Miocene horse hi-res stock photography and images

The ancestral horse Miohippus. Existing toe bones of the forefoot are numbered outward from the centre of the body. Stock Photo

RMBB4NN4–The ancestral horse Miohippus. Existing toe bones of the forefoot are numbered outward from the centre of the body.

Diagram of Miocene Mammals including, Oxcydactylus, Dicrorerus, Merycodus, Neohipparion, Tetrabelodon and Dinothere. Shown in the diagram a six foot man drawn to the same scale as other figures. From the book Outline of History by H.G. Wells, published 1920. Stock Photo

RM2PNCR8H–Diagram of Miocene Mammals including, Oxcydactylus, Dicrorerus, Merycodus, Neohipparion, Tetrabelodon and Dinothere. Shown in the diagram a six foot man drawn to the same scale as other figures. From the book Outline of History by H.G. Wells, published 1920.

Extinct Hipparion prostylum horse, Miocene to Pleistocene (upper) and wild horse, Equus ferus (lower). Print after an illustration by Joseph Smit from Henry Neville Hutchinsons Creatures of Other Days, Popular Studies in Palaeontology, Chapman and Hall, London, 1896. Stock Photo

RM2BT5E68–Extinct Hipparion prostylum horse, Miocene to Pleistocene (upper) and wild horse, Equus ferus (lower). Print after an illustration by Joseph Smit from Henry Neville Hutchinsons Creatures of Other Days, Popular Studies in Palaeontology, Chapman and Hall, London, 1896.

RM2A5NJRK–Extinct Hipparion prostylum horse, Miocene to Pleistocene (upper) and wild horse, Equus ferus (lower). Print after an illustration by Joseph Smit from Henry Neville Hutchinson’s Creatures of Other Days, Popular Studies in Palaeontology, Chapman and Hall, London, 1896.

Macro photograph of fossilized horse tooth. Stock Photo

RFEYDN3W–Macro photograph of fossilized horse tooth.

Hypohippus, extinct genus of three-toed horse, Miocene. Dreihufige Ur-Pferde. Colour printed illustration after Heinrich Harder from Wilhelm Bolsche’s Tiere der Urwelt (Animals of the Prehistoric World), Reichardt Cocoa company, Hamburg, 1908. Heinrich Harder (1858-1935) was a German landscape artist and book illustrator. Stock Photo

RM2F51BH0–Hypohippus, extinct genus of three-toed horse, Miocene. Dreihufige Ur-Pferde. Colour printed illustration after Heinrich Harder from Wilhelm Bolsche’s Tiere der Urwelt (Animals of the Prehistoric World), Reichardt Cocoa company, Hamburg, 1908. Heinrich Harder (1858-1935) was a German landscape artist and book illustrator.

Parahippus sp, Equidae, Miocene. Artwork by Tracey Annes Sitch. Stock Photo

RMF02FMD–Parahippus sp, Equidae, Miocene. Artwork by Tracey Annes Sitch.

Fossils of the molar teeth of a prehistoric horse from the Miocene period, Teruel, Spain Stock Photo

RMW7MGXT–Fossils of the molar teeth of a prehistoric horse from the Miocene period, Teruel, Spain

Calcite Concretion On Hippopotamus gorgops Bone, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania Miocene Stock Photo

RMDXD81C–Calcite Concretion On Hippopotamus gorgops Bone, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania Miocene

Vintage illustrations of the horse: stages in anatomical evolution. Stock Photo

RF2DJ4HGH–Vintage illustrations of the horse: stages in anatomical evolution.

A typical representation of the successive stages of modification of the feet of extinct forms of horse-like animals, illustrating gradual reduction o Stock Vector

RF2BTGDAB–A typical representation of the successive stages of modification of the feet of extinct forms of horse-like animals, illustrating gradual reduction o

. The chordates. Chordata. 752 Comparative Morphology of Chbrdates. PERISSODACTYL ARTIODACTYL Fig. 564. {Left) Feet of horses. Manus at top, pes at bottom. (A) Eohippiis, a primitive Lower Eocene perissodactyl with four toes in front, three behind. (B) Miohippus, an Oligocene three-toed horse. (C) Merychippm, a late Miocene horse with reduced lateral toes. (D) Eqmis. (A, after Cope; B and C, after Osborn. Courtesy, Romer: "Vertebrate Paleontology," University of Chicago Press.) (Right) Feet of pig. Manus at right, pes at left. The dentition is of the herbivorous type: incisors adapte Stock Photo

RMRJ5WDG–. The chordates. Chordata. 752 Comparative Morphology of Chbrdates. PERISSODACTYL ARTIODACTYL Fig. 564. {Left) Feet of horses. Manus at top, pes at bottom. (A) Eohippiis, a primitive Lower Eocene perissodactyl with four toes in front, three behind. (B) Miohippus, an Oligocene three-toed horse. (C) Merychippm, a late Miocene horse with reduced lateral toes. (D) Eqmis. (A, after Cope; B and C, after Osborn. Courtesy, Romer: "Vertebrate Paleontology," University of Chicago Press.) (Right) Feet of pig. Manus at right, pes at left. The dentition is of the herbivorous type: incisors adapte

Skull of a litoptem (Diadiaphorus robustus). From Patagonia, Argentina. Stock Photo

RMF7PD97–Skull of a litoptem (Diadiaphorus robustus). From Patagonia, Argentina.

A collection of some of the better known mammals that lived during the Cenozoic Era. Stock Photo

RF2E23A49–A collection of some of the better known mammals that lived during the Cenozoic Era.

Skeleton of Hipparion, from the miocene of France, vintage engraved illustration. From the Universe and Humanity, 1910. Stock Photo

RF2C2RW7F–Skeleton of Hipparion, from the miocene of France, vintage engraved illustration. From the Universe and Humanity, 1910.

. Darwinism : an exposition of the theory of natural selection, with some of its applications. Natural selection; Evolution. Darwinism CHAP. Hind- Fore RECENT. Equus. PLIOCENE. Pliohippus. Protohippus (Hippario7i). MIOCENE. Miohippus (Anchitherium). Mesohippus.. EOCENE. Orohippus. Fig. S3.—Geological devclupmeiil ul Llic horse trilte (Eohippus since discovered). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Wallace, Alfre Stock Photo

RMPFGK3K–. Darwinism : an exposition of the theory of natural selection, with some of its applications. Natural selection; Evolution. Darwinism CHAP. Hind- Fore RECENT. Equus. PLIOCENE. Pliohippus. Protohippus (Hippario7i). MIOCENE. Miohippus (Anchitherium). Mesohippus.. EOCENE. Orohippus. Fig. S3.—Geological devclupmeiil ul Llic horse trilte (Eohippus since discovered). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Wallace, Alfre

. FiGUHB 63.—Outline of skull of Dinoceras mirabile. Marsh; with cast of brain-cavity in position- about one. cifcljth natural size. Eocene. Figure et—Outline of skull of Brontotherium ingens, Marsh; with cast of brain-cavity in position; one-tenth natural size. Miocene. Figure 65.—Outline of skull of horse, Equns caballus, Lini.acus; with cast of brain-cavity in position; about one-sixth natural size. Recent. Stock Photo

RMMCMJD8–. FiGUHB 63.—Outline of skull of Dinoceras mirabile. Marsh; with cast of brain-cavity in position- about one. cifcljth natural size. Eocene. Figure et—Outline of skull of Brontotherium ingens, Marsh; with cast of brain-cavity in position; one-tenth natural size. Miocene. Figure 65.—Outline of skull of horse, Equns caballus, Lini.acus; with cast of brain-cavity in position; about one-sixth natural size. Recent.

The ancestral horse Merychippus. Existing toe bones of the forefoot are numbered outward from the centre of the body. Stock Photo

RMBB4NNH–The ancestral horse Merychippus. Existing toe bones of the forefoot are numbered outward from the centre of the body.

RM2T69X6C–Hypohippus, extinct genus of three-toed horse, Miocene. Dreihufige Ur-Pferde. Colour printed illustration after Heinrich Harder from Wilhelm Bolsches Tiere der Urwelt (Animals of the Prehistoric World), Reichardt Cocoa company, Hamburg, 1908. Heinrich Harder (1858-1935) was a German landscape artist and book illustrator.

RFEYDN3X–Macro photograph of fossil.

RMDXD81J–Calcite Concretion On Hippopotamus gorgops Bone, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania Miocene

Vintage illustrations of the Horse: Stages in the evolution of the feet of the horse as revealed by the study of fossil remains. Stock Photo

RF2DJ4HGE–Vintage illustrations of the Horse: Stages in the evolution of the feet of the horse as revealed by the study of fossil remains.

