Cell membrane between cells hi-res stock photography and images

#6 in a six-step sequence of the death of a cancer cell. A cancer cell has migrated through the holes of a matrix coated membrane from the top to the bottom, simulating natural migration of a invading cancer cell between, and sometimes through, the vascular endothelium. Notice the spikes or pseudopodia that are characteristic of an invading cancer cell (1). A buffy coat containing red blood cells, lymphocytes and macrophages is added to the bottom of the membrane. A group of macrophages identify the cancer cell as foreign matter and start to stick to the cancer cell, which still has its spikes Stock Photo

RM2BE0H43–#6 in a six-step sequence of the death of a cancer cell. A cancer cell has migrated through the holes of a matrix coated membrane from the top to the bottom, simulating natural migration of a invading cancer cell between, and sometimes through, the vascular endothelium. Notice the spikes or pseudopodia that are characteristic of an invading cancer cell (1). A buffy coat containing red blood cells, lymphocytes and macrophages is added to the bottom of the membrane. A group of macrophages identify the cancer cell as foreign matter and start to stick to the cancer cell, which still has its spikes

Comparison between eukaryotes and prokaryotes .Vector illustration. Stock Vector

RF2TC8PXG–Comparison between eukaryotes and prokaryotes .Vector illustration.

Aquaporins also called water channels, are integral membrane proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells and allow water to flow between cells. Stock Photo

RMT9532K–Aquaporins also called water channels, are integral membrane proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells and allow water to flow between cells.

Illustration showing the differences between a prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell with respect to the presence or absence of a cell wall, membrane bound organelles and the organisation of nuclear material. Stock Photo

RF2XXD6AH–Illustration showing the differences between a prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell with respect to the presence or absence of a cell wall, membrane bound organelles and the organisation of nuclear material.

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote. illustration of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell with text. Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. vector Stock Vector

RF2DHY2RG–Prokaryote vs Eukaryote. illustration of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell with text. Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. vector

$Nerve. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a freeze-fracture through a peripheral nerve. Schwann cells wraps their cell membrane around the nerve a number of times. In-between each cell membrane layer is a layer of myelin (pink), an electrically insulating fatty layer. A Schwann cell effectively thickens a nerve's membrane and increases the speed at which nerve impulses are relayed. The myelin surrounds the axons (cream). Endoneurial connective tissue (yellow) envelopes the nerve fibers. Magnification: x150 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. Stock Photo$

RF2BT3PHF–Nerve. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a freeze-fracture through a peripheral nerve. Schwann cells wraps their cell membrane around the nerve a number of times. In-between each cell membrane layer is a layer of myelin (pink), an electrically insulating fatty layer. A Schwann cell effectively thickens a nerve's membrane and increases the speed at which nerve impulses are relayed. The myelin surrounds the axons (cream). Endoneurial connective tissue (yellow) envelopes the nerve fibers. Magnification: x150 when printed at 10 centimetres wide.

Apoptosis or Necrosis. Difference between necrotic death of a cell, and apoptosis of a cell. Comparison of the premature death of cells and programmed Stock Vector

RF2X6D37F–Apoptosis or Necrosis. Difference between necrotic death of a cell, and apoptosis of a cell. Comparison of the premature death of cells and programmed

On a cholinergic synapse, the nerve impulse is transmitted between the two neurons thanks to acetylcholine. Stock Photo

RF2JKWR53–On a cholinergic synapse, the nerve impulse is transmitted between the two neurons thanks to acetylcholine.

Plasmodesmata between plant cells Stock Photo

RF2G41CEF–Plasmodesmata between plant cells

Cell death types: general differences between cell death processes, including common necrosis, autophagy, apoptosis and specific entosis, paraptosis a Stock Vector

RF2JAYNYN–Cell death types: general differences between cell death processes, including common necrosis, autophagy, apoptosis and specific entosis, paraptosis a

Difference between bacteria, animal and plant cells Stock Photo

RF2G3M48H–Difference between bacteria, animal and plant cells

Morpholigical Differences Between Turgid Cell And Plasmolysed Cell. Osmosis Effect On Plant Cells. Colorful Symbols. Vector Illustration. Stock Vector

RF2K1664B–Morpholigical Differences Between Turgid Cell And Plasmolysed Cell. Osmosis Effect On Plant Cells. Colorful Symbols. Vector Illustration.

. Principles of human physiology : with their chief applications to pathology, hygiene, and forensic medicine : especially designed for the use of students. rs the correspondence between these primor-dial cells and the blood-corpuscles to be sufficiently evident. It has beenstated by some observers that the cells themselves become transformed intofibres, by elongation and by the splitting of their membrane; but it ratherappears that the fasciculi of fib»es which originate in each cell is in someway produced from the contents of that cell, perhaps in the manner justdescribed in regard to hair. Stock Photo

RM2AG8BPC–. Principles of human physiology : with their chief applications to pathology, hygiene, and forensic medicine : especially designed for the use of students. rs the correspondence between these primor-dial cells and the blood-corpuscles to be sufficiently evident. It has beenstated by some observers that the cells themselves become transformed intofibres, by elongation and by the splitting of their membrane; but it ratherappears that the fasciculi of fib»es which originate in each cell is in someway produced from the contents of that cell, perhaps in the manner justdescribed in regard to hair.

. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. VII PTERIDOPHYTA—FILICINEM—OPHIOGLOSSACE^ ^Z what intermediate between these and the elongated ones found in most Ferns. The walls between the pits are very much thickened, and the bottoms of corresponding pits in the walls of adjacent tracheids are separated by a very delicate membrane. At intervals medullary rays, one cell thick, extend from the pith to the outer limit of the xylem. The cells are elongated radially, and have uniformly thickened walls and granular contents. The phloem consist Stock Photo

RMPG05BG–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. VII PTERIDOPHYTA—FILICINEM—OPHIOGLOSSACE^ ^Z what intermediate between these and the elongated ones found in most Ferns. The walls between the pits are very much thickened, and the bottoms of corresponding pits in the walls of adjacent tracheids are separated by a very delicate membrane. At intervals medullary rays, one cell thick, extend from the pith to the outer limit of the xylem. The cells are elongated radially, and have uniformly thickened walls and granular contents. The phloem consist

Elements of biology, with special Elements of biology, with special reference to their rôle in the lives of animals elementsofbiolog00buch Year: 1933 THE CELL 37 From all this it is obvious that the contents of the cell must be isotonic with its surroundings, or else the plasma membrane must be less than freely permeable to water. The osmotic pressure of liv- ing protoplasm varies between difFerent forms, but is usually ap- proximately that of the surroundings of the cell. For example, the osmotic pressure of human body cells is approximately equal to that of a ten-per-cent sugar solution and Stock Photo

RMRWNGK7–Elements of biology, with special Elements of biology, with special reference to their rôle in the lives of animals elementsofbiolog00buch Year: 1933 THE CELL 37 From all this it is obvious that the contents of the cell must be isotonic with its surroundings, or else the plasma membrane must be less than freely permeable to water. The osmotic pressure of liv- ing protoplasm varies between difFerent forms, but is usually ap- proximately that of the surroundings of the cell. For example, the osmotic pressure of human body cells is approximately equal to that of a ten-per-cent sugar solution and

. Electron microscopy; proceedings of the Stockholm Conference, September, 1956 . Fig. 1. Photomontage of electron micrographs of an early stage of a developing, rat renal glomerulus, with prospective endothelial cells but without capillaries, or capillary structures. {A) Bowman's capsular epithelium, and thin capsular basement membrane characteristic of these early stages. {B) Initial capsular space, seemingly developed by separation of the two epithelial layers. (C) Prospective podocytes, or Bowman's visceral epithelial layer. (D) Prominent cell surface mem- branes between the outermost pros Stock Photo

RMMA7A9M–. Electron microscopy; proceedings of the Stockholm Conference, September, 1956 . Fig. 1. Photomontage of electron micrographs of an early stage of a developing, rat renal glomerulus, with prospective endothelial cells but without capillaries, or capillary structures. {A) Bowman's capsular epithelium, and thin capsular basement membrane characteristic of these early stages. {B) Initial capsular space, seemingly developed by separation of the two epithelial layers. (C) Prospective podocytes, or Bowman's visceral epithelial layer. (D) Prominent cell surface mem- branes between the outermost pros

RMT9533T–Aquaporins also called water channels, are integral membrane proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells and allow water to flow between cells.

$Nerve. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a freeze-fracture through a peripheral nerve. Schwann cells wraps their cell membrane around the nerve a number of times. In-between each cell membrane layer is a layer of myelin (brown), an electrically insulating fatty layer. A Schwann cell effectively thickens a nerve's membrane and increases the speed at which nerve impulses are relayed. The myelin surrounds the axons (purple). Endoneurial connective tissue (pink) envelopes the nerve fibers. Magnification: x150 when printed at 10 centimetres wide. Stock Photo$

RF2BT3PJ8–Nerve. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a freeze-fracture through a peripheral nerve. Schwann cells wraps their cell membrane around the nerve a number of times. In-between each cell membrane layer is a layer of myelin (brown), an electrically insulating fatty layer. A Schwann cell effectively thickens a nerve's membrane and increases the speed at which nerve impulses are relayed. The myelin surrounds the axons (purple). Endoneurial connective tissue (pink) envelopes the nerve fibers. Magnification: x150 when printed at 10 centimetres wide.

