceutical bacteriology, with special reference to disinfection and sterilization. Bacteriology. Fig. 48.—R. mutabile as it appears in mature nodules of red and white clover root nodules. This may be considered the extreme form variation due to hyper-nutrition.. >^ Fig. 49.—R. mutabile from the root nodules of Trifolium heterodon, showing the ex- treme form variation due to hyper-growth. The forms shown in Figs. 7, 8 and 9 are simply natural involution forms of the same species due to differences in environment and host relationship. The chromatin bodies found in the hyper-nourished f

. Bacteria in relation to plant diseases. Bacteriology; Plant diseases. ROOT-NODULES OF leguminosae;. lOI Did they obtain it from combined nitrogen present in the air? To settle this question, peas were grown under bell-jars in washed air, i.e., in air from which all the nitric acid and ammonia had been removed, and the growth was just as good as in the unwashed air. Growth was also good on nitrogen-free soil in a closed space in a limited volume of air which could have offered to the plants only a trace of combined nitrogen (fig. 32). The conclusion, therefore, appeared to be irresistible tha Stock Photo

RMRDR878–. Bacteria in relation to plant diseases. Bacteriology; Plant diseases. ROOT-NODULES OF leguminosae;. lOI Did they obtain it from combined nitrogen present in the air? To settle this question, peas were grown under bell-jars in washed air, i.e., in air from which all the nitric acid and ammonia had been removed, and the growth was just as good as in the unwashed air. Growth was also good on nitrogen-free soil in a closed space in a limited volume of air which could have offered to the plants only a trace of combined nitrogen (fig. 32). The conclusion, therefore, appeared to be irresistible tha

. Pharmaceutical bacteriology. Bacteriology; Disinfection and disinfectants. BACTERIA IN THE INDUSTRIES 17s. >^ Fig. SS-—-R- mutabile from the root nodules of TrifoUum heterodon, showing the ex- treme form variation due to hyper-growth. The forms shown in Pigs. 52, S3. 54. SS and s6 are simply involution forms of the same species due to differences in environment and host relationship. The chromatin bodies found in the hyper-nourished forms (Fig. 54) are probably reserve products. '<=^ ^ Pig. s6. Pig. 57. Fig. s6-—Involution torms of R. mutabile as they occur in artificial culture (beef Stock Photo

RMRE4M3T–. Pharmaceutical bacteriology. Bacteriology; Disinfection and disinfectants. BACTERIA IN THE INDUSTRIES 17s. >^ Fig. SS-—-R- mutabile from the root nodules of TrifoUum heterodon, showing the ex- treme form variation due to hyper-growth. The forms shown in Pigs. 52, S3. 54. SS and s6 are simply involution forms of the same species due to differences in environment and host relationship. The chromatin bodies found in the hyper-nourished forms (Fig. 54) are probably reserve products. '<=^ ^ Pig. s6. Pig. 57. Fig. s6-—Involution torms of R. mutabile as they occur in artificial culture (beef

RMRDEXAM–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Fig. 99.—The bacteria of such root nodules of the pea family as are shown in Fig. 98. On the left of Vicia sativa (the .spring vetch), on the right of Medicago denti- culata. Very highly magnified. After At- kinson. of bacteria. A great many other phases of bacterial life are of importance in the arts and industries and only a few may be mentioned in this short review. In tan- ning, in diseases of wine and beer, rennet curdling, in the manifold processes of putri- faction of organic matter, in cheese industries, in the deposition of bog iron ore, the

. Cyclopedia of farm crops, a popular survey of crops and crop-making methods in the United States and Canada;. Farm produce; Agriculture. 392 LEGUMES LEGUMES. / Fig. 588. Root nodules. 'veriTHfoliumpratense). One and one-fourtli times natural size. Red clo- Legume Root-tubercles. (Figs. 588-592.) By George F. Atkinson. The legume root-tubercles, or "nodules," are small galls on the roots of leguminous plants, which are caused by the activities of minute bacteria present in the soil wherever leguminous plants grow. The galls vary in form on dif- erent species or gen- era, being oval Stock Photo