RF2BTGMPH–A typical representation of the successive stages of modification of the feet of extinct forms of horse-like animals, illustrating gradual reduction o

Bulletins of American paleontology . at the horse was notliving upon this continent at the time of its discovery byColumbus. The testimony of the naturalist is, that the horselived upon this continent at a period prior to its discovery,its remains having been found first in tlie miocene, and lastlyin the pliocene, in which period it may have become extinct.Its earliest appearance is in the former; and it appears fromthe discovery of Prof. Holmes, of Charleston, S. C, that itsremains are not uncommon in the latter. Fig. is. Figure 18 represents the crown of the third or fourth molar of the left Stock Photo

RM2AJDJHX–Bulletins of American paleontology . at the horse was notliving upon this continent at the time of its discovery byColumbus. The testimony of the naturalist is, that the horselived upon this continent at a period prior to its discovery,its remains having been found first in tlie miocene, and lastlyin the pliocene, in which period it may have become extinct.Its earliest appearance is in the former; and it appears fromthe discovery of Prof. Holmes, of Charleston, S. C, that itsremains are not uncommon in the latter. Fig. is. Figure 18 represents the crown of the third or fourth molar of the left

. Darwinism; an exposition of the theory of natural selection, with some of its applications. Natural selection; Evolution. 388 DARWINISM CHAP. Hind- Fore- T arf foot. arm. ^ RECENT. Equus. PLIOCENE Pliohippus. Protohippus (Hipparion). MIOCENE. Miohippus (Anchitherium). Mesohippus.. EOCENE. Orohippus. Fig. 33.—Geological development of the horse tribe (Eohippus since discovered).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original wo Stock Photo

RMPFGK3J–. Darwinism; an exposition of the theory of natural selection, with some of its applications. Natural selection; Evolution. 388 DARWINISM CHAP. Hind- Fore- T arf foot. arm. ^ RECENT. Equus. PLIOCENE Pliohippus. Protohippus (Hipparion). MIOCENE. Miohippus (Anchitherium). Mesohippus.. EOCENE. Orohippus. Fig. 33.—Geological development of the horse tribe (Eohippus since discovered).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original wo

RMDXD80R–Calcite Concretion On Hippopotamus gorgops Bone, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania Miocene

The Horse : its treatment in health and disease, with a complete guide to breeding, training and management . 6, Horse. being reduced to a very .slender rudiment. In this animal the ulna(fig. 669) is well developed, but the fibula has become quite rudimentary;the forms of the molar teeth have not undergone very considerablechano-e. In the Miohijjpus, the contemporary of the Anchitherium of Europe,the extremities remain nearly as in the Mesohippus. The ulna has thelower part greatly reduced; the other limb-bones remain nearly thesame. To the Miocene period also belongs the Merychippus, found th Stock Photo

RM2AWP7WE–The Horse : its treatment in health and disease, with a complete guide to breeding, training and management . 6, Horse. being reduced to a very .slender rudiment. In this animal the ulna(fig. 669) is well developed, but the fibula has become quite rudimentary;the forms of the molar teeth have not undergone very considerablechano-e. In the Miohijjpus, the contemporary of the Anchitherium of Europe,the extremities remain nearly as in the Mesohippus. The ulna has thelower part greatly reduced; the other limb-bones remain nearly thesame. To the Miocene period also belongs the Merychippus, found th

. Darwinism : an exposition of the theory of natural selection, with some of its applications. Natural selection; Evolution. 388 DARWINISM Fore foot. Upper molar. Lower molar. RECENT. Equus. PLIOCENE. Pliohippus. Protohippus {Hipparion). MIOCENE. Miohippus (Anchitherium). Mesoliippus.. EOCENE. Orohippus. Fig. 33.—Geological duvelopmeut ot the horse tribe (Eohippus since discovered).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Stock Photo

RMPFGK4R–. Darwinism : an exposition of the theory of natural selection, with some of its applications. Natural selection; Evolution. 388 DARWINISM Fore foot. Upper molar. Lower molar. RECENT. Equus. PLIOCENE. Pliohippus. Protohippus {Hipparion). MIOCENE. Miohippus (Anchitherium). Mesoliippus.. EOCENE. Orohippus. Fig. 33.—Geological duvelopmeut ot the horse tribe (Eohippus since discovered).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original

Bulletins of American paleontology . in thedomestic hog. I obtained it at Washington,P>eaufort county, from the miocene. It is brown,and is partially mineralized by sulphuret of iron.It has the same claim to genuineness as a fossil,as the teeth of the horse already described.The hog was introduced into this country atthe time of its settlement, but as in the case of the horse, itwas peopled by this interesting animal a long time prior toits discovery. It also became extinct, and at its settlementwas supplied again from a foreign country. PROBOSCEDIANS.-—MASTODON GIGANTEIJS. (Fig. 23.) The b Stock Photo

RM2AJDGG8–Bulletins of American paleontology . in thedomestic hog. I obtained it at Washington,P>eaufort county, from the miocene. It is brown,and is partially mineralized by sulphuret of iron.It has the same claim to genuineness as a fossil,as the teeth of the horse already described.The hog was introduced into this country atthe time of its settlement, but as in the case of the horse, itwas peopled by this interesting animal a long time prior toits discovery. It also became extinct, and at its settlementwas supplied again from a foreign country. PROBOSCEDIANS.-—MASTODON GIGANTEIJS. (Fig. 23.) The b

. Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative. Fig. 115.—Foke-Foot of Ancestral Forms of the Horse. 1. Orohippus (Eocene). 2. Mbsohippus (Upper Eocene). 3. Mtohippus (Miocene). 4. Pbotohippds (Upper Pliocene). 5. Phohippus (Uppermost Pliocene). 6. Equhs. in the two last mentioned Orders, but indications of them can be seen even externally in very young embryos of the Porpoise, and rudiments of the thigh and even shank bones occur in the adult in certain Whales (comp. p. 121).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been d Stock Photo

RMPG1RMN–. Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative. Fig. 115.—Foke-Foot of Ancestral Forms of the Horse. 1. Orohippus (Eocene). 2. Mbsohippus (Upper Eocene). 3. Mtohippus (Miocene). 4. Pbotohippds (Upper Pliocene). 5. Phohippus (Uppermost Pliocene). 6. Equhs. in the two last mentioned Orders, but indications of them can be seen even externally in very young embryos of the Porpoise, and rudiments of the thigh and even shank bones occur in the adult in certain Whales (comp. p. 121).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been d

Geology . 5.—An American Miocene Camel, Oxydactylus longipes Peterson, from theLoup Fork beds of Nebraska. (After Peterson.) evolving horse to the open dry plains and their grassy food (Fig. 456).The elimination of the side toes, the lengthening of the limbs, thechange of the joints to the pulley-wheel type, the concentrationof the limb muscles near the body to reduce the weight of the partsmost moved, and the consolidation of the leg bones, were modifica-tions in the interest of combined speed and strength. A correspondingelongation of head and neck was necessary to reach the ground. Thefront Stock Photo

RM2AXGM27–Geology . 5.—An American Miocene Camel, Oxydactylus longipes Peterson, from theLoup Fork beds of Nebraska. (After Peterson.) evolving horse to the open dry plains and their grassy food (Fig. 456).The elimination of the side toes, the lengthening of the limbs, thechange of the joints to the pulley-wheel type, the concentrationof the limb muscles near the body to reduce the weight of the partsmost moved, and the consolidation of the leg bones, were modifica-tions in the interest of combined speed and strength. A correspondingelongation of head and neck was necessary to reach the ground. Thefront

. Points of the horse; a treatise on the conformation, movements, breeds and evolution of the horse. Horses. FiG. 390.—Fore Foot of Rhinoceros (|th real length). Fig. 391.—(4//^r Gaudry.) Left Fore Foot of Acerotherium TetradACTYLUM Qth real length). able ancestor of the rhinoceros, if not of the horse. The Brontotheriwn, which has been found in the Miocene of Colorado, had, like the tapir, four digits on its front feet, and three on its hind ones (Figs. 392 and 393).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - c Stock Photo

RMPFTP0P–. Points of the horse; a treatise on the conformation, movements, breeds and evolution of the horse. Horses. FiG. 390.—Fore Foot of Rhinoceros (|th real length). Fig. 391.—(4//^r Gaudry.) Left Fore Foot of Acerotherium TetradACTYLUM Qth real length). able ancestor of the rhinoceros, if not of the horse. The Brontotheriwn, which has been found in the Miocene of Colorado, had, like the tapir, four digits on its front feet, and three on its hind ones (Figs. 392 and 393).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - c