RF2JKWR3W–On a cholinergic synapse, the nerve impulse is transmitted between the two neurons thanks to acetylcholine.

Illustration of immune checkpoints, regulators of the immune system. The interaction between PD-L1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, red molecule) on the surface of a cancer cell (red) and the immune checkpoint PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, blue molecule) on a T-cell (blue) inhibits T-cell killing of tumour cells. Stock Photo

RF2JK2T55–Illustration of immune checkpoints, regulators of the immune system. The interaction between PD-L1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, red molecule) on the surface of a cancer cell (red) and the immune checkpoint PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, blue molecule) on a T-cell (blue) inhibits T-cell killing of tumour cells.

Normal and bronchial asthma tissue. Visualization of difference between normal and bronchial asthma tissues, including goblet cells and smooth muscle. Stock Vector

RF2JE31GH–Normal and bronchial asthma tissue. Visualization of difference between normal and bronchial asthma tissues, including goblet cells and smooth muscle.

RF2K1661W–Morpholigical Differences Between Turgid Cell And Plasmolysed Cell. Osmosis Effect On Plant Cells. Colorful Symbols. Vector Illustration.

. A Reference handbook of the medical sciences : embracing the entire range of scientific and practical medicine and allied science. l-cell in-filtration, in which, occasionally, the large epithelioidcells are found. Giant cells may also be found in thistissue without any connection with the miliary tubercles. 304 REFERENCE HANDBOOK OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES. Tuberculosis.Tuberculosis. This infiltration with lymphoid cells also extends intothe mucous membrane, and is found between the glandsof Lieberkuhn. The formation of tubercles extendsdownward in the muscular coat at some distance fromthe fl Stock Photo

RM2AG76D7–. A Reference handbook of the medical sciences : embracing the entire range of scientific and practical medicine and allied science. l-cell in-filtration, in which, occasionally, the large epithelioidcells are found. Giant cells may also be found in thistissue without any connection with the miliary tubercles. 304 REFERENCE HANDBOOK OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES. Tuberculosis.Tuberculosis. This infiltration with lymphoid cells also extends intothe mucous membrane, and is found between the glandsof Lieberkuhn. The formation of tubercles extendsdownward in the muscular coat at some distance fromthe fl

. Principles of the anatomy and physiology of the vegetable cell. Plant cells and tissues. THE VEGETABLE CELL. 91 Fir/. 33. secondary layers are deposited in the form of a net-wurk, or of parallel cross fibres on tlie transverse or oblique partitions of the vascular utricles, while the primary membrane is regularly absorbed between these fibres, so that the open communication between the vascular utricles is not interrupted. Ohserv. 3. In the description of the structiu^e of the cells and vessels, I have mentioned the spiral and reticulated coui*se of the fibres as two distinct modifications o Stock Photo

RMPFX8NM–. Principles of the anatomy and physiology of the vegetable cell. Plant cells and tissues. THE VEGETABLE CELL. 91 Fir/. 33. secondary layers are deposited in the form of a net-wurk, or of parallel cross fibres on tlie transverse or oblique partitions of the vascular utricles, while the primary membrane is regularly absorbed between these fibres, so that the open communication between the vascular utricles is not interrupted. Ohserv. 3. In the description of the structiu^e of the cells and vessels, I have mentioned the spiral and reticulated coui*se of the fibres as two distinct modifications o

Electron microscopy; proceedings of the Stockholm Conference, September, 1956 . electronmicrosco00euro Year: 1957 Fig. 1. Section through the ctiticlc of Liiinhriciis sp. whicli shows the layers of fibrils which lie adjacent to the epidermal cells. Cytoplasmic processes stretch between the cell surface and the outer membrane of the worm, and form a basket- weave pattern with the fibrils. The microvilli on the outer surface of the worm are seen at the top of the micrograph. Magnification 23,000. method whereby the protein molecules became orien- tated into the distinctive layered structure whi Stock Photo

RMT03JKA–Electron microscopy; proceedings of the Stockholm Conference, September, 1956 . electronmicrosco00euro Year: 1957 Fig. 1. Section through the ctiticlc of Liiinhriciis sp. whicli shows the layers of fibrils which lie adjacent to the epidermal cells. Cytoplasmic processes stretch between the cell surface and the outer membrane of the worm, and form a basket- weave pattern with the fibrils. The microvilli on the outer surface of the worm are seen at the top of the micrograph. Magnification 23,000. method whereby the protein molecules became orien- tated into the distinctive layered structure whi

. Electron microscopy; proceedings of the Stockholm Conference, September, 1956 . Fig. 1. Section through the ctiticlc of Liiinhriciis sp. whicli shows the layers of fibrils which lie adjacent to the epidermal cells. Cytoplasmic processes stretch between the cell surface and the outer membrane of the worm, and form a basket- weave pattern with the fibrils. The microvilli on the outer surface of the worm are seen at the top of the micrograph. Magnification 23,000. method whereby the protein molecules became orien- tated into the distinctive layered structure which has been shown to be a feature Stock Photo

RMMA7A76–. Electron microscopy; proceedings of the Stockholm Conference, September, 1956 . Fig. 1. Section through the ctiticlc of Liiinhriciis sp. whicli shows the layers of fibrils which lie adjacent to the epidermal cells. Cytoplasmic processes stretch between the cell surface and the outer membrane of the worm, and form a basket- weave pattern with the fibrils. The microvilli on the outer surface of the worm are seen at the top of the micrograph. Magnification 23,000. method whereby the protein molecules became orien- tated into the distinctive layered structure which has been shown to be a feature

RMT9532M–Aquaporins also called water channels, are integral membrane proteins from a larger family of major intrinsic proteins that form pores in the membrane of biological cells and allow water to flow between cells.

Step one of a six-step sequence of the death of a cancer cell. A cancer cell has migrated through the holes of a matrix coated membrane from the top to the bottom, simulating natural migration of a invading cancer cell between, and sometimes through, the vascular endothelium. Notice the spikes or pseudopodia that are characteristic of an invading cancer cell. Photo magnification: 12,000x Stock Photo

RM2BE0H1G–Step one of a six-step sequence of the death of a cancer cell. A cancer cell has migrated through the holes of a matrix coated membrane from the top to the bottom, simulating natural migration of a invading cancer cell between, and sometimes through, the vascular endothelium. Notice the spikes or pseudopodia that are characteristic of an invading cancer cell. Photo magnification: 12,000x

Transmission of nerve impulses in a synapse between two neurons. Stock Photo

RF2JKWNT9–Transmission of nerve impulses in a synapse between two neurons.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, illustration. Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. Antibodies (light blue and red) block the interaction between PD-L1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, red molecule) on the surface of a cancer cell (large red) and the immune checkpoint PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, blue molecule) on a T-cell (large blue), that would lead to the inhibition of T-cell killing tumour cells. Stock Photo

RF2JK2T50–Immune checkpoint inhibitors, illustration. Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. Antibodies (light blue and red) block the interaction between PD-L1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, red molecule) on the surface of a cancer cell (large red) and the immune checkpoint PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, blue molecule) on a T-cell (large blue), that would lead to the inhibition of T-cell killing tumour cells.

Scientific Designing of Differences Between Mitosis And Meioisis. Mitosis vs Meiosis. Colorful Symbols. Vector Illustration. Stock Vector

RF2K3CN26–Scientific Designing of Differences Between Mitosis And Meioisis. Mitosis vs Meiosis. Colorful Symbols. Vector Illustration.

Practical pathology; a manual for students and practitioners . r tuft—occluded. b. Nucleus of endothelial cell of Bowmans capsule, lying on swollen and laminated basement membrane, and helping to bring aboutthickening of the capsule. c. Section of atrophied convoluted tubule.(/. Interlobular capillary blood vessel. 6. Small mononuclear cells lying between tubules and basement membrane of Bowmans capsule./. Nuclei of cells covering or lying between occluded glomerular capillaries.g. Transverse section of afferent arteriole. its organisation so far advanced, that the capillaries are atrophied by Stock Photo

RM2AX0MAE–Practical pathology; a manual for students and practitioners . r tuft—occluded. b. Nucleus of endothelial cell of Bowmans capsule, lying on swollen and laminated basement membrane, and helping to bring aboutthickening of the capsule. c. Section of atrophied convoluted tubule.(/. Interlobular capillary blood vessel. 6. Small mononuclear cells lying between tubules and basement membrane of Bowmans capsule./. Nuclei of cells covering or lying between occluded glomerular capillaries.g. Transverse section of afferent arteriole. its organisation so far advanced, that the capillaries are atrophied by

. Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy. Anatomy. posed discs, into which the axis those of the fingers. Similar endings, termed articular lulls, are found in the synovial membranes of certain joints, e.g. cylinder of the nerve-cell is observed to pass. In B there is but one tactile disc enclosed between two tactile cells. (2) Corpuscles of Grandry (Fig. 741).—These are seen in the skin covering the beaks of aquatic animals, and in the mucous membrane of the duck's palate. Each consists of two or more flattened epithelial cells enclosed within a capsule, and the axis cylinder ends in flattened &qu Stock Photo