RMRDR40H–. Cyclopedia of farm crops, a popular survey of crops and crop-making methods in the United States and Canada;. Farm produce; Agriculture. 392 LEGUMES LEGUMES. / Fig. 588. Root nodules. 'veriTHfoliumpratense). One and one-fourtli times natural size. Red clo- Legume Root-tubercles. (Figs. 588-592.) By George F. Atkinson. The legume root-tubercles, or "nodules," are small galls on the roots of leguminous plants, which are caused by the activities of minute bacteria present in the soil wherever leguminous plants grow. The galls vary in form on dif- erent species or gen- era, being oval

. Cyclopedia of farm crops, a popular survey of crops and crop-making methods in the United States and Canada;. Farm produce; Agriculture. / Fig. 588. Root nodules. 'veriTHfoliumpratense). One and one-fourtli times natural size. Red clo- Legume Root-tubercles. (Figs. 588-592.) By George F. Atkinson. The legume root-tubercles, or "nodules," are small galls on the roots of leguminous plants, which are caused by the activities of minute bacteria present in the soil wherever leguminous plants grow. The galls vary in form on dif- erent species or gen- era, being oval on the red clover, ro Stock Photo

RMRDR40G–. Cyclopedia of farm crops, a popular survey of crops and crop-making methods in the United States and Canada;. Farm produce; Agriculture. / Fig. 588. Root nodules. 'veriTHfoliumpratense). One and one-fourtli times natural size. Red clo- Legume Root-tubercles. (Figs. 588-592.) By George F. Atkinson. The legume root-tubercles, or "nodules," are small galls on the roots of leguminous plants, which are caused by the activities of minute bacteria present in the soil wherever leguminous plants grow. The galls vary in form on dif- erent species or gen- era, being oval on the red clover, ro

The diseases and pests of the rubber tree . is foimdin Fomes lignosus or BrownRoot disease. The roots(Fig. 6) frequently bear smallblack nodules, two or threemillimetres in diameter, whichare white internally and mayappear white on the top if they have been damaged whenthe root was dug up. They are usually scattered, andnot in large numbers. They are formed by the emergenceof the mycelium from the diseased tissues, and, had the rootbeen exposed, would no doubt have developed into fructi-fications. In advanced cases there is frequently a continuous,thin, black layer or crust beneath the outer p Stock Photo

RM2AJBMMB–The diseases and pests of the rubber tree . is foimdin Fomes lignosus or BrownRoot disease. The roots(Fig. 6) frequently bear smallblack nodules, two or threemillimetres in diameter, whichare white internally and mayappear white on the top if they have been damaged whenthe root was dug up. They are usually scattered, andnot in large numbers. They are formed by the emergenceof the mycelium from the diseased tissues, and, had the rootbeen exposed, would no doubt have developed into fructi-fications. In advanced cases there is frequently a continuous,thin, black layer or crust beneath the outer p

Sweet peas and how to grow them . bushy, andalso induce more root-lets to form, may be% taken as a thoroughly 4 established fact, but V» m. I should not care to ^ ? say that pinching would cause the form-ation of nodules onthe roots. These aredue to the presenceof certain bacteria inthe soil, and thougha pinched plant maycarry more nodules byreason of its increasedroot system, yet thereis nothing in the actof pinching directlyto promote the growthof bacteria or theformation of nodules.You ask if any ad-vantage is gained bypinching. I certainlythink so, especiallywhen plants run upweak and Stock Photo

RM2AN6169–Sweet peas and how to grow them . bushy, andalso induce more root-lets to form, may be% taken as a thoroughly 4 established fact, but V» m. I should not care to ^ ? say that pinching would cause the form-ation of nodules onthe roots. These aredue to the presenceof certain bacteria inthe soil, and thougha pinched plant maycarry more nodules byreason of its increasedroot system, yet thereis nothing in the actof pinching directlyto promote the growthof bacteria or theformation of nodules.You ask if any ad-vantage is gained bypinching. I certainlythink so, especiallywhen plants run upweak and