. The animans and man; an elementary textbook of zoology and human physiology. , the size of the whole animal is ever larger, and theteeth are more and more like horses teeth as we examine thesuccessively younger (more recent) members of the series,until in the rocks of our present epoch we find the bones ofan animal which is essentially identical with the horse as weknow it today. Similar ancestral series have been discovered for thedeer, for certain pond snails, for the ammonites, for manyother kinds of animals, indeed. The first deer in the earlyMiocene had no antlers. In the middle Miocene Stock Photo

RM2AFPDET–. The animans and man; an elementary textbook of zoology and human physiology. , the size of the whole animal is ever larger, and theteeth are more and more like horses teeth as we examine thesuccessively younger (more recent) members of the series,until in the rocks of our present epoch we find the bones ofan animal which is essentially identical with the horse as weknow it today. Similar ancestral series have been discovered for thedeer, for certain pond snails, for the ammonites, for manyother kinds of animals, indeed. The first deer in the earlyMiocene had no antlers. In the middle Miocene

The horse, its treatment in health and disease with a complete guide to breeding, training and management . se. being reduced to a very slender rudiment. In this animal the ulna(fig. 669) is well developed, but the fibula has become quite rudimentary;the forms of the molar teeth have not undergone very considerablechange. In the Miohippus, the contemporary of the Anchitherium of Europe,the extremities remain nearly as in the Mesohippus. The ulna has thelower part greatly reduced; the other limb-bones remain nearly thesame. To the Miocene period also belongs the Merychippus, found throughouta l Stock Photo

RM2AJK162–The horse, its treatment in health and disease with a complete guide to breeding, training and management . se. being reduced to a very slender rudiment. In this animal the ulna(fig. 669) is well developed, but the fibula has become quite rudimentary;the forms of the molar teeth have not undergone very considerablechange. In the Miohippus, the contemporary of the Anchitherium of Europe,the extremities remain nearly as in the Mesohippus. The ulna has thelower part greatly reduced; the other limb-bones remain nearly thesame. To the Miocene period also belongs the Merychippus, found throughouta l

Evolution; its nature, its evidences, and its relation to religious thought . -A, brain of extinct Ichthyornis;B, modern tern. 170 EVIDENCES OF THE TRUTH OF EVOLUTION.. Fig. 58.—a, brain of Eocene dinoceras ; b, Miocene brontothere; c, modera horse. PROOFS FROM EMBRYOLOGY. 171 Cephalization.—Thus, in going up the phylogenic,the taxonomic, or the ontogenic series, we find a gradualprocess of development headward, brainward, cerebrum-ward ; or, more generally, we might say that in all or-ganic evolution we find an increasing dominance of thehigher over the lower, and of the highest over all. For Stock Photo

RM2AJHYHM–Evolution; its nature, its evidences, and its relation to religious thought . -A, brain of extinct Ichthyornis;B, modern tern. 170 EVIDENCES OF THE TRUTH OF EVOLUTION.. Fig. 58.—a, brain of Eocene dinoceras ; b, Miocene brontothere; c, modera horse. PROOFS FROM EMBRYOLOGY. 171 Cephalization.—Thus, in going up the phylogenic,the taxonomic, or the ontogenic series, we find a gradualprocess of development headward, brainward, cerebrum-ward ; or, more generally, we might say that in all or-ganic evolution we find an increasing dominance of thehigher over the lower, and of the highest over all. For

Fishes . the streams of the islands ofPolynesia. In general, the more northerly species have thegreater number of vertebrse and of bony rings. Tiphle tiphleis a large pipefish of the Mediterranean. This species waspreceded by Tiphle albyi {Siphonostoma) in the Miocene ofSicily. Other pipefishes, referred to as Syngnathus and Cala-inostoma, are found as fossils in Tertiary rocks. The Sea-horses: Hippocampus.—Both fossil and recent formsconstitute a direct line of connection from the pipe-fishes to thesea-horses. In the latter the head has the form of the headof a horse. It is bent at right angl Stock Photo

RM2AX09YN–Fishes . the streams of the islands ofPolynesia. In general, the more northerly species have thegreater number of vertebrse and of bony rings. Tiphle tiphleis a large pipefish of the Mediterranean. This species waspreceded by Tiphle albyi {Siphonostoma) in the Miocene ofSicily. Other pipefishes, referred to as Syngnathus and Cala-inostoma, are found as fossils in Tertiary rocks. The Sea-horses: Hippocampus.—Both fossil and recent formsconstitute a direct line of connection from the pipe-fishes to thesea-horses. In the latter the head has the form of the headof a horse. It is bent at right angl

. The Bible and science. Fig. 178.—Mosohippus. In the earlier part of the Miocene period we findthe Mesohippus, which has the radius and ulna entire,and the tibia and fibula distinct. It has three digitson the fore-foot, and the rudiment of a fourth, and theteeth are simpler still. RESEMBLANCE OF THESE TO THE TAPIR. 325 On going back still further, to the Eocene period,we find the oldest form of the horse known—theOrohippus. In it we have a well-developed ulna andfibula, four complete toes in the fore-foot, and threein the hind, and simple teeth with double fangs. Here, then,. we find distinct Stock Photo

RM2AFJ90M–. The Bible and science. Fig. 178.—Mosohippus. In the earlier part of the Miocene period we findthe Mesohippus, which has the radius and ulna entire,and the tibia and fibula distinct. It has three digitson the fore-foot, and the rudiment of a fourth, and theteeth are simpler still. RESEMBLANCE OF THESE TO THE TAPIR. 325 On going back still further, to the Eocene period,we find the oldest form of the horse known—theOrohippus. In it we have a well-developed ulna andfibula, four complete toes in the fore-foot, and threein the hind, and simple teeth with double fangs. Here, then,. we find distinct

Annals of medical history . FiO. 9. Two views of the mandible of a three-toed horse, MerycbippuS campestris, from the Miocene, aboutone and one-half million yean old. The figures show in the absorbed alveolar margins pathological processessimilar to alveolar pyorrhea of the present day. A left premolar shows evidences of caries, and the swelling inthe left ramus, so evident in the right-hand figure, is indicative of a fistula, possibly indicating the presence ofactinomycosis in the early stages. (Courtesy of Dr. . I). Mather I Studies in Paleopathology 385 Stock Photo

RM2AN37TJ–Annals of medical history . FiO. 9. Two views of the mandible of a three-toed horse, MerycbippuS campestris, from the Miocene, aboutone and one-half million yean old. The figures show in the absorbed alveolar margins pathological processessimilar to alveolar pyorrhea of the present day. A left premolar shows evidences of caries, and the swelling inthe left ramus, so evident in the right-hand figure, is indicative of a fistula, possibly indicating the presence ofactinomycosis in the early stages. (Courtesy of Dr. . I). Mather I Studies in Paleopathology 385

RM2AN3799–Annals of medical history . FiO. 9. Two views of the mandible of a three-toed horse, MerycbippuS campestris, from the Miocene, aboutone and one-half million yean old. The figures show in the absorbed alveolar margins pathological processessimilar to alveolar pyorrhea of the present day. A left premolar shows evidences of caries, and the swelling inthe left ramus, so evident in the right-hand figure, is indicative of a fistula, possibly indicating the presence ofactinomycosis in the early stages. (Courtesy of Dr. . I). Mather I Studies in Paleopathology 385.

. The Bible and science. Fig. 176.—Protohippus (Hipparion). on both the fore- and hind feet a distinct digit ateither side of the large middle one, in place of thesmall splint-bones of the horse. These toes, however,though distinct, were too small to be of much use. Y 2 324 INCREASING UNLIKENESS OF EARLY FORMS. On going back to the Miocene period, we find inthe Miohippus that the toes are large enough for theanimal to have rested upon them. The ulna in the fore- hind- foot, foot. fore-arm, leg.. Fig. 177.—Miocene Miohippus (Anchitherium). fore-arm is distinguishable in its whole length fromthe Stock Photo

RM2AFJ9WT–. The Bible and science. Fig. 176.—Protohippus (Hipparion). on both the fore- and hind feet a distinct digit ateither side of the large middle one, in place of thesmall splint-bones of the horse. These toes, however,though distinct, were too small to be of much use. Y 2 324 INCREASING UNLIKENESS OF EARLY FORMS. On going back to the Miocene period, we find inthe Miohippus that the toes are large enough for theanimal to have rested upon them. The ulna in the fore- hind- foot, foot. fore-arm, leg.. Fig. 177.—Miocene Miohippus (Anchitherium). fore-arm is distinguishable in its whole length fromthe