RMPFTXXN–. Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy. Anatomy. posed discs, into which the axis those of the fingers. Similar endings, termed articular lulls, are found in the synovial membranes of certain joints, e.g. cylinder of the nerve-cell is observed to pass. In B there is but one tactile disc enclosed between two tactile cells. (2) Corpuscles of Grandry (Fig. 741).—These are seen in the skin covering the beaks of aquatic animals, and in the mucous membrane of the duck's palate. Each consists of two or more flattened epithelial cells enclosed within a capsule, and the axis cylinder ends in flattened &qu

Elements of histology (1898) Elements of histology elementsofhistol00klei Year: 1898 64 Elemexts of Histology. four, six, or eight cartilage cells : the latter are those cases in which division proceeds at a more rapid rate than the deposition or formation ot hyaline ground substance between the cells. The jjart of the cartilage next to the perichon- drium shows most active growth; hence the cells are here smaller, closer together, and there is less ground substance. Each lacuna is liner] liy a delicate membrane, and, according to the state of the cell, is either completely or partially fille Stock Photo

RMRWNMJE–Elements of histology (1898) Elements of histology elementsofhistol00klei Year: 1898 64 Elemexts of Histology. four, six, or eight cartilage cells : the latter are those cases in which division proceeds at a more rapid rate than the deposition or formation ot hyaline ground substance between the cells. The jjart of the cartilage next to the perichon- drium shows most active growth; hence the cells are here smaller, closer together, and there is less ground substance. Each lacuna is liner] liy a delicate membrane, and, according to the state of the cell, is either completely or partially fille

. Elementary physiology . Fig. 79.—Cross section of a villus of the cat's intestine. (Hiehly maenified.) (E.A. S.) e, columnar epithelium ; g, goblet cell ; its mucus is seen partly exuded ; /, lymph- corpuscles between the epithelium cells; b, basement membrane; c, blood-capillaries ; in, section of plain muscular fibres ; c/, central lacteal. way the surface through which absorption can take place is enor- mously increased, and the rate at which this process can go on is made correspondingly more rapid. Each of these little pro- Stock Photo

RMMA6YDH–. Elementary physiology . Fig. 79.—Cross section of a villus of the cat's intestine. (Hiehly maenified.) (E.A. S.) e, columnar epithelium ; g, goblet cell ; its mucus is seen partly exuded ; /, lymph- corpuscles between the epithelium cells; b, basement membrane; c, blood-capillaries ; in, section of plain muscular fibres ; c/, central lacteal. way the surface through which absorption can take place is enor- mously increased, and the rate at which this process can go on is made correspondingly more rapid. Each of these little pro-

RF2JKWNR5–Transmission of nerve impulses in a synapse between two neurons.

RF2JK2T4Y–Illustration of immune checkpoints, regulators of the immune system. The interaction between PD-L1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, red molecule) on the surface of a cancer cell (red) and the immune checkpoint PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, blue molecule) on a T-cell (blue) inhibits T-cell killing of tumour cells.

. Gynecological pathology; a manual of microscopic technique and diagnosis in gynecological practice, for students and physicians. b), the other beinga very thin layer of endothelium, which is marked off from the bloodin the spaces between the villi as a very thin membrane. The latterrepresents the endothelium of the dilated maternal blood vessels. Inthese epithelial cells are seen nuclei only, which are suspended in ahomogeneous substance; cell borders can be distinguished only at an 00 CHORIONIC VILLI. early period (syncytium). In the later months there is usually onlyone layer of epithelium Stock Photo

RM2AG5NT6–. Gynecological pathology; a manual of microscopic technique and diagnosis in gynecological practice, for students and physicians. b), the other beinga very thin layer of endothelium, which is marked off from the bloodin the spaces between the villi as a very thin membrane. The latterrepresents the endothelium of the dilated maternal blood vessels. Inthese epithelial cells are seen nuclei only, which are suspended in ahomogeneous substance; cell borders can be distinguished only at an 00 CHORIONIC VILLI. early period (syncytium). In the later months there is usually onlyone layer of epithelium

. The British Charophyta. Characeae. 54 BRITISH CHAROPHYTA. the spiral-cells are abruptly narrowed on their inner sidej leaving a cavity (Fig. 23 i, ii). Below this the spiral-cells become tumid, leaving only a narrow channel between them, leading to a second cavity situated immediately above the oosphere (Fig., 23 ii). The upper part of the spiral-cells lengthens, forming a neck above the oosphere and under the coronula, in the process of which the outer layer of the cell- membrane splits transversely, leaving a jagged edge. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images Stock Photo

RMPG1JPK–. The British Charophyta. Characeae. 54 BRITISH CHAROPHYTA. the spiral-cells are abruptly narrowed on their inner sidej leaving a cavity (Fig. 23 i, ii). Below this the spiral-cells become tumid, leaving only a narrow channel between them, leading to a second cavity situated immediately above the oosphere (Fig., 23 ii). The upper part of the spiral-cells lengthens, forming a neck above the oosphere and under the coronula, in the process of which the outer layer of the cell- membrane splits transversely, leaving a jagged edge. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images

Embryology of insects and myriapods; Embryology of insects and myriapods; the developmental history of insects, centipedes, and millepedes from egg desposition [!] to hatching embryologyofinse00joha Year: 1941 Fig. 70.—Isotoma. Longitudinal section. Development of meridial furrow (Jr). {do) Dorsal organ, {ect) Ectoderm, {gc) Germ cells, (i/) Inner layer, (j/c) Yolk cell. As the meridian furrow deepens, the dorsal organ is swung out of position (Fig. 71, do). The cuticula {cut), designated by Claypole (1898) as the first crenated membrane, now loosens and lies free between embrvo and Fig. 7 Stock Photo

RMRWRAG0–Embryology of insects and myriapods; Embryology of insects and myriapods; the developmental history of insects, centipedes, and millepedes from egg desposition [!] to hatching embryologyofinse00joha Year: 1941 Fig. 70.—Isotoma. Longitudinal section. Development of meridial furrow (Jr). {do) Dorsal organ, {ect) Ectoderm, {gc) Germ cells, (i/) Inner layer, (j/c) Yolk cell. As the meridian furrow deepens, the dorsal organ is swung out of position (Fig. 71, do). The cuticula {cut), designated by Claypole (1898) as the first crenated membrane, now loosens and lies free between embrvo and Fig. 7

RF2JKWNW6–Transmission of nerve impulses in a synapse between two neurons.

RF2JK2T4G–Immune checkpoint inhibitors, illustration. Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. Antibodies (light blue and red) block the interaction between PD-L1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, red molecule) on the surface of a cancer cell (large red) and the immune checkpoint PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, blue molecule) on a T-cell (large blue), that would lead to the inhibition of T-cell killing tumour cells.

Vesicle transport in a cell, illustration. Vesicles move proteins between the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. The vesicles are coated with a coatomer (COP) protein that gives the vesicle an address to reach their destination. Stock Photo

RF2XXD62M–Vesicle transport in a cell, illustration. Vesicles move proteins between the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. The vesicles are coated with a coatomer (COP) protein that gives the vesicle an address to reach their destination.

Nerve synapse. Computer illustration of a junction, or synapse, between two nerve cells (neurons). As the electrical signal reaches the presynaptic end of a neuron it triggers the release of neurotransmitters across the gap, or synaptic cleft, between the two cells. The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, changing the membrane's excitability and triggering an electrical impulse. Stock Photo

RFHY3BR4–Nerve synapse. Computer illustration of a junction, or synapse, between two nerve cells (neurons). As the electrical signal reaches the presynaptic end of a neuron it triggers the release of neurotransmitters across the gap, or synaptic cleft, between the two cells. The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, changing the membrane's excitability and triggering an electrical impulse.

The origin of disease : especially of disease resulting from intrinsic as opposed to extrinsic causes : with chapters on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment . f heart disease.a is the inner boundary of the vessel; b is the plicated membrane ; c, an outer plicatedmembrane sometimes seen in arteries. Between a and b is the new growth, which con-sists of a loose cellular material. The cells are large, and many of them have largenuclei with spaces around them, and outside the spaces distinct cell-walls. In the newgrowth also are vessels (v) ; these have endothelial walls containing flattened nucle Stock Photo

RM2AJ506M–The origin of disease : especially of disease resulting from intrinsic as opposed to extrinsic causes : with chapters on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment . f heart disease.a is the inner boundary of the vessel; b is the plicated membrane ; c, an outer plicatedmembrane sometimes seen in arteries. Between a and b is the new growth, which con-sists of a loose cellular material. The cells are large, and many of them have largenuclei with spaces around them, and outside the spaces distinct cell-walls. In the newgrowth also are vessels (v) ; these have endothelial walls containing flattened nucle

. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. Fig. 140. Mougeotia sp. «. showing the surface of the chlorophyll plate, b. showing the edge of the chlorophyll plate. X about 500. (Original.) 66 (65) Vegetative portion as in Mougeotia but zygospore not known. Gonatonema Wittrock. Aplanospores produced between two transverse mem- branes near the center of an elongated cell. Spore membrane double. Fig. 141. Gonatonema ventrkosum Wittrock. X 2S0. (After West.) 67 (2) Plants unicellular or of few cells. Chromatophore one or more parietal bodies, rarely central ; . 68 68 (190, 249) Plants unicellular, o Stock Photo