. Western agriculture. dency for the water to pass from the soil solution into theplant. A small amount of plant food may be mechanically transported in thisway; but, in addi-tion, there is a ten-dency for a diffusionor a passage of theplant foods them-selves from withoutto within the plant.This process is spo-ken of as osmosis. Lime Favorableto Legumes. In ad-dition to the mainroots of plants andthe root hairs alreadynoted, there are onthe roots of certaincrops, called legumes,such as alfalfa, clov-er, peas, and beans,small enlargementsknown as nodules.These nodules are of great importance in Stock Photo

RM2AFRTT8–. Western agriculture. dency for the water to pass from the soil solution into theplant. A small amount of plant food may be mechanically transported in thisway; but, in addi-tion, there is a ten-dency for a diffusionor a passage of theplant foods them-selves from withoutto within the plant.This process is spo-ken of as osmosis. Lime Favorableto Legumes. In ad-dition to the mainroots of plants andthe root hairs alreadynoted, there are onthe roots of certaincrops, called legumes,such as alfalfa, clov-er, peas, and beans,small enlargementsknown as nodules.These nodules are of great importance in

. The theory and practice of horticulture; or, An attempt to explain the chief operations of gardening upon physiological grounds. anywhere except at the axils *of leaves; but occasionally they appear from other parts, suchas the root (see page 31), the spaces of the stem which liebetween the leaves (the internodes), and even from the leavesthemselves (see page 33). In all such cases, they are termedadventitious, because of the uncertainty of their appearance.A very remarkable state of them is the embryo-btid, a nameapplied to the knaurs, knurs, nodules, or hard concretions,found in the bark o Stock Photo

RM2CEEJ8T–. The theory and practice of horticulture; or, An attempt to explain the chief operations of gardening upon physiological grounds. anywhere except at the axils *of leaves; but occasionally they appear from other parts, suchas the root (see page 31), the spaces of the stem which liebetween the leaves (the internodes), and even from the leavesthemselves (see page 33). In all such cases, they are termedadventitious, because of the uncertainty of their appearance.A very remarkable state of them is the embryo-btid, a nameapplied to the knaurs, knurs, nodules, or hard concretions,found in the bark o

. Productive agriculture . Red clover root. Alfalfa root. Fig. 32. — Note the long taproots and the nodules, which gather nitrogen and store it in the soil. they open up the soil deep down and improve its physical con-dition. 3. They store up a large proportion of protein, and are there-fore helpful in balancing the ration for all kinds of farm animals. 4. By rotating legumes insect life is checked. RED CLOVER 75 The growth of legumes in crop rotations has long been recog-nized as good farm practice. We shall study each of theseadvantages more fully. The legumes replace the nitrogen taken from Stock Photo

RM2CE091X–. Productive agriculture . Red clover root. Alfalfa root. Fig. 32. — Note the long taproots and the nodules, which gather nitrogen and store it in the soil. they open up the soil deep down and improve its physical con-dition. 3. They store up a large proportion of protein, and are there-fore helpful in balancing the ration for all kinds of farm animals. 4. By rotating legumes insect life is checked. RED CLOVER 75 The growth of legumes in crop rotations has long been recog-nized as good farm practice. We shall study each of theseadvantages more fully. The legumes replace the nitrogen taken from

RMRD9NM1–. Field crop production; a text-book for elementary courses in schools and brief courses in colleges. Agriculture. THE CLOVERS 255 above the ground. To protect it from the sickle or from grazing animals, the tap root as if possessed with fore- thought contracts or shortens up, thus drawing the crown down into the soil. Like other legumes, red clover forms a partnership with a certain species of bacteria and they work together in harmony. The nodules produced by the bacteria are at first almost spherical, but a ^f later they become pear- ^^^ ^-^Wy.i-» shaped. They are not so large as the nodule

RMRDDYA3–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. MISCELLAirmVS CROPS. 147 group of which the " smnts " are important members. Fig. 49 represents a transverse section of a root with nodule. In very thin sections under high.power, the nodules are seen to be filled with hyphse and spores. The spores of this fungus are more or less v-shaped, and are formed by division of the protoplasmic contents of the hyphal filaments which ramify in the root-tissues of the host-plant. Unlike most of the members of the Ustila- ginece,

. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. 146 DISEASES OF CROPS. Tscliirch, applying to the outgrowths on the roots of Cucumis. TsChirch {Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, Heft 2,1887), in describing the root-tuber- cles found in the Leguminosce, stated that most probably they were storehouses for nitrogenous compoundsâthese compounds being subsequently used up in the ripening of the seed. On submitting the nodules, roots, etc., of. Fig. 48.âBoot of Cucumber Infested with one of the Ustilaginese, cansing Stock Photo

RMRDGX1R–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. 146 DISEASES OF CROPS. Tscliirch, applying to the outgrowths on the roots of Cucumis. TsChirch {Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, Heft 2,1887), in describing the root-tuber- cles found in the Leguminosce, stated that most probably they were storehouses for nitrogenous compoundsâthese compounds being subsequently used up in the ripening of the seed. On submitting the nodules, roots, etc., of. Fig. 48.âBoot of Cucumber Infested with one of the Ustilaginese, cansing

RMRD88WP–. Handbook of nature-study for teachers and parents, based on the Cornell nature-study leaflets. Nature study. Cultivated-Plant Study 6S3 upon their roots the Uttle swelhngs, or nodules, which are the houses in which the beneficent bacteria grow. > If we pull up or dig out the roots of alfalfa, or of the true clovers or vetches, we find upon the rootlets little swellings which are called nodules, or root-tubercles. Although these tubercles look so uninteresting, no fairy story was ever more wonderful than is theirs. They are, in fact, the home of the clover brownies, which help the plants t

$. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. 146 DISEASES OF CEOPS. Tscliirch, applying to the outgrowths on the roots of Cucumis. Tschirch {Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, Heft 2,1887), in describing the root-tuber- cles found in the Leguminosce, stated that most probably they were storehouses for nitrogenous compounds—these compounds being subsequently used up in the ripening of the seed. On submitting the nodules, roots, etc., of ,^i^M.. Fig. 48.—Boot of Chodmbek Infested with one of the Ustilagmese. Stock Photo$

RMRDDYAJ–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. 146 DISEASES OF CEOPS. Tscliirch, applying to the outgrowths on the roots of Cucumis. Tschirch {Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, Heft 2,1887), in describing the root-tuber- cles found in the Leguminosce, stated that most probably they were storehouses for nitrogenous compounds—these compounds being subsequently used up in the ripening of the seed. On submitting the nodules, roots, etc., of ,^i^M.. Fig. 48.—Boot of Chodmbek Infested with one of the Ustilagmese.

RMRDEG83–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 3Â° MYCOLOGY (Fig. 9). The presence of these bacteria causes the formation of swell- ings, tubercles, or nodules on the roots of the leguminous plants. Here Bacillus radicicola remains, utilizing free atmospheric nitrogen until about the time of flowering of the host, when it begins to assume in- volution forms, enlarging considerably and assuming S-shaped or Y-shaped forms (Fig. 10). Then they are gradually absorbed by the . â "'vwr^. Fig. 9.âCells of root tubercle of Lupinus angu

RMRD98BF–. The nature and properties of soils; a college text of edaphology. Soils. ALKALI SOILS 335 solving the parts of tlie plant witli which they come into con- tact. Such action is not as important as plasmolysis and when it does occur is most noticeable at the root crown. (See Fig. 55.) Indirectly, alkali may influence plants by its effect on soil tilth, soil organisms, and fungous and bacterial growths. Mar- chal,^ for example, found that the formation of nodules, con- taining the nitrogen-fixing organisms, did not develop well. Fig, 55.—/(I) Cross-seetion diagram of a normal plant cell. (2) Cel