Geology . Fig. 430.—Comparison of brains. Eocene brains: a, Coryphodon hamatus; 6,Tinoceras pugnax. Miocene brains: c, Eporeodon sociates; d, Elotherium crassum.Pliocene brain: e, Platygonus compressus. Modern brain: /, Auchenia vicugna.(After Marsh.) out of use and were atrophied. The first class reached its extreme typeat length in the horse, and the second in our cloven-hoofed cattle. Butthese perfected types were not attained in this period, which only wit-nessed the initial divergence. The original five spreading toes were notso advantageous on hard, grassy ground as a strong, concentrate Stock Photo

RM2AXH05R–Geology . Fig. 430.—Comparison of brains. Eocene brains: a, Coryphodon hamatus; 6,Tinoceras pugnax. Miocene brains: c, Eporeodon sociates; d, Elotherium crassum.Pliocene brain: e, Platygonus compressus. Modern brain: /, Auchenia vicugna.(After Marsh.) out of use and were atrophied. The first class reached its extreme typeat length in the horse, and the second in our cloven-hoofed cattle. Butthese perfected types were not attained in this period, which only wit-nessed the initial divergence. The original five spreading toes were notso advantageous on hard, grassy ground as a strong, concentrate

. The horse and its relatives . f. The Ancestors of the Horse and its Relatives compared in size AND FORM with THEIR TYPICAL MODERN REPRESENTATIVE a, Hyracotheriuvi of the Lower Eocene ; b, Plagiolophus, or Orohippus,of the Middle Eocene ; c, Mesohippus, of the Oligocene ; d, Merychippus, ofthe Miocene ; e, Pliohippus, of the Pliocene ; /, the Horse, Equus caballus. THE FORERUNNERS OF THE HORSE 241 period to the horse of the present day—in otherwords, what was the length of the Tertiaryperiod, or age of mammals—is a question whichmust occur to all. To answer that question withany approach to c Stock Photo

RM2CE5K8P–. The horse and its relatives . f. The Ancestors of the Horse and its Relatives compared in size AND FORM with THEIR TYPICAL MODERN REPRESENTATIVE a, Hyracotheriuvi of the Lower Eocene ; b, Plagiolophus, or Orohippus,of the Middle Eocene ; c, Mesohippus, of the Oligocene ; d, Merychippus, ofthe Miocene ; e, Pliohippus, of the Pliocene ; /, the Horse, Equus caballus. THE FORERUNNERS OF THE HORSE 241 period to the horse of the present day—in otherwords, what was the length of the Tertiaryperiod, or age of mammals—is a question whichmust occur to all. To answer that question withany approach to c

. The horse and its relatives . erfect toes, so that Protohipptcswas a three-toed animal. The typical species ofthe genus stood only 9 hands at the shoulder. Certain equine remains from the Miocene ofRussia have been referred to Protohippus by MadamPavlow, but, as the author herself admits, they aretoo imperfect for definite generic determination. The aforesaid North American Miocene genusMerychippus is the last of the genera in the directline of Equus which have the socket of the eye Bulletin de Society des Naturalisies de Moscou, 1903, p. 173. THE FORERUNNERS OF THE HORSE 255 surrounded by a Stock Photo

RM2CE5K77–. The horse and its relatives . erfect toes, so that Protohipptcswas a three-toed animal. The typical species ofthe genus stood only 9 hands at the shoulder. Certain equine remains from the Miocene ofRussia have been referred to Protohippus by MadamPavlow, but, as the author herself admits, they aretoo imperfect for definite generic determination. The aforesaid North American Miocene genusMerychippus is the last of the genera in the directline of Equus which have the socket of the eye Bulletin de Society des Naturalisies de Moscou, 1903, p. 173. THE FORERUNNERS OF THE HORSE 255 surrounded by a

. Evolution; its nature, its evidences, and its relation to religious thought . 170 EVIDENCES OF THE TRUTH OF EVOLUTION.. Fig. 58.—a, brain of Eocene dinoceras ; b, Miocene brontothere ; c, mod-ern horse. PROOFS FROM EMBRYOLOGY. 171 Cephalization.—Tims, in going up the phylogenic,the taxonomic, or the ontogenic scries, we find a gradualprocess of developmenl headward, brainward, cerebrum-ward ; or, more generally, we might say that in all or-gan io evolution we find an increasing dominance of thehigher over the lower, and of the highest over all. Forexample, in the lowest plane of either serie Stock Photo

RM2CHG12G–. Evolution; its nature, its evidences, and its relation to religious thought . 170 EVIDENCES OF THE TRUTH OF EVOLUTION.. Fig. 58.—a, brain of Eocene dinoceras ; b, Miocene brontothere ; c, mod-ern horse. PROOFS FROM EMBRYOLOGY. 171 Cephalization.—Tims, in going up the phylogenic,the taxonomic, or the ontogenic scries, we find a gradualprocess of developmenl headward, brainward, cerebrum-ward ; or, more generally, we might say that in all or-gan io evolution we find an increasing dominance of thehigher over the lower, and of the highest over all. Forexample, in the lowest plane of either serie

. Evolution and its relation to religious thought . 152 EVIDENCES OF THE TRUTH OF EVOLUTIONo. Fig. 58.—a, brain of Eocene diuoceras ; b, Miocene broutothere ; c, mod-ern horse. PROOFS FROM EMBRYOLOGY. I53 Cephalization.—Thus, in going up the phylogenic,the taxoiiomic, or the ontogenic series, we find a gradualprocess of development headward, brainward, cerebrum-ward ; or, more generally, we might say that in all or-ganic evolution we find an increasing dominance of thehigher oyer the lower, and of the highest over all. Forexample, in the lowest plane of either series we find firstthe different Stock Photo

RM2CH0YGB–. Evolution and its relation to religious thought . 152 EVIDENCES OF THE TRUTH OF EVOLUTIONo. Fig. 58.—a, brain of Eocene diuoceras ; b, Miocene broutothere ; c, mod-ern horse. PROOFS FROM EMBRYOLOGY. I53 Cephalization.—Thus, in going up the phylogenic,the taxoiiomic, or the ontogenic series, we find a gradualprocess of development headward, brainward, cerebrum-ward ; or, more generally, we might say that in all or-ganic evolution we find an increasing dominance of thehigher oyer the lower, and of the highest over all. Forexample, in the lowest plane of either series we find firstthe different

. Evolution and animal life; an elementary discussion of facts, processes, laws and theories relating to the life and evolution of animals . FIG. 111.—Foot changes in evolution ofthe horse: a, Equus, Quaternary (re-cent) ; b, Pliohippus, Pliocene; c, Pro-tohippus, Lower Pliocene; d, Miohip-pus, Miocene; e, Mesohippus, LowerMiocene; /, Orohippus, Eocene. (AfterFIG. 254 of Animal Studies.) 178 EVOLUTION AND ANIMAL LIFE ments or splints. This animal differs from the present horsesomewhat in skull, shape of hoof, length of teeth, and otherminor details. Lastly came the present horse, Equus, with t Stock Photo

RM2CDA3XJ–. Evolution and animal life; an elementary discussion of facts, processes, laws and theories relating to the life and evolution of animals . FIG. 111.—Foot changes in evolution ofthe horse: a, Equus, Quaternary (re-cent) ; b, Pliohippus, Pliocene; c, Pro-tohippus, Lower Pliocene; d, Miohip-pus, Miocene; e, Mesohippus, LowerMiocene; /, Orohippus, Eocene. (AfterFIG. 254 of Animal Studies.) 178 EVOLUTION AND ANIMAL LIFE ments or splints. This animal differs from the present horsesomewhat in skull, shape of hoof, length of teeth, and otherminor details. Lastly came the present horse, Equus, with t

. The ancient life-history of the earth; a comprehensive outline of the principles and leading facts of palæontological science. Paleontology. 3i6 HISTORICAL PALEONTOLOGY. The family of the Tapirs is represented, both in the Old and New Worlds, by species of the genus Lophiodon^ some of which were quite diminutive in point of size, whilst others attained the dimensions of a horse. Nearly allied to this family, also, is the singular group of quadrupeds which Marsh has described from the Miocene strata of the United States under the name of Brontotheridce. These extraordinary ani- mals, typified Stock Photo

RMRN5XNN–. The ancient life-history of the earth; a comprehensive outline of the principles and leading facts of palæontological science. Paleontology. 3i6 HISTORICAL PALEONTOLOGY. The family of the Tapirs is represented, both in the Old and New Worlds, by species of the genus Lophiodon^ some of which were quite diminutive in point of size, whilst others attained the dimensions of a horse. Nearly allied to this family, also, is the singular group of quadrupeds which Marsh has described from the Miocene strata of the United States under the name of Brontotheridce. These extraordinary ani- mals, typified