RMPFYM7Y–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. Fig. 140. Mougeotia sp. «. showing the surface of the chlorophyll plate, b. showing the edge of the chlorophyll plate. X about 500. (Original.) 66 (65) Vegetative portion as in Mougeotia but zygospore not known. Gonatonema Wittrock. Aplanospores produced between two transverse mem- branes near the center of an elongated cell. Spore membrane double. Fig. 141. Gonatonema ventrkosum Wittrock. X 2S0. (After West.) 67 (2) Plants unicellular or of few cells. Chromatophore one or more parietal bodies, rarely central ; . 68 68 (190, 249) Plants unicellular, o

Elements of biology; a practical Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology elementsofbiolog00hunt Year: [c1907] Air passages in the human lungs; a, larynx; h, tra- chea (or windpipe); c, c?, bronchi; e, bronchial tubes; /, cluster of air cells. -^^, Bronchiole Diagram of two air cells, showing the capillary network which covers them, and at a the structures which intervene between the air and the blood are indicated; /, mucous membrane of the air cell; 2, submucous mesh work; 3, wall of capillary; 4, plasma in capillary; 5, red blood corpu Stock Photo

RMRWWDP5–Elements of biology; a practical Elements of biology; a practical text-book correlating botany, zoology, and human physiology elementsofbiolog00hunt Year: [c1907] Air passages in the human lungs; a, larynx; h, tra- chea (or windpipe); c, c?, bronchi; e, bronchial tubes; /, cluster of air cells. -^^, Bronchiole Diagram of two air cells, showing the capillary network which covers them, and at a the structures which intervene between the air and the blood are indicated; /, mucous membrane of the air cell; 2, submucous mesh work; 3, wall of capillary; 4, plasma in capillary; 5, red blood corpu

RF2JKWNT2–Transmission of nerve impulses in a synapse between two neurons.

The galectin-8 pellet was deployed in the cornea of a Prox1-EGFP reporter mouse. On day 7 after implantation, the corneal flat mount was stained with an anti-Ki67 antibody. About 40% of lymphatic endothelial cells were proliferative (Prox1+Ki67+). Green: Prox1. Red: Ki67. Related publication: Pathologic lymphangiogenesis is modulated by galectin-8-dependent crosstalk between podoplanin and integrin-associated VEGFR-3. Communication Nature, 2016. Stock Photo

RM2JKFTE5–The galectin-8 pellet was deployed in the cornea of a Prox1-EGFP reporter mouse. On day 7 after implantation, the corneal flat mount was stained with an anti-Ki67 antibody. About 40% of lymphatic endothelial cells were proliferative (Prox1+Ki67+). Green: Prox1. Red: Ki67. Related publication: Pathologic lymphangiogenesis is modulated by galectin-8-dependent crosstalk between podoplanin and integrin-associated VEGFR-3. Communication Nature, 2016.

RFHY3BR1–Nerve synapse. Computer illustration of a junction, or synapse, between two nerve cells (neurons). As the electrical signal reaches the presynaptic end of a neuron it triggers the release of neurotransmitters across the gap, or synaptic cleft, between the two cells. The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, changing the membrane's excitability and triggering an electrical impulse.

General physiology; an outline of the science of life . k, thenucleus always moves toward the placewhere there is the greatest accumulationof protoplasm. Finally, in a wide varietyof cells a remarkable change in the sizeof the nucleus during cell-life2 can beobserved, which can be brought aboutonly by the nucleus receiving substances from the protoplasmand giving off others to it. Usually, on account of the existence of a nuclear membrane, anexchange of liquid substances only is possible between nucleus andprotoplasm. But in many cases where because of the failure ordisappearance of such a mem Stock Photo

RM2AJK7M0–General physiology; an outline of the science of life . k, thenucleus always moves toward the placewhere there is the greatest accumulationof protoplasm. Finally, in a wide varietyof cells a remarkable change in the sizeof the nucleus during cell-life2 can beobserved, which can be brought aboutonly by the nucleus receiving substances from the protoplasmand giving off others to it. Usually, on account of the existence of a nuclear membrane, anexchange of liquid substances only is possible between nucleus andprotoplasm. But in many cases where because of the failure ordisappearance of such a mem

. Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADALES 135 closes the pit and that communication between the jacket cells and the central cell is only through fine strands of protoplasm (Plasmodes- men) traversing the pit-closing membrane, and claim that it would be absurd to suggest that protein granules travel from the jacket cells to the central cell. In Dioon edule, according to Chamberlain (46), 139 ^c::^... 1 '.•: 140 Figs. 139-144.—Haustoria of cycads: fig. 139, Cycas revoluta; Xiso; fig. 140, the same X37S; figs. 141-143, Dioon edule; X800; fig. 144, Encepkalartos Lehman Stock Photo

RMPG2KC4–. Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. CYCADALES 135 closes the pit and that communication between the jacket cells and the central cell is only through fine strands of protoplasm (Plasmodes- men) traversing the pit-closing membrane, and claim that it would be absurd to suggest that protein granules travel from the jacket cells to the central cell. In Dioon edule, according to Chamberlain (46), 139 ^c::^... 1 '.•: 140 Figs. 139-144.—Haustoria of cycads: fig. 139, Cycas revoluta; Xiso; fig. 140, the same X37S; figs. 141-143, Dioon edule; X800; fig. 144, Encepkalartos Lehman

RFHY3BR0–Nerve synapse. Computer illustration of a junction, or synapse, between two nerve cells (neurons). As the electrical signal reaches the presynaptic end of a neuron it triggers the release of neurotransmitters across the gap, or synaptic cleft, between the two cells. The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, changing the membrane's excitability and triggering an electrical impulse.

Practical pathology; a manual for students and practitioners . part of the convoluted tubule. nucleus situated in its centre. The upper part of the cell, that nearthe lumen, is finely granular, but the part between the nucleus and thebasement membrane is distinctly striated, the stride running longi-tudinally from the base of the cell to the nucleus. The next part ofthe tubule (the looped tubule of Henle) is principally within themedulla. The descending limb and the loop itself, (5) and (6), arelined by a layer of flattened epithelial cells. After the loop theascending limb of the tubule (7) i Stock Photo

RM2AX1014–Practical pathology; a manual for students and practitioners . part of the convoluted tubule. nucleus situated in its centre. The upper part of the cell, that nearthe lumen, is finely granular, but the part between the nucleus and thebasement membrane is distinctly striated, the stride running longi-tudinally from the base of the cell to the nucleus. The next part ofthe tubule (the looped tubule of Henle) is principally within themedulla. The descending limb and the loop itself, (5) and (6), arelined by a layer of flattened epithelial cells. After the loop theascending limb of the tubule (7) i

RFHY3BR7–Nerve synapse. Computer illustration of a junction, or synapse, between two nerve cells (neurons). As the electrical signal reaches the presynaptic end of a neuron it triggers the release of neurotransmitters across the gap, or synaptic cleft, between the two cells. The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, changing the membrane's excitability and triggering an electrical impulse.

Quain's elements of anatomy . sp. a). In thetract between this prominence and the membrane of Reissner, the sub-stance of the periosteum is also fi-equently pigmented, and from con-taining large and numerous blood-vessels, the capillary loops of whichmay even project between the bases of the epithelium-cells, is termedstria vascularis (St. v.). Irmnediately beneath the epithelium of theouter wall is a basement membrane, through which, in section, cell- 460 THE EAE. processes may here and there be seen passing into the epithelium fromthe subjacent connective tissue. The spiral ligament (fig. 40 Stock Photo

RM2AWFHTM–Quain's elements of anatomy . sp. a). In thetract between this prominence and the membrane of Reissner, the sub-stance of the periosteum is also fi-equently pigmented, and from con-taining large and numerous blood-vessels, the capillary loops of whichmay even project between the bases of the epithelium-cells, is termedstria vascularis (St. v.). Irmnediately beneath the epithelium of theouter wall is a basement membrane, through which, in section, cell- 460 THE EAE. processes may here and there be seen passing into the epithelium fromthe subjacent connective tissue. The spiral ligament (fig. 40

RFHY3BR8–Nerve synapse. Computer illustration of a junction, or synapse, between two nerve cells (neurons). As the electrical signal reaches the presynaptic end of a neuron it triggers the release of neurotransmitters across the gap, or synaptic cleft, between the two cells. The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, changing the membrane's excitability and triggering an electrical impulse.

Carpenter's principles of human physiology . Capillary Network around the Folliclesof the Parotid Gland. In the first (1 and 2, Fig. 67.. Modes of Termination of the Nerves in the Salivary Glands.—1 and2, branching of the nerves between the salivary cells; 3, terminationof the nerve in the nucleus; 4, union of a ganglion cell with a salivarycell; 5, varicose nerve-fibres entering the cylindrical cells of theexcretory ducts. Fig. 67), a cerebro-spinal nerve-fibre loses its sheath as it passes throughthe basement membrane of the acinus, with which the sheath becomes * Pfluger, Schultzes Archiv, Stock Photo

RM2AN7R7J–Carpenter's principles of human physiology . Capillary Network around the Folliclesof the Parotid Gland. In the first (1 and 2, Fig. 67.. Modes of Termination of the Nerves in the Salivary Glands.—1 and2, branching of the nerves between the salivary cells; 3, terminationof the nerve in the nucleus; 4, union of a ganglion cell with a salivarycell; 5, varicose nerve-fibres entering the cylindrical cells of theexcretory ducts. Fig. 67), a cerebro-spinal nerve-fibre loses its sheath as it passes throughthe basement membrane of the acinus, with which the sheath becomes * Pfluger, Schultzes Archiv,

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, illustration. Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. The illustration shows antibodies blocking the interaction between PD-L1 (red) on the surface of a cancer cell and the immune checkpoint PD-1 (blue) on a T-cell, allowing T-cells to attack the cancer cells. Stock Photo

RF2JK2T46–Immune checkpoint inhibitors, illustration. Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. The illustration shows antibodies blocking the interaction between PD-L1 (red) on the surface of a cancer cell and the immune checkpoint PD-1 (blue) on a T-cell, allowing T-cells to attack the cancer cells.

