. The gardener's assistant; a practical and scientific exposition of the art of gardening in all its branches. soil, they will generally affordperfect drainage. Direction of Drains.—In level ground the di-rection of the drain is, of course, determinedby the outlet, or by a main drain communicatingwith some place of outfall. Where there are nosprings, and only the superfluous water of a wetclimate has to be drawn off, the drains shouldrun in the direction of the slope of the ground,or slightly diagonal with it. If a Avatery stratum,causing springs, has to be intercepted by a deepdrain, it ought
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. The gardener's assistant; a practical and scientific exposition of the art of gardening in all its branches. soil, they will generally affordperfect drainage. Direction of Drains.—In level ground the di-rection of the drain is, of course, determinedby the outlet, or by a main drain communicatingwith some place of outfall. Where there are nosprings, and only the superfluous water of a wetclimate has to be drawn off, the drains shouldrun in the direction of the slope of the ground, or slightly diagonal with it. If a Avatery stratum, causing springs, has to be intercepted by a deepdrain, it ought to be cut more or less oblique tothe direction of the stratum; for by crossingthe slope of the stratum at right angles, thedrain would probably be level; or, if cut so asto have a fall, part of its extent will be underthe stratum. In commencing the operation of cuttingdrains, ohe outlets of the main drain should be, if the declivity will permit, several inches abovethe surface level of the water in the channel ofoutfall. Drains on different sides of the samechannel of outfall should not enter it exactly. I ?, Fig. 823. Fig. 824. opposite each other, nor should any drain beled into the outfall, or into another drain, atright angles. Although the general directionof drains will often be at right angles to thechannel into which their water is discharged, yeton approaching it they should form a gentlecurve in the direction of the stream or maindrain, so as to enter it at an acute angle. Inthis way the two streams will unite and clearaway the mud that would otherwise accumulateat the mouth of the drain. The small drains should have as much as 3inches of a fall into the larger or main drains;and more than this, for the general outfall, would be desirable. It is a bad plan to termi-nate the minor drains in an open ditch, as theyare apt to get choked. They should thereforebe made to fall into main drains, from whichthe water will be discharged with greater force, and thus keep their