RMRD3YE7–. Darwinism; an exposition of the theory of natural selection, with some of its applications. Natural selection; Evolution. 388 DARWINISM CHAP. Hind- Fore- T arf foot. arm. ^ RECENT. Equus. PLIOCENE Pliohippus. Protohippus (Hipparion). MIOCENE. Miohippus (Anchitherium). Mesohippus.. EOCENE. Orohippus. Fig. 33.—Geological development of the horse tribe (Eohippus since discovered).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original wo

RMRD3YKB–. Darwinism : an exposition of the theory of natural selection, with some of its applications. Natural selection; Evolution. 388 DARWINISM Fore foot. Upper molar. Lower molar. RECENT. Equus. PLIOCENE. Pliohippus. Protohippus {Hipparion). MIOCENE. Miohippus (Anchitherium). Mesoliippus.. EOCENE. Orohippus. Fig. 33.—Geological duvelopmeut ot the horse tribe (Eohippus since discovered).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original

. Outlines of natural theology for the use of the Canadian student [microform] : selected and arranged from the most authentic sources. Natural history; Natural theology; Sciences naturelles; Théologie naturelle. MACACUS (of present time.) the same author, the general position and distribu- tion of the fossil remains of the genus equus, or horse, we find that this very remarkable and most useful form of pachyderm made its first appearance with the rhinoceros, during the miocene tertiary period of geology. From the peculiar and well- marked specific distinction of the primordial or short- legge Stock Photo

RMRET7FB–. Outlines of natural theology for the use of the Canadian student [microform] : selected and arranged from the most authentic sources. Natural history; Natural theology; Sciences naturelles; Théologie naturelle. MACACUS (of present time.) the same author, the general position and distribu- tion of the fossil remains of the genus equus, or horse, we find that this very remarkable and most useful form of pachyderm made its first appearance with the rhinoceros, during the miocene tertiary period of geology. From the peculiar and well- marked specific distinction of the primordial or short- legge

. The ancient life-history of the earth; a comprehensive outline of the principles and leading facts of palaeontological science. Paleontology. 3l6 HISTORICAL PALEONTOLOGY. The family of the Tapirs is represented, both in the Old and New Worlds, by species of the genus Lophiodon, some of which were quite diminutive in point of size, whilst others attained the dimensions of a horse. Nearly allied to this family, also, is the singular group of quadrupeds which Marsh has described from the Miocene strata of the United States under the name of BrontotheridcB. These extraordinary ani- mals, typifie Stock Photo

RMRN5XPC–. The ancient life-history of the earth; a comprehensive outline of the principles and leading facts of palaeontological science. Paleontology. 3l6 HISTORICAL PALEONTOLOGY. The family of the Tapirs is represented, both in the Old and New Worlds, by species of the genus Lophiodon, some of which were quite diminutive in point of size, whilst others attained the dimensions of a horse. Nearly allied to this family, also, is the singular group of quadrupeds which Marsh has described from the Miocene strata of the United States under the name of BrontotheridcB. These extraordinary ani- mals, typifie

. The rise of the mammalia in North America [microform]. Mammals, Fossil; Mammals; Mammifères fossiles; Mammifères. A B The Limits of VariaAon. A, Merychipfus. B, Acemtherlum. Showing the secondary enamel fokUnss of the crests arising from the centres of the ancestral cones. horse and rhinoceros molars, led me to the discovery that these cmbrvonic primitive cones are also the main growth centers, for, in the upper Miocene, long after the perissoda^iyla have separated from each other, wc see the influence of the arche- typal form in the generic and specific variations of the molars. Compare the Stock Photo

RMRJ0J8B–. The rise of the mammalia in North America [microform]. Mammals, Fossil; Mammals; Mammifères fossiles; Mammifères. A B The Limits of VariaAon. A, Merychipfus. B, Acemtherlum. Showing the secondary enamel fokUnss of the crests arising from the centres of the ancestral cones. horse and rhinoceros molars, led me to the discovery that these cmbrvonic primitive cones are also the main growth centers, for, in the upper Miocene, long after the perissoda^iyla have separated from each other, wc see the influence of the arche- typal form in the generic and specific variations of the molars. Compare the

. The age of mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology. THE MIOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA 293 appears in the valleys. Of these several phyla of horses the Hypohippus is closest to the Middle Miocene Anchitheriuni of Europe; in fact, it was believed by Scott ^ to belong to this genus. Widely distinguished by its elongate or sub-hypsodont molar teeth is the plains-living, probably grass- eating horse Mery- chippus of Colorado, certain species of which lead into the true equines or Hip- potheriinae. The tapirs are still sparingly represented in the rema Stock Photo

RMRR1MEG–. The age of mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology. THE MIOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA 293 appears in the valleys. Of these several phyla of horses the Hypohippus is closest to the Middle Miocene Anchitheriuni of Europe; in fact, it was believed by Scott ^ to belong to this genus. Widely distinguished by its elongate or sub-hypsodont molar teeth is the plains-living, probably grass- eating horse Mery- chippus of Colorado, certain species of which lead into the true equines or Hip- potheriinae. The tapirs are still sparingly represented in the rema

. Bulletin of the Department of Geology. Geology. 6 University of California Publications in Geology [Vol.9 HIPPARION CONDONI, n. sp. In the collections of Professor Thomas Condon, formerly of the University of Oregon, there are two specimens representing a proto- hippine horse of Hipparion type obtained from sedimentary deposits of eastern Washington. The Ellensburg formation, in which these remains were found, has generally been considered as Miocene on the basis of its flora and is commonly correlated with the middle Miocene Mascall formation of the John Day basin in eastern Oregon. The mat Stock Photo

RMRGH065–. Bulletin of the Department of Geology. Geology. 6 University of California Publications in Geology [Vol.9 HIPPARION CONDONI, n. sp. In the collections of Professor Thomas Condon, formerly of the University of Oregon, there are two specimens representing a proto- hippine horse of Hipparion type obtained from sedimentary deposits of eastern Washington. The Ellensburg formation, in which these remains were found, has generally been considered as Miocene on the basis of its flora and is commonly correlated with the middle Miocene Mascall formation of the John Day basin in eastern Oregon. The mat

. The age of mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology. 358 THE AGE OF MAMMALS specimens of the following species of Pliocene mammals are supposed to have been derived from the Rattlesnake beds: Neohipparion occidentalis Leidy. Neohipparion sinclairi Wortman. fPlatygonus rex Marsh. To these should be added, from specimens in the University of California collection, a horse referred to Pliohippus supremus Leidy, also some remains of rhinoceroses which are specifically indeterminate, a large suilline form,. Fig. 163. — Miocene exposures near mouth of Rattlesnake Cr Stock Photo

RMRR1M74–. The age of mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology. 358 THE AGE OF MAMMALS specimens of the following species of Pliocene mammals are supposed to have been derived from the Rattlesnake beds: Neohipparion occidentalis Leidy. Neohipparion sinclairi Wortman. fPlatygonus rex Marsh. To these should be added, from specimens in the University of California collection, a horse referred to Pliohippus supremus Leidy, also some remains of rhinoceroses which are specifically indeterminate, a large suilline form,. Fig. 163. — Miocene exposures near mouth of Rattlesnake Cr

. The age of mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology. THE MIOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA 243. Fig. 123. — Type of the Upper Miocene ' Hipparion Fauna' of the New and Old Worlds. Neohipparion, the liKht-limbcd dpscrt-livinp; horse of the Upper Miocene of North America. Above : Skeleton of Neohipparion whitncip'. lielow : Restoration of the same by Charles R. Knight. B|i(th in the American Museum of Natural History. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloratio Stock Photo

RMRR1MW0–. The age of mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology. THE MIOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA 243. Fig. 123. — Type of the Upper Miocene ' Hipparion Fauna' of the New and Old Worlds. Neohipparion, the liKht-limbcd dpscrt-livinp; horse of the Upper Miocene of North America. Above : Skeleton of Neohipparion whitncip'. lielow : Restoration of the same by Charles R. Knight. B|i(th in the American Museum of Natural History. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloratio

$. The ancient life-history of the earth; a comprehensive outline of the principles and leading facts of palaeontological science. Paleontology. 302 HISTORICAL PALEONTOLOGY. developed that they now reach the ground. The first digit (thumb or great toe) is still wanting ; as also is the fifth digit. Fig. 230.—Skeleton of the foot in various forms belonging to the family of the Eq^iidcF. A, Foot of 07-ohippiis, Eocene ; B, Foot of Anckitheriujii, Upper Eocene and Lower ^Miocene ; C, Foot of HiJ>J>arion, Upper Miocene and Pliocene ; D, Foot of Horse {Eqjiiis), Pliocene and Recent. The figure Stock Photo$