Quain's elements of anatomy . HEPATIC CELLS. 651 them to tlie substance of the hver. Hence the divided ends of theseveins are seen npon a section of the liver as simple open orifices, thethin wall of the vein being surrounded closely by the solid substance ofthe gland. The hepatic cells.—The interstices between the blood-vessels are,as before said, almost entirely filled by the hepatic cells. These are ofa compressed spheroidal or polyhedral form, having a mean diameter offrom T^a-o th to a^oth of an inch. They possess no cell membrane. Theirsubstance appears granular and of a faint yellowish Stock Photo

RM2AWCW1W–Quain's elements of anatomy . HEPATIC CELLS. 651 them to tlie substance of the hver. Hence the divided ends of theseveins are seen npon a section of the liver as simple open orifices, thethin wall of the vein being surrounded closely by the solid substance ofthe gland. The hepatic cells.—The interstices between the blood-vessels are,as before said, almost entirely filled by the hepatic cells. These are ofa compressed spheroidal or polyhedral form, having a mean diameter offrom T^a-o th to a^oth of an inch. They possess no cell membrane. Theirsubstance appears granular and of a faint yellowish

Illustration showing the binding between PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1, red) on the surface of a cancer cell and the immune checkpoint PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, blue) on a T-cell. This binding inhibits the T-cell from killing other cells, including cancer cells. Stock Photo

RF2JK2T44–Illustration showing the binding between PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1, red) on the surface of a cancer cell and the immune checkpoint PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1, blue) on a T-cell. This binding inhibits the T-cell from killing other cells, including cancer cells.

Illustration showing the differences between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Stock Photo

RF2XXD63D–Illustration showing the differences between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

General and dental pathology with special reference to etiology and pathologic anatomy; a treatise for students and practitioners . Fig. 378.—Chronic gingivitis in the gingiva which by process of continuity will spri adto tin d peridental membrane, a, a cementum; b, b, dentin; c,c,c, stratified ous epithelium lining gingival cul-de-sac; d, large area of round cell infiltra(predominance of mononuclear wandering cells). ORRHEA 1. EOLARIS 479 find lodgmenl between the teeth in the presence of either defective approximal contacts (Figs. 371, 372, 373, 374, and 375^, orin tlio absence of conta Stock Photo

RM2AKGB30–General and dental pathology with special reference to etiology and pathologic anatomy; a treatise for students and practitioners . Fig. 378.—Chronic gingivitis in the gingiva which by process of continuity will spri adto tin d peridental membrane, a, a cementum; b, b, dentin; c,c,c, stratified ous epithelium lining gingival cul-de-sac; d, large area of round cell infiltra(predominance of mononuclear wandering cells). ORRHEA 1. EOLARIS 479 find lodgmenl between the teeth in the presence of either defective approximal contacts (Figs. 371, 372, 373, 374, and 375^, orin tlio absence of conta

RF2XXD63H–Illustration showing the differences between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

. A treatise on diseases of the eye . Lying between thebundles and lamelhie are small spaces—lacunar—and uniting these,numerous small canals—canaJiculw. These lacuna and canaliculaetogether form the canalicular lymph system of Recklinghausen. In eachlacuna a branching cell is found, whose protoplasmic processes extendalong the canalicuhe, anastomosing with those of adjacent cells. Thesecells are the fixed cells of the cornea, in contradistinction to the leuko-cytes which, by amebic movements, penetrate to every part of thecornea—the migratory cells of the cornea. A.DescemeVs Membrane.—The four Stock Photo

RM2CDM8GX–. A treatise on diseases of the eye . Lying between thebundles and lamelhie are small spaces—lacunar—and uniting these,numerous small canals—canaJiculw. These lacuna and canaliculaetogether form the canalicular lymph system of Recklinghausen. In eachlacuna a branching cell is found, whose protoplasmic processes extendalong the canalicuhe, anastomosing with those of adjacent cells. Thesecells are the fixed cells of the cornea, in contradistinction to the leuko-cytes which, by amebic movements, penetrate to every part of thecornea—the migratory cells of the cornea. A.DescemeVs Membrane.—The four

Illustration showing the basic structural differences between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Stock Photo

RF2XXD63W–Illustration showing the basic structural differences between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

Excitatory synapse, illustration. A synapse is a junction between two neurons (nerve cells). An excitatory synapse increases the likelihood of an acti Stock Photo

RF2D6F899–Excitatory synapse, illustration. A synapse is a junction between two neurons (nerve cells). An excitatory synapse increases the likelihood of an acti

. Quain's elements of anatomy . sj). a). In thetract between this prominence and the membrane of Eeissner, the sub-stance of the periosteum is also fr-equently pigmented, and from con-taining large and numerous blood-vessels, the capihary loops of whichmay even project between the bases of the epithelium-cells, is termedstria vascularis (St. v.). Immediately beneath the epithelium of theouter waU is a basement membrane, through which, in section, cell- 460 THE EAE. processes may here and there be seen passing into the epithelium fromthe subjacent connective tissue. The spiral ligament (fig. 40 Stock Photo

RM2CHR67M–. Quain's elements of anatomy . sj). a). In thetract between this prominence and the membrane of Eeissner, the sub-stance of the periosteum is also fr-equently pigmented, and from con-taining large and numerous blood-vessels, the capihary loops of whichmay even project between the bases of the epithelium-cells, is termedstria vascularis (St. v.). Immediately beneath the epithelium of theouter waU is a basement membrane, through which, in section, cell- 460 THE EAE. processes may here and there be seen passing into the epithelium fromthe subjacent connective tissue. The spiral ligament (fig. 40

RF2D6F89K–Excitatory synapse, illustration. A synapse is a junction between two neurons (nerve cells). An excitatory synapse increases the likelihood of an acti

. The science and art of midwifery. By peripheral ex-tension, its cells gradually spread overand line the inner surface of the blasto-dermic membrane. Thus the ovum be-comes encompassed by two cell-mem-branes, termed respectively the outer andthe inner layer of the blastodermic mem-brane. The outer layer of the blasto-dermic membrane is likewise termed theectoderm, in distinction from the innerlayer, or entoderm. At the same time a stratum of fluidforms between the external layer of theblastodermic membrane and the chorion,as the zona pellucida is now called. Be-fore the completion of the ento Stock Photo

RM2CEN9HT–. The science and art of midwifery. By peripheral ex-tension, its cells gradually spread overand line the inner surface of the blasto-dermic membrane. Thus the ovum be-comes encompassed by two cell-mem-branes, termed respectively the outer andthe inner layer of the blastodermic mem-brane. The outer layer of the blasto-dermic membrane is likewise termed theectoderm, in distinction from the innerlayer, or entoderm. At the same time a stratum of fluidforms between the external layer of theblastodermic membrane and the chorion,as the zona pellucida is now called. Be-fore the completion of the ento

. Hand-book of physiology . Kolliker, ccvi). STRUCTURE OF THE LUXGS. 155 tissue are spread out between contiguous air-cells, and many of these are attached to the outer surface of the fine membrane of which each cell r- , ^ * r?g. 15.* is composed, im-parting to it ad-ditional strength,and the power ofrecoil after dis-tension (fig. 15,b and c). Thecells are lined by 6a layer of epithe-liiun of the pave-ment or tesselatedvariety (see fig.15, a). Outsidethe cells, a net-work of pulmo-nary capillaries isspread out sodensely that theinterspaces ormeshes are even narrower than the vessels, which ar Stock Photo

RM2CD8PTB–. Hand-book of physiology . Kolliker, ccvi). STRUCTURE OF THE LUXGS. 155 tissue are spread out between contiguous air-cells, and many of these are attached to the outer surface of the fine membrane of which each cell r- , ^ * r?g. 15.* is composed, im-parting to it ad-ditional strength,and the power ofrecoil after dis-tension (fig. 15,b and c). Thecells are lined by 6a layer of epithe-liiun of the pave-ment or tesselatedvariety (see fig.15, a). Outsidethe cells, a net-work of pulmo-nary capillaries isspread out sodensely that theinterspaces ormeshes are even narrower than the vessels, which ar

. Kirkes' handbook of physiology . Fig. 24.. Fig. 25. Fig. 24.—Goblet Cells. (Klein.) Fig. 25.—Cross-section of a Villus of the Intestine, e, Columnar epithelium with striatedborder; g, goblet cell, with its mucus partly extruded; /. lymph-corpuscles between the epithelialcells; b, basement membrane; c, sections of blood-capillaries; m, section of plain muscle fibers;c.l, central lacteal. (Schafer.) ing only a nucleus surrounded by the remains of the protoplasm in its narrowstem. This transformation is a normal process which is continually going onduring life, the cells themselves being suppos Stock Photo