. Bacteria in relation to plant diseases. Bacteriology; Plant diseases. I04 BACTERIA IN RELATION TO PLANT DISEASES. mung's bactcrioiden," and (3) bladder bacteroids. The third form occurs where the bacteria have multipHed enormously. The hcmmung's bacterioiden occur outside of the bacteroid tissue in nearly all the outer cells of the nodule, and not rarely in the normal bark of the root. Beyerinck found that the nodules did not develop on the roots of plants grown in sterihzed soil. Frank reached the same conclusion in 1879, Hellriegel and Wilfarth in 1886, and Ward in 1887. Plants in soi Stock Photo

RMRDR86P–. Bacteria in relation to plant diseases. Bacteriology; Plant diseases. I04 BACTERIA IN RELATION TO PLANT DISEASES. mung's bactcrioiden," and (3) bladder bacteroids. The third form occurs where the bacteria have multipHed enormously. The hcmmung's bacterioiden occur outside of the bacteroid tissue in nearly all the outer cells of the nodule, and not rarely in the normal bark of the root. Beyerinck found that the nodules did not develop on the roots of plants grown in sterihzed soil. Frank reached the same conclusion in 1879, Hellriegel and Wilfarth in 1886, and Ward in 1887. Plants in soi

RMRDJ5WM–. A manual of zoology. Zoology. Fig. 482.. Fig. Fig. 482.—Phylloxera vastatrix (from Ludwig-Leunis). i, winged generation; 2, grape root, with nodules (a) caused by Phyllo.xera; 3, wingless root-generation. Fig. 483.—Phthirms inguinalis, crab louse (after Leuckart).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hertwig, Richard, 1850-1937; Kingsley, J. S. (John Sterling), 1854-1929, ed. and tr. New York, H. Holt

RMRDE5KT–. Fungoid and insect pests of the farm. Agricultural pests. Ill] Finger aM Toe, ami Wart Disease 37 become yellowish and the plant makes very little growth. A diseased plant possesses, instead of the normal development of fibrous root, a swollen nodular mass. The fancied resemblance of this mass to fingers and toes gives the disease its popular name. Exami- nation of a thin section of one of these nodules mounted in water shows large cells scattered amongst cells of. —6 o. Spores. 6, Plasmodium. Fig. 13. A section of a turnip root very highly magnified showing the giant cells caused by Plasmod

. Cirtus fruits under irragation. Citrus fruits; Fruit-culture. 34 r^T'PPTTQ 1707170^0 TTATTATT>T-Â» T x^ w^^^^vy.^ xxvwxxo Kjx^urjss. liS^ts.i^i i HJi T y "* A Â»^* â Â»- <â^ -m -^ Â§22 growth that is able to withstand trampling without much mjury, and the root system is extensive and is usually well. Fig. 31 covered with nodules, thus insuring added nitrogen to the soil. In Fig. 30 is shown a Southern California grove with a luxuriant Â§22 CITRUS J^KUITS UNDER IRRIGATION 35 cover crop of common vetch. Note the excellent stand of the plants and how completely the ground is cover Stock Photo

RMREKY9X–. Cirtus fruits under irragation. Citrus fruits; Fruit-culture. 34 r^T'PPTTQ 1707170^0 TTATTATT>T-Â» T x^ w^^^^vy.^ xxvwxxo Kjx^urjss. liS^ts.i^i i HJi T y "* A Â»^* â Â»- <â^ -m -^ Â§22 growth that is able to withstand trampling without much mjury, and the root system is extensive and is usually well. Fig. 31 covered with nodules, thus insuring added nitrogen to the soil. In Fig. 30 is shown a Southern California grove with a luxuriant Â§22 CITRUS J^KUITS UNDER IRRIGATION 35 cover crop of common vetch. Note the excellent stand of the plants and how completely the ground is cover

. Bacteria in relation to country life. Bacteria. iiig. 53. Alfalfa.—The fixation of nitrogen in the root nodules is in tull swing.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Lipman, Jacob Goodale, 1874-1939. New York, Macmillan Stock Photo

RMRDGGDP–. Bacteria in relation to country life. Bacteria. iiig. 53. Alfalfa.—The fixation of nitrogen in the root nodules is in tull swing.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Lipman, Jacob Goodale, 1874-1939. New York, Macmillan

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