RMRN6TGD–. The ancient life-history of the earth; a comprehensive outline of the principles and leading facts of palaeontological science. Paleontology. 302 HISTORICAL PALEONTOLOGY. developed that they now reach the ground. The first digit (thumb or great toe) is still wanting ; as also is the fifth digit. Fig. 230.—Skeleton of the foot in various forms belonging to the family of the Eq^iidcF. A, Foot of 07-ohippiis, Eocene ; B, Foot of Anckitheriujii, Upper Eocene and Lower ^Miocene ; C, Foot of HiJ>J>arion, Upper Miocene and Pliocene ; D, Foot of Horse {Eqjiiis), Pliocene and Recent. The figure

. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. HIPPARION FROM LANGEBAANWEG, CAPE PROVINCE 325 difficult to deny that there is in North America, in Asia and in Europe constant and repeated indications of the appearance of Hipparion in the Upper Miocene (fig- 9). GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF Hipparion TEETH UPPER DENTITION The pattern of horse teeth has been described many times and detailed structures have been extensively discussed in previous publications. The distinctive characters of horse teeth that have been described are based on the original des Stock Photo

RMRMN9J9–. Annals of the South African Museum = Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. Natural history. HIPPARION FROM LANGEBAANWEG, CAPE PROVINCE 325 difficult to deny that there is in North America, in Asia and in Europe constant and repeated indications of the appearance of Hipparion in the Upper Miocene (fig- 9). GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF Hipparion TEETH UPPER DENTITION The pattern of horse teeth has been described many times and detailed structures have been extensively discussed in previous publications. The distinctive characters of horse teeth that have been described are based on the original des

. The chain of life in geological time [microform] : a sketch of the origin and succession of animals and plants. Paleontology; Paleobotany; Paléontologie; Paléobotanique. Fig. 174.—Fore.fojt of Dinoceras. Greatly reduced.—After Marsh. ungulate {Eohippus), of the stature of a moderately-sized dog. It has four toes and a rudiment of a fifth in front, and three. Fig. 175.—Skull of Brontotherium ingens (Marsh). Greatly reduced. A Miocene Perissodactyl. toes behind; and has teeth slightly resembling those of the horse, but more simple and shorter in the crown. In this creature it has been supposed Stock Photo

RMRJ6T3R–. The chain of life in geological time [microform] : a sketch of the origin and succession of animals and plants. Paleontology; Paleobotany; Paléontologie; Paléobotanique. Fig. 174.—Fore.fojt of Dinoceras. Greatly reduced.—After Marsh. ungulate {Eohippus), of the stature of a moderately-sized dog. It has four toes and a rudiment of a fifth in front, and three. Fig. 175.—Skull of Brontotherium ingens (Marsh). Greatly reduced. A Miocene Perissodactyl. toes behind; and has teeth slightly resembling those of the horse, but more simple and shorter in the crown. In this creature it has been supposed

. The ancient life-history of the earth; a comprehensive outline of the principles and leading facts of palæontological science. Paleontology. Fig. 230.—Skeleton of the foot in various forms belonging to the family of the Equidcp. A, Foot of Orohipp7is, Eocene ; B, Foot of Anchitheruun, Upper Eocene and Lower Miocene ; C, Foot of Hipparion, Upper Miocene and Pliocene ; D, Foot of Horse {Eqiais), Pliocene and Recent. The figures indicate the numbers of the digits in the typical five-fingered hand of Mammals. (After INIarsh.) (little finger or little toe). Lastly, the Eocene rocks have yielded i Stock Photo

RMRN6TFA–. The ancient life-history of the earth; a comprehensive outline of the principles and leading facts of palæontological science. Paleontology. Fig. 230.—Skeleton of the foot in various forms belonging to the family of the Equidcp. A, Foot of Orohipp7is, Eocene ; B, Foot of Anchitheruun, Upper Eocene and Lower Miocene ; C, Foot of Hipparion, Upper Miocene and Pliocene ; D, Foot of Horse {Eqiais), Pliocene and Recent. The figures indicate the numbers of the digits in the typical five-fingered hand of Mammals. (After INIarsh.) (little finger or little toe). Lastly, the Eocene rocks have yielded i

. Annals of the South African Museum. Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. HIPPARION FROM LANGEBAANWEG, CAPE PROVINCE 325 difficult to deny that there is in North America, in Asia and in Europe constant and repeated indications of the appearance of Hipparion in the Upper Miocene (fig- 9)- GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF Hipparion TEETH UPPER DENTITION The pattern of horse teeth has been described many times and detailed structures have been extensively discussed in previous publications. The distinctive characters of horse teeth that have been described are based on the original description proposed Stock Photo

RMRMJ0WR–. Annals of the South African Museum. Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. HIPPARION FROM LANGEBAANWEG, CAPE PROVINCE 325 difficult to deny that there is in North America, in Asia and in Europe constant and repeated indications of the appearance of Hipparion in the Upper Miocene (fig- 9)- GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF Hipparion TEETH UPPER DENTITION The pattern of horse teeth has been described many times and detailed structures have been extensively discussed in previous publications. The distinctive characters of horse teeth that have been described are based on the original description proposed

. Science from an easy chair; a second series. Science; Natural history. ANCESTRAL MAMMALS 137 Tertiaries, and before the chalk. But the recent horse, the recent elephant, the giraffe, the lions, bears, and others, are bigger—some much bigger—than the ancestral forms, to which we can trace them by the wonderfully preserved and wonderfully collected and worked-out fossilised bones dis- covered in the successive layers of the Pliocene, Miocene,. Fig. 14.—Skeleton of the Indian elepkant. Only four toes are visible, the fifth concealed owing to the view from the side. and Eocene strata, leading us Stock Photo

RMRDNWA5–. Science from an easy chair; a second series. Science; Natural history. ANCESTRAL MAMMALS 137 Tertiaries, and before the chalk. But the recent horse, the recent elephant, the giraffe, the lions, bears, and others, are bigger—some much bigger—than the ancestral forms, to which we can trace them by the wonderfully preserved and wonderfully collected and worked-out fossilised bones dis- covered in the successive layers of the Pliocene, Miocene,. Fig. 14.—Skeleton of the Indian elepkant. Only four toes are visible, the fifth concealed owing to the view from the side. and Eocene strata, leading us

. College collection of palaeontology. 18 vertf:brata. The two plans of foot structure are found in the Tertiary with both kinds of dentition, but no species survive witli the "inadaptive" plan. The Camels and Llamas diverged from the primitive stock in the Eocene, and became in the Pliocene the most abundant of the larger animals, except the Horse family. The hollow-horned rumi- nants appeared in Europe in the Miocene, but have not been found in America earlier than the Pliocene. The true Sheep, Goats, Giraffe, Hippopotamus, and Old World Suillines {Stts, Porous, Phacochoerus), have Stock Photo

RMREGTME–. College collection of palaeontology. 18 vertf:brata. The two plans of foot structure are found in the Tertiary with both kinds of dentition, but no species survive witli the "inadaptive" plan. The Camels and Llamas diverged from the primitive stock in the Eocene, and became in the Pliocene the most abundant of the larger animals, except the Horse family. The hollow-horned rumi- nants appeared in Europe in the Miocene, but have not been found in America earlier than the Pliocene. The true Sheep, Goats, Giraffe, Hippopotamus, and Old World Suillines {Stts, Porous, Phacochoerus), have

RMRDFX76–. Elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Anatomy, Comparative. Fig. 115.—Foke-Foot of Ancestral Forms of the Horse. 1. Orohippus (Eocene). 2. Mbsohippus (Upper Eocene). 3. Mtohippus (Miocene). 4. Pbotohippds (Upper Pliocene). 5. Phohippus (Uppermost Pliocene). 6. Equhs. in the two last mentioned Orders, but indications of them can be seen even externally in very young embryos of the Porpoise, and rudiments of the thigh and even shank bones occur in the adult in certain Whales (comp. p. 121).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been d

$. Bulletins of American paleontology. Amer.-European Miocene Lamellibranchs: Mongin 311. Text-fig. 5. Lyropecten estrellauns (Conrad). Wild Horse Canyon, Calif. Miocene. Coll. USNM 3586. Hinge shows three teeth in the left valve and two in the right, a triangular fold inside the pit of the chondrophore. nodules on the ribs, and the palHal margin is waved. This is not the case with C. )}}adisouia which, therefore, is not a Kodipecten^ contrary to the opinion of paleontologists. This species can no longer be likened to the subgenus Gigantopecten Rovereto, 1899 {Macrochlam^i 'iz.cco^ 1897) widely Stock Photo$