RM2CDY13R–. Kirkes' handbook of physiology . Fig. 24.. Fig. 25. Fig. 24.—Goblet Cells. (Klein.) Fig. 25.—Cross-section of a Villus of the Intestine, e, Columnar epithelium with striatedborder; g, goblet cell, with its mucus partly extruded; /. lymph-corpuscles between the epithelialcells; b, basement membrane; c, sections of blood-capillaries; m, section of plain muscle fibers;c.l, central lacteal. (Schafer.) ing only a nucleus surrounded by the remains of the protoplasm in its narrowstem. This transformation is a normal process which is continually going onduring life, the cells themselves being suppos

. Quain's elements of anatomy . d a HEPATIC CELLS. 631 them to the substance of the hver. Hence the divided ends of theseveins are seen npon a section of the liver as simple open orifices, thethin wall of the vein being sm:rounded closely by the solid substance ofthe gland. The hepatic cells.—The interstices between the blood-vessels are,as before said, almost entirely filled by the hepatic cells. These are ofa compressed spheroidal or polyhedral form, having a mean diameter offrom To 8-0 th to Ti 0 th of an inch. They possess no cell membrane. Theirsubstance appears granular and of a faint ye Stock Photo

RM2CHER1X–. Quain's elements of anatomy . d a HEPATIC CELLS. 631 them to the substance of the hver. Hence the divided ends of theseveins are seen npon a section of the liver as simple open orifices, thethin wall of the vein being sm:rounded closely by the solid substance ofthe gland. The hepatic cells.—The interstices between the blood-vessels are,as before said, almost entirely filled by the hepatic cells. These are ofa compressed spheroidal or polyhedral form, having a mean diameter offrom To 8-0 th to Ti 0 th of an inch. They possess no cell membrane. Theirsubstance appears granular and of a faint ye

. The cell in development and inheritance. Cells. 20 GENERAL SKETCH OF THE CELL It is often difficult to distinguish between such metaplasmic bodies and the granules commonly supposed to be elements of the active protoplasm ; indeed, as will appear beyond (p. 29), there is reason to believe that "protoplasmic" and "metaplasmic" granules cannot be separated by any definite limit, but are connected by various gradations. Among the lifeless products of the protoplasm must be reckoned also the ccll-zvall or membrane by which the cell-body may. Please note that these images are Stock Photo

RMRJCWK3–. The cell in development and inheritance. Cells. 20 GENERAL SKETCH OF THE CELL It is often difficult to distinguish between such metaplasmic bodies and the granules commonly supposed to be elements of the active protoplasm ; indeed, as will appear beyond (p. 29), there is reason to believe that "protoplasmic" and "metaplasmic" granules cannot be separated by any definite limit, but are connected by various gradations. Among the lifeless products of the protoplasm must be reckoned also the ccll-zvall or membrane by which the cell-body may. Please note that these images are

. Anatomy, descriptive and applied. Anatomy. Suppm-ting cell Structure of the Mucous Membrane (Figs. 800 and 801).—The epithelium covering the mucous membrane differs in its character according to the functions of the part of the nose in which it is found. In the respirator}' portion of the nasal cavity the epithelium is columnar and ciliated, which is also the type found in the accessory sinuses, with the exception of the maxillary, where the epithelium is of the simple polygonal variety. Interspersed among the columnar ciliated cells are gob- let or mucin cells, while between their bases are Stock Photo

RMRN5NA8–. Anatomy, descriptive and applied. Anatomy. Suppm-ting cell Structure of the Mucous Membrane (Figs. 800 and 801).—The epithelium covering the mucous membrane differs in its character according to the functions of the part of the nose in which it is found. In the respirator}' portion of the nasal cavity the epithelium is columnar and ciliated, which is also the type found in the accessory sinuses, with the exception of the maxillary, where the epithelium is of the simple polygonal variety. Interspersed among the columnar ciliated cells are gob- let or mucin cells, while between their bases are

RMRDFCF1–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. VII PTERIDOPHYTA—FILICINEM—OPHIOGLOSSACE^ ^Z what intermediate between these and the elongated ones found in most Ferns. The walls between the pits are very much thickened, and the bottoms of corresponding pits in the walls of adjacent tracheids are separated by a very delicate membrane. At intervals medullary rays, one cell thick, extend from the pith to the outer limit of the xylem. The cells are elongated radially, and have uniformly thickened walls and granular contents. The phloem consist

. Introduction to structural and systematic botany, and vegetable physiology. Botany. THICKENING OF THE WALLS OF CELLS. 35. lining. Every degree of this secondary deposition occurs, from a slight increase in the thickness of the membrane to the filhng up of the greater part of the cavity of the cell. Any hard wood furnishes illustrations of this. Indeed, the difference between sap- wood and heart-wood in trees is principally owing to the increase of this deposit, which converts the former into the latter; as may be seen by comparing, under the microscope, the tissue of the older with that of t Stock Photo

RMRDWN4C–. Introduction to structural and systematic botany, and vegetable physiology. Botany. THICKENING OF THE WALLS OF CELLS. 35. lining. Every degree of this secondary deposition occurs, from a slight increase in the thickness of the membrane to the filhng up of the greater part of the cavity of the cell. Any hard wood furnishes illustrations of this. Indeed, the difference between sap- wood and heart-wood in trees is principally owing to the increase of this deposit, which converts the former into the latter; as may be seen by comparing, under the microscope, the tissue of the older with that of t

. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. MECHANISMS OF RETINULA CELLS 631 ances represented by rhabdomere membrane and eccentric cell membrane. If tbis interpretation is correct, no light-induced resistance change should occur between an electrode in the eccentric cell and an electrode in a retinula cell of the same retinula. An experiment to test this prediction has not yet been reported. If the rhabdomere is the site of the primary photochemical event, and distal, non-rhabdomere membrane is the site of the change in ionic permeability which is responsible for est Stock Photo

RMRHMK6X–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. MECHANISMS OF RETINULA CELLS 631 ances represented by rhabdomere membrane and eccentric cell membrane. If tbis interpretation is correct, no light-induced resistance change should occur between an electrode in the eccentric cell and an electrode in a retinula cell of the same retinula. An experiment to test this prediction has not yet been reported. If the rhabdomere is the site of the primary photochemical event, and distal, non-rhabdomere membrane is the site of the change in ionic permeability which is responsible for est

. Biophysical research methods. Biophysics -- Research. 260 HOWARD J. CURTIS made between this inside electrode and one on the outside surface of the cell directly opposite it (see 12). Here there can be no question but that the true membrane potential is being measured, provided elementary precautions are taken about insulation, input resistance to the amplifier, etc., as discussed above. However, this method suf- fers from the disadvantage that the manipulative procedure of getting an electrode inside a cell is very difficult, and indeed has been ac- complished for only two cells, the giant Stock Photo

RMRHK22P–. Biophysical research methods. Biophysics -- Research. 260 HOWARD J. CURTIS made between this inside electrode and one on the outside surface of the cell directly opposite it (see 12). Here there can be no question but that the true membrane potential is being measured, provided elementary precautions are taken about insulation, input resistance to the amplifier, etc., as discussed above. However, this method suf- fers from the disadvantage that the manipulative procedure of getting an electrode inside a cell is very difficult, and indeed has been ac- complished for only two cells, the giant

. Electron microscopy; proceedings of the Stockholm Conference, September, 1956. Electron microscopy. Fig. 1. Section through the ctiticlc of Liiinhriciis sp. whicli shows the layers of fibrils which lie adjacent to the epidermal cells. Cytoplasmic processes stretch between the cell surface and the outer membrane of the worm, and form a basket- weave pattern with the fibrils. The microvilli on the outer surface of the worm are seen at the top of the micrograph. Magnification 23,000. method whereby the protein molecules became orien- tated into the distinctive layered structure which has been s Stock Photo

RMRD6DCE–. Electron microscopy; proceedings of the Stockholm Conference, September, 1956. Electron microscopy. Fig. 1. Section through the ctiticlc of Liiinhriciis sp. whicli shows the layers of fibrils which lie adjacent to the epidermal cells. Cytoplasmic processes stretch between the cell surface and the outer membrane of the worm, and form a basket- weave pattern with the fibrils. The microvilli on the outer surface of the worm are seen at the top of the micrograph. Magnification 23,000. method whereby the protein molecules became orien- tated into the distinctive layered structure which has been s

. The cell in development and inheritance. Cells; Cells. 136 FERTILIZATION OF THE OVUM AllolobopJiora (Foot), in the butterfly Pieris (Henking), and in the gasteropod Physa (Kostanecki and Wierzejski). The agreement between forms so diverse is very strong evidence that this must be regarded as the typical derivation of the centrosome.^ The facts may be illustrated by a brief description of the phe-. Fig. 67. — Maturation and fertilization of the egg of the mouse. [SOBOTTA.] A. The ovarian egg still surrounded by the follicle-cells and the membrane (z.p., zona pel- lucida); the polar spindle fo Stock Photo

RMRJBE02–. The cell in development and inheritance. Cells; Cells. 136 FERTILIZATION OF THE OVUM AllolobopJiora (Foot), in the butterfly Pieris (Henking), and in the gasteropod Physa (Kostanecki and Wierzejski). The agreement between forms so diverse is very strong evidence that this must be regarded as the typical derivation of the centrosome.^ The facts may be illustrated by a brief description of the phe-. Fig. 67. — Maturation and fertilization of the egg of the mouse. [SOBOTTA.] A. The ovarian egg still surrounded by the follicle-cells and the membrane (z.p., zona pel- lucida); the polar spindle fo

. Compendium of histology. Histology. 43 FOURTH LECTURE. puscles of the spleen also belong here. The tissue of the spleen pulp is still more strongly modified. The mucous membrane of the small intestine also contains our tissue ; although the number of lymphoid cells is here much less, and the cell processes not unfrequently appear broader, lamelliform. In the large intestine, finally, something inter- mediate between our tissue formation and ordinary con- nective tissue is met with. We now turn to the adipose tissue. True connective tissue, to the consideration of which we shall soon arrive, Stock Photo

RMREE1GP–. Compendium of histology. Histology. 43 FOURTH LECTURE. puscles of the spleen also belong here. The tissue of the spleen pulp is still more strongly modified. The mucous membrane of the small intestine also contains our tissue ; although the number of lymphoid cells is here much less, and the cell processes not unfrequently appear broader, lamelliform. In the large intestine, finally, something inter- mediate between our tissue formation and ordinary con- nective tissue is met with. We now turn to the adipose tissue. True connective tissue, to the consideration of which we shall soon arrive,

. The cell; outlines of general anatomy and physiology. Cells; Anatomy; Physiology; Cells; Anatomy; Physiology. 236 THE CELL shorter and thicker (Fig. 125 II., III.). The centi'osomes separ- ate from one another, until finally they are situated at oppo- site sides of, and at some distance from, the vesicular nucleus. By this time, the rest of the nucleolus has disappeared; the nuclear membrane becomes dissolved, and the two bundles, each containing four nuclear segments, arrange themselves in the equator between the centrosomes; then each bundle splits up into two daughter-bundles containing t Stock Photo

RMRJBD2Y–. The cell; outlines of general anatomy and physiology. Cells; Anatomy; Physiology; Cells; Anatomy; Physiology. 236 THE CELL shorter and thicker (Fig. 125 II., III.). The centi'osomes separ- ate from one another, until finally they are situated at oppo- site sides of, and at some distance from, the vesicular nucleus. By this time, the rest of the nucleolus has disappeared; the nuclear membrane becomes dissolved, and the two bundles, each containing four nuclear segments, arrange themselves in the equator between the centrosomes; then each bundle splits up into two daughter-bundles containing t

RMRD6YWJ–. Principles of the anatomy and physiology of the vegetable cell. Plant cells and tissues. THE VEGETABLE CELL. 91 Fir/. 33. secondary layers are deposited in the form of a net-wurk, or of parallel cross fibres on tlie transverse or oblique partitions of the vascular utricles, while the primary membrane is regularly absorbed between these fibres, so that the open communication between the vascular utricles is not interrupted. Ohserv. 3. In the description of the structiu^e of the cells and vessels, I have mentioned the spiral and reticulated coui*se of the fibres as two distinct modifications o

. Comparative anatomy of the vegetative organs of the phanerogams and ferns. Plant anatomy; Phanerogams; Ferns. 90 CELLULAR TISSUE. and treated with dissolving reagentsâe. g. alcohol or etherâis intercalated between cell-membrane and cuticle. The same phenomenon, in the main, occurs in the multicellular heads of the bladder-like glandular hairs, villi, and scales. The thickening by the secretion begins in these cases at a point more or less near the apex of the whole (not on each or on several single cells) and extends from this point centrifugally, varying greatly in extent and bulk according Stock Photo

RMREFHH3–. Comparative anatomy of the vegetative organs of the phanerogams and ferns. Plant anatomy; Phanerogams; Ferns. 90 CELLULAR TISSUE. and treated with dissolving reagentsâe. g. alcohol or etherâis intercalated between cell-membrane and cuticle. The same phenomenon, in the main, occurs in the multicellular heads of the bladder-like glandular hairs, villi, and scales. The thickening by the secretion begins in these cases at a point more or less near the apex of the whole (not on each or on several single cells) and extends from this point centrifugally, varying greatly in extent and bulk according

. Outlines of zoology. Zoology. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 463 which are sacrificed to form an envelope of follicular cells around the single large ovum cell. The ova are usually shed into the body cavity, and pass thence to the exterior by the Miillerian ducts or oviducts. In many cases between the follicular cells and the ovum there is a membrane, the zona radiata, which is traversed by fine pores, and, in consequence, has a striated appearance ; other egg membranes, more or less transitory in nature, also occur. In the lower Vertebrates the layer of follicle cells is single, but in Mammals it is Stock Photo

RMRE07BG–. Outlines of zoology. Zoology. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 463 which are sacrificed to form an envelope of follicular cells around the single large ovum cell. The ova are usually shed into the body cavity, and pass thence to the exterior by the Miillerian ducts or oviducts. In many cases between the follicular cells and the ovum there is a membrane, the zona radiata, which is traversed by fine pores, and, in consequence, has a striated appearance ; other egg membranes, more or less transitory in nature, also occur. In the lower Vertebrates the layer of follicle cells is single, but in Mammals it is

. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 538 JEAN-MARIE FRANC. FIGURE 17. Relative positions of the membrane folds (black) on the thread (clear) in its helical (a) and extended (b) conditions. from the relative movement between the membrane folds and the helical thread without rotary motion of their ends during extension of the cell. This is assured by the anchoring of the thread in the tentillar mesoglea and the sonula adherens junction binding the colloblast head to the surrounding covering epithelial cells. It is probably on colloblasts in this latter condition Stock Photo

RMRHN4J0–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 538 JEAN-MARIE FRANC. FIGURE 17. Relative positions of the membrane folds (black) on the thread (clear) in its helical (a) and extended (b) conditions. from the relative movement between the membrane folds and the helical thread without rotary motion of their ends during extension of the cell. This is assured by the anchoring of the thread in the tentillar mesoglea and the sonula adherens junction binding the colloblast head to the surrounding covering epithelial cells. It is probably on colloblasts in this latter condition

. Biology of the vertebrates : a comparative study of man and his animal allies. Vertebrates; Vertebrates -- Anatomy; Anatomy, Comparative. Ports of Entry 777. membrane. Between their slender inner ends are the basal cells. The sensory, or olfactory, cells are evenly distributed between the supporting cells. Each olfactory cell consists of a nuclear region from which a cylindrical process, comparable to a dendrite, extends to the surface where it terminates in sev- eral extremely delicate hair-like processes (Fig. 678). From the opposite end of the cell a slender neurite, covered by neurolemma Stock Photo

RMRHJJ20–. Biology of the vertebrates : a comparative study of man and his animal allies. Vertebrates; Vertebrates -- Anatomy; Anatomy, Comparative. Ports of Entry 777. membrane. Between their slender inner ends are the basal cells. The sensory, or olfactory, cells are evenly distributed between the supporting cells. Each olfactory cell consists of a nuclear region from which a cylindrical process, comparable to a dendrite, extends to the surface where it terminates in sev- eral extremely delicate hair-like processes (Fig. 678). From the opposite end of the cell a slender neurite, covered by neurolemma

. Comparative anatomy of the vegetative organs of the phanerogams and ferns;. Plant anatomy; Ferns. 90 CELLULAR TISSUE. and treated with dissolving reagents—e. g. alcohol or ether—is intercalated between cell-membrane and cuticle. The same phenomenon, in the main, occurs in the multicellular heads of the bladder-like glandular hairs, villi, and scales. The thickening by the secretion begins in these cases at a point more or less near the apex of the whole (not on each or on several single cells) and extends from this point centrifugally, varying greatly in extent and bulk according to the spec Stock Photo

RMRE3CYD–. Comparative anatomy of the vegetative organs of the phanerogams and ferns;. Plant anatomy; Ferns. 90 CELLULAR TISSUE. and treated with dissolving reagents—e. g. alcohol or ether—is intercalated between cell-membrane and cuticle. The same phenomenon, in the main, occurs in the multicellular heads of the bladder-like glandular hairs, villi, and scales. The thickening by the secretion begins in these cases at a point more or less near the apex of the whole (not on each or on several single cells) and extends from this point centrifugally, varying greatly in extent and bulk according to the spec

RMRD5XHT–. Cunningham's Text-book of anatomy. Anatomy. posed discs, into which the axis those of the fingers. Similar endings, termed articular lulls, are found in the synovial membranes of certain joints, e.g. cylinder of the nerve-cell is observed to pass. In B there is but one tactile disc enclosed between two tactile cells. (2) Corpuscles of Grandry (Fig. 741).—These are seen in the skin covering the beaks of aquatic animals, and in the mucous membrane of the duck's palate. Each consists of two or more flattened epithelial cells enclosed within a capsule, and the axis cylinder ends in flattened &qu

. Annals. Entomology. 1923] Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids 21 stems. A single cell starts at the membrane and extends till it almost meets those coming from the opposite wall. Each cell has a prominent nucleus in its stem and a granular secretion in its globular part. (Fig. 8 d). Such fully developed glanci cells are remarkable in a non-functioning part of the alimentary tract, for there is no open connection between the stomach and intestine nor between the Malpighian tubules and intestine. This is contrary to the findings of Seurat ('99) who figures the tubules as opening into the in Stock Photo