RMRG9TMM–. Bulletins of American paleontology. Amer.-European Miocene Lamellibranchs: Mongin 311. Text-fig. 5. Lyropecten estrellauns (Conrad). Wild Horse Canyon, Calif. Miocene. Coll. USNM 3586. Hinge shows three teeth in the left valve and two in the right, a triangular fold inside the pit of the chondrophore. nodules on the ribs, and the palHal margin is waved. This is not the case with C. )}}adisouia which, therefore, is not a Kodipecten^ contrary to the opinion of paleontologists. This species can no longer be likened to the subgenus Gigantopecten Rovereto, 1899 {Macrochlam^i 'iz.cco^ 1897) widely

RMRD71Y7–. Points of the horse; a treatise on the conformation, movements, breeds and evolution of the horse. Horses. FiG. 390.—Fore Foot of Rhinoceros (|th real length). Fig. 391.—(4//^r Gaudry.) Left Fore Foot of Acerotherium TetradACTYLUM Qth real length). able ancestor of the rhinoceros, if not of the horse. The Brontotheriwn, which has been found in the Miocene of Colorado, had, like the tapir, four digits on its front feet, and three on its hind ones (Figs. 392 and 393).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - c

. The animals and man; an elementary textbook of zoology and human physiology. Zoology; Physiology. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 265 size of a coyote, and with three toes on all its feet; through Proiohippus and certain other kinds of the Middle Miocene, about as large as Shetland ponies and with three toes on all feet but with the side toes not touching the ground; to Equus, which first appeared in the Pleistocene with only one developed toe and splints of the 2d and 4th on each foot.. i'lG. 139. Restoration of the lour-toed horse; based on a mounted skeleton, 16 inches high, in the American Museum o Stock Photo

RMRDT3AE–. The animals and man; an elementary textbook of zoology and human physiology. Zoology; Physiology. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS 265 size of a coyote, and with three toes on all its feet; through Proiohippus and certain other kinds of the Middle Miocene, about as large as Shetland ponies and with three toes on all feet but with the side toes not touching the ground; to Equus, which first appeared in the Pleistocene with only one developed toe and splints of the 2d and 4th on each foot.. i'lG. 139. Restoration of the lour-toed horse; based on a mounted skeleton, 16 inches high, in the American Museum o

. The age of mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology. 56 THE AGE OF MAMMALS. Fig. 12.—The imbedding of skelituu.s in ituiiim, ur wind-drift depo!>it». Aljue : Recent times. Partially imbedded skeleton of an ox on the plains of South Dakota. Below : Miocene times. - Partially exhumed skeleton of the fossil forest horse, Hypohippus, on the plains of Colorado. The chief kinds of mammal-bearing rocks, that is, sorted as to mineral composition, are as follows: 1. Conglomerates {"Conglojnerats," " Konglomerate"). Composed of weather- worn pebb Stock Photo

RMRR1TR0–. The age of mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology. 56 THE AGE OF MAMMALS. Fig. 12.—The imbedding of skelituu.s in ituiiim, ur wind-drift depo!>it». Aljue : Recent times. Partially imbedded skeleton of an ox on the plains of South Dakota. Below : Miocene times. - Partially exhumed skeleton of the fossil forest horse, Hypohippus, on the plains of Colorado. The chief kinds of mammal-bearing rocks, that is, sorted as to mineral composition, are as follows: 1. Conglomerates {"Conglojnerats," " Konglomerate"). Composed of weather- worn pebb

$. The chain of life in geological time [microform] : a sketch of the origin and succession of animals and plants. Paleontology; Paleobotany; Paléontologie; Paléobotanique. 2l8 THE CHAIN OF LIFE. of the modern horse. A very similar genus {Orohippus)^ lacking only the fifth rudimentary toe, replaces Eohippus in the Middle Eocene. Mesohippus of the Lower Miocene is as large as a sheep, and has only three toes on the fore-foot and a splint bone, while its teeth assume a more equine character (Fig. 17b). In the Upper Miocene Miohippus continues the line, while Protohippus of the Lower Pliocene is s Stock Photo$

RMRJ6T35–. The chain of life in geological time [microform] : a sketch of the origin and succession of animals and plants. Paleontology; Paleobotany; Paléontologie; Paléobotanique. 2l8 THE CHAIN OF LIFE. of the modern horse. A very similar genus {Orohippus)^ lacking only the fifth rudimentary toe, replaces Eohippus in the Middle Eocene. Mesohippus of the Lower Miocene is as large as a sheep, and has only three toes on the fore-foot and a splint bone, while its teeth assume a more equine character (Fig. 17b). In the Upper Miocene Miohippus continues the line, while Protohippus of the Lower Pliocene is s

. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. Geology. Figure 1.—Glaciated Pebble of Hornblendic Gbanitite Taken from basal boulder bed of the older Pleistocene (Columbia) in Gay Head cliffV Locality 3100, of section in plate 9, volume 1, of this Bulletin. Figure • '.—Partial View of Inferior Surface of Astragalus of Fossil Horse Taken from the Miocene osseous conglomerate bed ;tt Gay Head, Massachusetts GLACIATED PEBBLE AND FOSSIL HORSE BONE. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearanc Stock Photo

RMRGE6TG–. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. Geology. Figure 1.—Glaciated Pebble of Hornblendic Gbanitite Taken from basal boulder bed of the older Pleistocene (Columbia) in Gay Head cliffV Locality 3100, of section in plate 9, volume 1, of this Bulletin. Figure • '.—Partial View of Inferior Surface of Astragalus of Fossil Horse Taken from the Miocene osseous conglomerate bed ;tt Gay Head, Massachusetts GLACIATED PEBBLE AND FOSSIL HORSE BONE. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearanc

. Bulletin of the Department of Geology. Geology. 1913] Merriam: Fauna of Orindan and Siestan 375 EQUIDAB Remains of early horses have been found at two localities in the Orindan beds. No specimens representing this group are certainly known from the Siestan. It is stated that bones of a horse were found in a shaft sunk in Siestan beds on Frowning Ridge near the upper end of Telegraph Canon, but the writer has been unable to obtain any definite information as to this occurrence. Two teeth representing species near Neoliipparion, and an astragalus that may well represent a horse of Miocene age Stock Photo

RMRGH00F–. Bulletin of the Department of Geology. Geology. 1913] Merriam: Fauna of Orindan and Siestan 375 EQUIDAB Remains of early horses have been found at two localities in the Orindan beds. No specimens representing this group are certainly known from the Siestan. It is stated that bones of a horse were found in a shaft sunk in Siestan beds on Frowning Ridge near the upper end of Telegraph Canon, but the writer has been unable to obtain any definite information as to this occurrence. Two teeth representing species near Neoliipparion, and an astragalus that may well represent a horse of Miocene age

. The chordates. Chordata. Fig. 598. Feet of horses. (Left) Manns. (Right) Pes. (A) Eohippus, a primitive Lower Eocene perissodactyl with four toes in front and three behind. (B) Mio- hippus, an Oligocene three-toed horse. (C) Merychippus, a late Miocene form with reduced lateral toes. (D) Equus. (A, after Cope; B, C, after Osborn. Courtesy. Romer: "Vertebrate Paleontology," University of Chicago Press.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not Stock Photo

RMRJ6XD2–. The chordates. Chordata. Fig. 598. Feet of horses. (Left) Manns. (Right) Pes. (A) Eohippus, a primitive Lower Eocene perissodactyl with four toes in front and three behind. (B) Mio- hippus, an Oligocene three-toed horse. (C) Merychippus, a late Miocene form with reduced lateral toes. (D) Equus. (A, after Cope; B, C, after Osborn. Courtesy. Romer: "Vertebrate Paleontology," University of Chicago Press.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not

. Creation by evolution; a consensus of present-day knowledge as set forth by leading authorities in non-technical language that all may understand. Evolution. Fig. 2.—Principal stages in the evolution of the teeth and the fore foot of the horse. Showing the increase in the complexity of the grinding teeth and the gradual loss of toes on the front foot. 1. Four-toed horse {Eohippus). Eocene epoch. 2. Early three-toed horse {Mesohippus). OHgocene epoch. 3. Later three-toed horse {Merychippus). Miocene epoch. 4. One-toed horse (Equus). Pleistocene and Recent epochs. During this epoch America .wa Stock Photo

RMRE5Y3M–. Creation by evolution; a consensus of present-day knowledge as set forth by leading authorities in non-technical language that all may understand. Evolution. Fig. 2.—Principal stages in the evolution of the teeth and the fore foot of the horse. Showing the increase in the complexity of the grinding teeth and the gradual loss of toes on the front foot. 1. Four-toed horse {Eohippus). Eocene epoch. 2. Early three-toed horse {Mesohippus). OHgocene epoch. 3. Later three-toed horse {Merychippus). Miocene epoch. 4. One-toed horse (Equus). Pleistocene and Recent epochs. During this epoch America .wa

. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. Fossil Amiids • Boreske 77 PLEISTOCENE PLIOCENE POST-BLANCAN BLANCAN- HEMPHILLIAN CLARENOONIAN FOSSIL LAKE BEOS (lOAHO FM.) WAKEENEY It. (OGALLALA FM.) LOWER VALENTINE FM. BARSTOVIAN MIOCENE HEMINGFORDIAN ARIKAREEAN EUBANKS l.f. (PAWNEE CREEK FM.) TURTLE BUTTE FM. WHITNEYAN OLIGOCENE ORELLAN CHAORONIAN RUBY PAPER SHALE (PASSAMARl FM.) GRANT HORSE PRAIRIE SHALE FLORISSANT FM. ORELLA MEMBER (BRULE FM.) CHADRON FM. CYPRESS HILLS FM. OUCHESNEAN EOCENE UINTAN BRIDGERIAN WASATCHIAN CLARNO FM. HORSEFLY RIVER BEDS UINTA FM. W Stock Photo

RMRGF060–. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. Zoology. Fossil Amiids • Boreske 77 PLEISTOCENE PLIOCENE POST-BLANCAN BLANCAN- HEMPHILLIAN CLARENOONIAN FOSSIL LAKE BEOS (lOAHO FM.) WAKEENEY It. (OGALLALA FM.) LOWER VALENTINE FM. BARSTOVIAN MIOCENE HEMINGFORDIAN ARIKAREEAN EUBANKS l.f. (PAWNEE CREEK FM.) TURTLE BUTTE FM. WHITNEYAN OLIGOCENE ORELLAN CHAORONIAN RUBY PAPER SHALE (PASSAMARl FM.) GRANT HORSE PRAIRIE SHALE FLORISSANT FM. ORELLA MEMBER (BRULE FM.) CHADRON FM. CYPRESS HILLS FM. OUCHESNEAN EOCENE UINTAN BRIDGERIAN WASATCHIAN CLARNO FM. HORSEFLY RIVER BEDS UINTA FM. W

. Biology and man. Biology; Human beings. i Â» CI a -2 S 52 w IââI a a 0) o H MH (0 O <u en a <2 Recent Pleistocene'' Pliocene Blanco Ogalalla. Pliohippus Miocene Arickaree John D9mÂ«Â«9m, Oligocene white Rive. ' Uinta Eocene Bridget Merychippus Mesohippus Orohippus ii il ''^S^ ^,âÂ«..- > Wasatch â - ir u â #1 Paleocene Ipuerco and To5i)^ Cretaceous ?Â»f;3 Jurassic Triassic Fore* Hind- Premolar foot foot teeii ;^ -^ After Mattlii'us, American Museum of Natural History ANCESTORS OF THE HORSE IN AMERICA The oldest of the fossils do not resemble the corresponding parts of the modern hors Stock Photo

RMRHJYY9–. Biology and man. Biology; Human beings. i Â» CI a -2 S 52 w IââI a a 0) o H MH (0 O <u en a <2 Recent Pleistocene'' Pliocene Blanco Ogalalla. Pliohippus Miocene Arickaree John D9mÂ«Â«9m, Oligocene white Rive. ' Uinta Eocene Bridget Merychippus Mesohippus Orohippus ii il ''^S^ ^,âÂ«..- > Wasatch â - ir u â #1 Paleocene Ipuerco and To5i)^ Cretaceous ?Â»f;3 Jurassic Triassic Fore* Hind- Premolar foot foot teeii ;^ -^ After Mattlii'us, American Museum of Natural History ANCESTORS OF THE HORSE IN AMERICA The oldest of the fossils do not resemble the corresponding parts of the modern hors

. Text book of vertebrate zoology. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative. TELEOSTS. 263 lateral line along the side of the back. Am?nodytes, sand-launces, common on sandy shores. Sub-Order 16. Scombroidea. Tail diphycercal, caudal usually strongly forked; ventrals thoracic; scales usually small, cycloid, sometimes absent; dorsal fin usually long. A heterogeneous group, not easily defined; developing in three main lines. ScoMBRiDiE, head normal; spinous dorsal well developed; the dorsal divided up into finlets. Scomber, mackerels, first appear in miocene; Thynnus, horse-mackerel, tunnies (eocene); Stock Photo

RMRDT042–. Text book of vertebrate zoology. Vertebrates; Anatomy, Comparative. TELEOSTS. 263 lateral line along the side of the back. Am?nodytes, sand-launces, common on sandy shores. Sub-Order 16. Scombroidea. Tail diphycercal, caudal usually strongly forked; ventrals thoracic; scales usually small, cycloid, sometimes absent; dorsal fin usually long. A heterogeneous group, not easily defined; developing in three main lines. ScoMBRiDiE, head normal; spinous dorsal well developed; the dorsal divided up into finlets. Scomber, mackerels, first appear in miocene; Thynnus, horse-mackerel, tunnies (eocene);

RMRD176A–. Darwinism : an exposition of the theory of natural selection, with some of its applications. Natural selection; Evolution. Darwinism CHAP. Hind- Fore RECENT. Equus. PLIOCENE. Pliohippus. Protohippus (Hippario7i). MIOCENE. Miohippus (Anchitherium). Mesohippus.. EOCENE. Orohippus. Fig. S3.—Geological devclupmeiil ul Llic horse trilte (Eohippus since discovered). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Wallace, Alfre

. Elements of geology : a text-book for colleges and for the general reader. Geology. Protohippus; Lower Pliocene. Itiohippus: Miocene. Mesohippus: Lower Miocene. Orohippus: Eocene.. Fig. 922.—Diagram illustrating Gradual Changes in the Horse Family. Throughout a is fore-foot; b, hind-foot: c, fore-arm: d, shank; e, molar on side view;/and g, grinding surface of upper and lower molars. (After Marsh.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly res Stock Photo

RMRCJ28C–. Elements of geology : a text-book for colleges and for the general reader. Geology. Protohippus; Lower Pliocene. Itiohippus: Miocene. Mesohippus: Lower Miocene. Orohippus: Eocene.. Fig. 922.—Diagram illustrating Gradual Changes in the Horse Family. Throughout a is fore-foot; b, hind-foot: c, fore-arm: d, shank; e, molar on side view;/and g, grinding surface of upper and lower molars. (After Marsh.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly res

. Dinocerata : a monograph of an extinct order of gigantic mammals. Dinocerata; Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology; Paleontology. Fig. 65.. FiGUHB 63.—Outline of skull of Dinoceras mirabile. Marsh; with cast of brain-cavity in position- about one. cifcljth natural size. Eocene. Figure et—Outline of skull of Brontotherium ingens, Marsh; with cast of brain-cavity in position; one-tenth natural size. Miocene. Figure 65.—Outline of skull of horse, Equns caballus, Lini.acus; with cast of brain-cavity in position; about one-sixth natural size. Recent.. Please note that these images are extracted from sca Stock Photo

RMRCDD9F–. Dinocerata : a monograph of an extinct order of gigantic mammals. Dinocerata; Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology; Paleontology. Fig. 65.. FiGUHB 63.—Outline of skull of Dinoceras mirabile. Marsh; with cast of brain-cavity in position- about one. cifcljth natural size. Eocene. Figure et—Outline of skull of Brontotherium ingens, Marsh; with cast of brain-cavity in position; one-tenth natural size. Miocene. Figure 65.—Outline of skull of horse, Equns caballus, Lini.acus; with cast of brain-cavity in position; about one-sixth natural size. Recent.. Please note that these images are extracted from sca

. Elements of geology : a text-book for colleges and for the general reader. Geology. Fig. 903.—Mesopithecus Pentelici, restored x (after Gaudry). ing in the Ganges, and the huge Turtle, Colossoclielys, already men- tioned (p. 520). The most characteristic representative of the Horse family in the. Fig. 904.—^1, Skull of Machairodus cnltridens. without the lower jaw, reduced in size; B, Canine Tooth of the same, one half the natural size. Pliocene, France, Old World Miocene was a three-toed animal called Hij^arion. A restoration of this graceful creature is given in Fig. 902.. Please note th Stock Photo

RMRCJ29E–. Elements of geology : a text-book for colleges and for the general reader. Geology. Fig. 903.—Mesopithecus Pentelici, restored x (after Gaudry). ing in the Ganges, and the huge Turtle, Colossoclielys, already men- tioned (p. 520). The most characteristic representative of the Horse family in the. Fig. 904.—^1, Skull of Machairodus cnltridens. without the lower jaw, reduced in size; B, Canine Tooth of the same, one half the natural size. Pliocene, France, Old World Miocene was a three-toed animal called Hij^arion. A restoration of this graceful creature is given in Fig. 902.. Please note th

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