RMRMPAC1–. Annals. Entomology. 1923] Wheeler: Braconids Parasitic on Aphids 21 stems. A single cell starts at the membrane and extends till it almost meets those coming from the opposite wall. Each cell has a prominent nucleus in its stem and a granular secretion in its globular part. (Fig. 8 d). Such fully developed glanci cells are remarkable in a non-functioning part of the alimentary tract, for there is no open connection between the stomach and intestine nor between the Malpighian tubules and intestine. This is contrary to the findings of Seurat ('99) who figures the tubules as opening into the in

. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. ampulla subepithelial nerve plexus ( longitudinal nerv hyponeural cell bodies basement membrane. Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of the nervous system in Asterias. (a) Composite cross section of an arm showing the anatomy of the nervous system at the level of a tube foot (left side) and between tube feet (right side), (b) Detailed cross section of radial nerve cord. the ectoneural epithelium, interspersed between sup- porting cells (Fig. 2c). Longitudinal sections of the radial nerves show cell bodies along the entire Stock Photo

RMRHN17M–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. ampulla subepithelial nerve plexus ( longitudinal nerv hyponeural cell bodies basement membrane. Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of the nervous system in Asterias. (a) Composite cross section of an arm showing the anatomy of the nervous system at the level of a tube foot (left side) and between tube feet (right side), (b) Detailed cross section of radial nerve cord. the ectoneural epithelium, interspersed between sup- porting cells (Fig. 2c). Longitudinal sections of the radial nerves show cell bodies along the entire

. Elementary physiology. Physiology; Physiology. Diet^ Digestion^ Absorption, and Metabolism. 153 throughout with columnar epitheUum in a single layer, except at the rectum, where it again becomes stratified. In the small intestine the surface is not smooth, but is covered all over with minute projections like the piles on a piece of velvet. In this. Fig. 79.—Cross section of a villus of the cat's intestine. (Hiehly maenified.) (E.A. S.) e, columnar epithelium ; g, goblet cell ; its mucus is seen partly exuded ; /, lymph- corpuscles between the epithelium cells; b, basement membrane; c, blood- Stock Photo

RMRD3DWH–. Elementary physiology. Physiology; Physiology. Diet^ Digestion^ Absorption, and Metabolism. 153 throughout with columnar epitheUum in a single layer, except at the rectum, where it again becomes stratified. In the small intestine the surface is not smooth, but is covered all over with minute projections like the piles on a piece of velvet. In this. Fig. 79.—Cross section of a villus of the cat's intestine. (Hiehly maenified.) (E.A. S.) e, columnar epithelium ; g, goblet cell ; its mucus is seen partly exuded ; /, lymph- corpuscles between the epithelium cells; b, basement membrane; c, blood-

. Ciba Foundation colloquia on ageing. Old age; Aging; Animals -- growth & development. Human Red Cell Instability and Senescence 225 and are made apparent by a progressive increase in the ease of detachment of membrane material by washing or alumina and by the ultimate failure of the cells to survive when trans- fused. These changes can occur at all temperatures between 0° and — 78° and are therefore presumably physical in nature, for below — 20° metabolism has effectively ceased. In a personal communication Dr. A. Richardson Jones reports that it is possible to produce a specific anti-se Stock Photo

RMRJ52R1–. Ciba Foundation colloquia on ageing. Old age; Aging; Animals -- growth & development. Human Red Cell Instability and Senescence 225 and are made apparent by a progressive increase in the ease of detachment of membrane material by washing or alumina and by the ultimate failure of the cells to survive when trans- fused. These changes can occur at all temperatures between 0° and — 78° and are therefore presumably physical in nature, for below — 20° metabolism has effectively ceased. In a personal communication Dr. A. Richardson Jones reports that it is possible to produce a specific anti-se

. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. • l« ••". FIGURE 16. Longitudinal section through tip of the eye of a garnet (//A/) shrimp. Whereas the rhabdome remains intact, the retinular cells have degenerated, leaving cell fragments filled with garnet pigment above and below the basement membrane. FIGURE 17. Longitudinal section through eyestalk of a garnet-eyed shrimp. The retinular cell axons, which normally lie between the basement membrane and the distal optic ganglion, have degenerated.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images t Stock Photo

RMRHNRP8–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. • l« ••". FIGURE 16. Longitudinal section through tip of the eye of a garnet (//A/) shrimp. Whereas the rhabdome remains intact, the retinular cells have degenerated, leaving cell fragments filled with garnet pigment above and below the basement membrane. FIGURE 17. Longitudinal section through eyestalk of a garnet-eyed shrimp. The retinular cell axons, which normally lie between the basement membrane and the distal optic ganglion, have degenerated.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images t

$. Brain mechanisms and learning, a symposium. Psychophysiology; Learning, Psychology of. gl inv -* gl. capsule.ji .'*^ Fig. I Insulation contact between neurone and glial cell. Electron-micrograph of a nerve cell belong- ing to a ganglion o{ Xyleiis fiiscipeiniis (Brunner) Gistel (orthoptcra) gl. inv. shows tlnger-like processes of glia cells penetrating the perikaryon of a neurone and thus establishing a close 'insulating' contact with the neurone. No fusion or perforation of the cell membrane exists. G. = Golgi components; m = mitochondria; gl. = glial capsule. loose ciui< in the nervous Stock Photo$

RMRH7W43–. Brain mechanisms and learning, a symposium. Psychophysiology; Learning, Psychology of. gl inv -* gl. capsule.ji .'*^ Fig. I Insulation contact between neurone and glial cell. Electron-micrograph of a nerve cell belong- ing to a ganglion o{ Xyleiis fiiscipeiniis (Brunner) Gistel (orthoptcra) gl. inv. shows tlnger-like processes of glia cells penetrating the perikaryon of a neurone and thus establishing a close 'insulating' contact with the neurone. No fusion or perforation of the cell membrane exists. G. = Golgi components; m = mitochondria; gl. = glial capsule. loose ciui< in the nervous

RMRD7YM6–. The British Charophyta. Characeae. 54 BRITISH CHAROPHYTA. the spiral-cells are abruptly narrowed on their inner sidej leaving a cavity (Fig. 23 i, ii). Below this the spiral-cells become tumid, leaving only a narrow channel between them, leading to a second cavity situated immediately above the oosphere (Fig., 23 ii). The upper part of the spiral-cells lengthens, forming a neck above the oosphere and under the coronula, in the process of which the outer layer of the cell- membrane splits transversely, leaving a jagged edge. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images

. Elementary physiology. Physiology; Physiology. Fig. 79.—Cross section of a villus of the cat's intestine. (Hiehly maenified.) (E.A. S.) e, columnar epithelium ; g, goblet cell ; its mucus is seen partly exuded ; /, lymph- corpuscles between the epithelium cells; b, basement membrane; c, blood-capillaries ; in, section of plain muscular fibres ; c/, central lacteal. way the surface through which absorption can take place is enor- mously increased, and the rate at which this process can go on is made correspondingly more rapid. Each of these little pro-. FiG. 80.—Portion of small intestine dis Stock Photo

RMRD3DWG–. Elementary physiology. Physiology; Physiology. Fig. 79.—Cross section of a villus of the cat's intestine. (Hiehly maenified.) (E.A. S.) e, columnar epithelium ; g, goblet cell ; its mucus is seen partly exuded ; /, lymph- corpuscles between the epithelium cells; b, basement membrane; c, blood-capillaries ; in, section of plain muscular fibres ; c/, central lacteal. way the surface through which absorption can take place is enor- mously increased, and the rate at which this process can go on is made correspondingly more rapid. Each of these little pro-. FiG. 80.—Portion of small intestine dis

RMRDB7G4–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. Fig. 140. Mougeotia sp. «. showing the surface of the chlorophyll plate, b. showing the edge of the chlorophyll plate. X about 500. (Original.) 66 (65) Vegetative portion as in Mougeotia but zygospore not known. Gonatonema Wittrock. Aplanospores produced between two transverse mem- branes near the center of an elongated cell. Spore membrane double. Fig. 141. Gonatonema ventrkosum Wittrock. X 2S0. (After West.) 67 (2) Plants unicellular or of few cells. Chromatophore one or more parietal bodies, rarely central ; . 68 68 (190, 249) Plants unicellular, o

. Cryptogamic plants of the USSR. (Flora sporovykh rastenii SSSR). Plants. Spermagonia epiphyllous, between the cuticle and epidermis, whitish, conical, flattened at base, 120 —135m across, covered by a brownish membrane, the paraphyses, projecting above it. Aecia on systemic mycelium, 0.4 mm across; peridia cupular, with outwardly flexed fimbriate margins, white; peridial cells almost rectangular, overlapping by the downward projecting wedge-shaped processes; cell walls thick; outer wall cross-striated, 6—9^ thick, outer wall 3 —5/x thick, furrowed in structure, coarsely verrucose. Aeciospore Stock Photo

RMRE5G2M–. Cryptogamic plants of the USSR. (Flora sporovykh rastenii SSSR). Plants. Spermagonia epiphyllous, between the cuticle and epidermis, whitish, conical, flattened at base, 120 —135m across, covered by a brownish membrane, the paraphyses, projecting above it. Aecia on systemic mycelium, 0.4 mm across; peridia cupular, with outwardly flexed fimbriate margins, white; peridial cells almost rectangular, overlapping by the downward projecting wedge-shaped processes; cell walls thick; outer wall cross-striated, 6—9^ thick, outer wall 3 —5/x thick, furrowed in structure, coarsely verrucose. Aeciospore

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